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Partition of India

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Partition of India

The partition of India in 1947 was the division of British India into two independent dominion states, the Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. The Union of India is today the Republic of India, and the Dominion of Pakistan is the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh. The partition involved the division of two provinces, Bengal and the Punjab, based on district-wise non-Muslim (mostly Hindu and Sikh) or Muslim majorities. It also involved the division of the British Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy, the Indian Civil Service, the railways, and the central treasury, between the two new dominions. The partition was set forth in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and resulted in the dissolution of the British Raj, or Crown rule in India. The two self-governing countries of India and Pakistan legally came into existence at midnight on 14–15 August 1947. The partition displaced between 12 and 20 million people along religious lines, creating overwhelming refugee crises associated with the mass migration and population transfer that occurred across the newly constituted dominions; there was large-scale violence, with estimates of loss of life accompanying or preceding the partition disputed and varying between several hundred thousand and two million. The violent nature of the partition created an atmosphere of hostility and suspicion between India and Pakistan that plagues their relationship to the present. The term partition of India does not cover the secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971, nor the earlier separations of Burma (now Myanmar) and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) from the administration of British India. The term also does not cover the political integration of princely states into the two new dominions, nor the disputes of annexation or division arising in the princely states of Hyderabad, Junagadh, and Jammu and Kashmir, though violence along religious lines did break out in some princely states at the time of the partition. It does not cover the incorporation of the enclaves of French India into India during the period 1947–1954, nor the annexation of Goa and other districts of Portuguese India by India in 1961. Other contemporaneous political entities in the region in 1947, such as Sikkim, Bhutan, Nepal, and the Maldives, were unaffected by the partition.

Infobox

Date
August 1947
Location
British India[a]
Outcome
Partition of British Indian Empire into independent dominions the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan and refugee crises
Deaths
200,000–2 million[b]
Displaced
12–20 million displaced[c]

