Parti Québécois
Updated: 12/21/2025, 12:42:27 PM Wikipedia source
The Parti Québécois ([paʁti kebekwa], PQ; lit. 'Quebec Party') is a sovereignist and social democratic provincial political party in Quebec, Canada. The PQ advocates national sovereignty for Quebec involving independence of the province of Quebec from Canada and establishing a sovereign state. The PQ has also promoted the possibility of maintaining a loose political and economic sovereignty-association between Quebec and Canada. The party traditionally has support from the labour movement; however, unlike most other social democratic parties, its ties with organized labour are informal. Members and supporters of the PQ are nicknamed péquistes ( pay-KEEST, Quebec French pronunciation: [peˈkɪst] ), a French word derived from the pronunciation of the party's initials. The party is an associate member of COPPPAL. The party has strong informal ties to the Bloc Québécois (BQ, whose members are known as "Bloquistes"), the federal party that has also advocated for the secession of Quebec from Canada, but the two are not linked organizationally. As with its federal counterpart, the Parti Québécois has been supported by a wide range of voters in Quebec, from large sections of organized labour to more conservative rural voters. While historically associated with social democratic policies, the PQ has experienced a notable rightward shift since the mid-2010s, and is now often considered to align more closely with right-wing populist politics.
Infobox
Abbreviation
PQ
Leader
Paul St-Pierre Plamondon
President
Catherine Gentilcore
Founders
René LévesqueGilles Grégoire
Founded
11 October 1968; 57 years ago (1968-10-11)
Merger of
Mouvement Souveraineté-Association,Ralliement national,Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale
Headquarters
1200, avenue PapineauSuite 150Montreal, QuebecH2K 4R5
Membership (March 9, 2022)
42,665
Ideology
mw- Quebec nationalismQuebec sovereigntismSocial democracyRepublicanismEconomic nationalism
Political position
Centre-left
International affiliation
COPPPAL (observer)
Colours
Blue
Seats in the National Assembly
6 / 125
Tables
· Election results
1970
1970
General election
1970
Leader
René Lévesque
# of seats won
7 / 108
Change +/-
7
% of popular vote
23.06%
Result
No status
1973
1973
General election
1973
Leader
6 / 110
# of seats won
1
Change +/-
30.22%
% of popular vote
Official Opposition
1976
1976
General election
1976
Leader
71 / 110
# of seats won
65
Change +/-
41.37%
% of popular vote
Majority
1981
1981
General election
1981
Leader
80 / 122
# of seats won
9
Change +/-
49.26%
% of popular vote
Majority
1985
1985
General election
1985
Leader
Pierre-Marc Johnson
# of seats won
23 / 122
Change +/-
57
% of popular vote
38.69%
Result
Official Opposition
1989
1989
General election
1989
Leader
Jacques Parizeau
# of seats won
29 / 125
Change +/-
6
% of popular vote
40.16%
Result
Official Opposition
1994
1994
General election
1994
Leader
77 / 125
# of seats won
48
Change +/-
44.75%
% of popular vote
Majority
1998
1998
General election
1998
Leader
Lucien Bouchard
# of seats won
76 / 125
Change +/-
1
% of popular vote
42.87%
Result
Majority
2003
2003
General election
2003
Leader
Bernard Landry
# of seats won
45 / 125
Change +/-
29
% of popular vote
33.24%
Result
Official Opposition
2007
2007
General election
2007
Leader
André Boisclair
# of seats won
36 / 125
Change +