Tables

Religion in Sindh (1941 & 1951) · Regions affected by partition › Sindh
Pop.
Pop.
Religiousgroup
Pop.
1941
%
1941
Pop.
1951
%
Islam
Islam
Religiousgroup
Islam
1941
3,462,015
1941
71.52%
1951
5,535,645
1951
91.53%
Hinduism
Hinduism
Religiousgroup
Hinduism
1941
1,279,530
1941
26.43%
1951
482,560
1951
7.98%
Sikhism
Sikhism
Religiousgroup
Sikhism
1941
32,627
1941
0.67%
1951
1951
Christianity
Christianity
Religiousgroup
Christianity
1941
20,304
1941
0.42%
1951
22,601
1951
0.37%
Tribal
Tribal
Religiousgroup
Tribal
1941
37,598
1941
0.78%
1951
1951
Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism
Religiousgroup
Zoroastrianism
1941
3,841
1941
0.08%
1951
5,046
1951
0.08%
Jainism
Jainism
Religiousgroup
Jainism
1941
3,687
1941
0.08%
1951
1951
Judaism
Judaism
Religiousgroup
Judaism
1941
1,082
1941
0.02%
1951
1951
Buddhism
Buddhism
Religiousgroup
Buddhism
1941
111
1941
0.002%
1951
670
1951
0.01%
Others
Others
Religiousgroup
Others
1941
0
1941
0%
1951
1,226
1951
0.02%
Total Population
Total Population
Religiousgroup
Total Population
1941
4,840,795
1941
100%
1951
6,047,748
1951
100%
Religiousgroup
1941
1951
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Islam
3,462,015
71.52%
5,535,645
91.53%
Hinduism
1,279,530
26.43%
482,560
7.98%
Sikhism
32,627
0.67%
Christianity
20,304
0.42%
22,601
0.37%
Tribal
37,598
0.78%
Zoroastrianism
3,841
0.08%
5,046
0.08%
Jainism
3,687
0.08%
Judaism
1,082
0.02%
Buddhism
111
0.002%
670
0.01%
Others
0
0%
1,226
0.02%
Total Population
4,840,795
100%
6,047,748
100%
Religious groups in Delhi (1941 & 1951)[i] · Regions affected by partition › Delhi
Pop.
Pop.
Religiousgroup
Pop.
1941
%
1941
Pop.
1951
%
Hinduism
Hinduism
Religiousgroup
Hinduism
1941
567,264
1941
61.8%
1951
1,467,854
1951
84.16%
Islam
Islam
Religiousgroup
Islam
1941
304,971
1941
33.22%
1951
99,501
1951
5.71%
Christianity
Christianity
Religiousgroup
Christianity
1941
17,475
1941
1.9%
1951
18,685
1951
1.07%
Sikhism
Sikhism
Religiousgroup
Sikhism
1941
16,157
1941
1.76%
1951
137,096
1951
7.86%
Jainism
Jainism
Religiousgroup
Jainism
1941
11,287
1941
1.23%
1951
20,174
1951
1.16%
Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism
Religiousgroup
Zoroastrianism
1941
284
1941
0.03%
1951
164
1951
0.01%
Buddhism
Buddhism
Religiousgroup
Buddhism
1941
150
1941
0.02%
1951
503
1951
0.03%
Judaism
Judaism
Religiousgroup
Judaism
1941
55
1941
0.01%
1951
90
1951
0.01%
Others
Others
Religiousgroup
Others
1941
296
1941
0.03%
1951
5
1951
0%
Total population
Total population
Religiousgroup
Total population
1941
917,939
1941
100%
1951
1,744,072
1951
100%
Religiousgroup
1941
1951
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Hinduism
567,264
61.8%
1,467,854
84.16%
Islam
304,971
33.22%
99,501
5.71%
Christianity
17,475
1.9%
18,685
1.07%
Sikhism
16,157
1.76%
137,096
7.86%
Jainism
11,287
1.23%
20,174
1.16%
Zoroastrianism
284
0.03%
164
0.01%
Buddhism
150
0.02%
503
0.03%
Judaism
55
0.01%
90
0.01%
Others
296
0.03%
5
0%
Total population
917,939
100%
1,744,072
100%
Number of Muslim refugees in West Punjab from the Districts of East Punjab and Neighbouring Regions[187]
Amritsar (East Punjab)
Amritsar (East Punjab)
Places
Amritsar (East Punjab)
Number
741,444
Jalandhar (East Punjab)
Jalandhar (East Punjab)
Places
Jalandhar (East Punjab)
Number
520,189
Gurdaspur (East Punjab)
Gurdaspur (East Punjab)
Places
Gurdaspur (East Punjab)
Number
499,793
Hoshiarpur (East Punjab)
Hoshiarpur (East Punjab)
Places
Hoshiarpur (East Punjab)
Number
384,448
Karnal (East Punjab)
Karnal (East Punjab)
Places
Karnal (East Punjab)
Number
306,509
Hissar (East Punjab)
Hissar (East Punjab)
Places
Hissar (East Punjab)
Number
287,479
Ludhiana (East Punjab)
Ludhiana (East Punjab)
Places
Ludhiana (East Punjab)
Number
255,864
Ambala (East Punjab)
Ambala (East Punjab)
Places
Ambala (East Punjab)
Number
222,939
Gurgaon (East Punjab)
Gurgaon (East Punjab)
Places
Gurgaon (East Punjab)
Number
80,537
Rohtak (East Punjab)
Rohtak (East Punjab)
Places
Rohtak (East Punjab)
Number
172,640
Delhi
Delhi
Places
Delhi
Number
91,185
Kangra (East Punjab)
Kangra (East Punjab)
Places
Kangra (East Punjab)
Number
33,826
United Provinces
United Provinces
Places
United Provinces
Number
28,363
Shimla (East Punjab)
Shimla (East Punjab)
Places
Shimla (East Punjab)
Number
11,300
Total
Total
Places
Total
Number
3,636,516
Places
Number
Amritsar (East Punjab)
741,444
Jalandhar (East Punjab)
520,189
Gurdaspur (East Punjab)
499,793
Hoshiarpur (East Punjab)
384,448
Karnal (East Punjab)
306,509
Hissar (East Punjab)
287,479
Ludhiana (East Punjab)
255,864
Ambala (East Punjab)
222,939
Gurgaon (East Punjab)
80,537
Rohtak (East Punjab)
172,640
Delhi
91,185
Kangra (East Punjab)
33,826
United Provinces
28,363
Shimla (East Punjab)
11,300
Total
3,636,516
Number of Muslim refugees in West Punjab from the Princely states in East Punjab and Rajputana[187]
Patiala (East Punjab)
Patiala (East Punjab)
Name
Patiala (East Punjab)
Number
308,948
Alwar (Rajputana)
Alwar (Rajputana)
Name
Alwar (Rajputana)
Number
191,567
Kapurthala (East Punjab)
Kapurthala (East Punjab)
Name
Kapurthala (East Punjab)
Number
172,079
Faridkot (East Punjab)
Faridkot (East Punjab)
Name
Faridkot (East Punjab)
Number
66,596
Bharatpur (Rajputana)
Bharatpur (Rajputana)
Name
Bharatpur (Rajputana)
Number
43,614
Nabha (East Punjab)
Nabha (East Punjab)
Name
Nabha (East Punjab)
Number
43,538
Jind (East Punjab)
Jind (East Punjab)
Name
Jind (East Punjab)
Number
41,696
Together other small states
Together other small states
Name
Together other small states
Number
39,322
Total
Total
Name
Total
Number
907,360
Name
Number
Patiala (East Punjab)
308,948
Alwar (Rajputana)
191,567
Kapurthala (East Punjab)
172,079
Faridkot (East Punjab)
66,596
Bharatpur (Rajputana)
43,614
Nabha (East Punjab)
43,538
Jind (East Punjab)
41,696
Together other small states
39,322
Total
907,360
· Post-partition migration › India › Post-partition migration to India from East Pakistan
1947
1947
Year
1947
Reason
Partition
Number
344,000
1948
1948
Year
1948
Reason
Fear due to the annexation of Hyderabad
Number
786,000
1950
1950
Year
1950
Reason
1950 Barisal Riots
Number
1,575,000
1956
1956
Year
1956
Reason
Pakistan becomes Islamic Republic
Number
320,000
1964
1964
Year
1964
Reason
Riots over Hazratbal incident
Number
693,000
1965
1965
Year
1965
Reason
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Number
107,000
1971
1971
Year
1971
Reason
Bangladesh liberation war
Number
1,500,000
1947–1973
1947–1973
Year
1947–1973
Reason
Total
Number
6,000,000
Year
Reason
Number
1947
Partition
344,000
1948
Fear due to the annexation of Hyderabad
786,000
1950
1950 Barisal Riots
1,575,000
1956
Pakistan becomes Islamic Republic
320,000
1964
Riots over Hazratbal incident
693,000
1965
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
107,000
1971
Bangladesh liberation war
1,500,000
1947–1973
Total
6,000,000

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  267. Social Transformations: Journal of the Global South
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  270. The Heritage Lab
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  271. Art Culture Festival
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  272. The Tribune
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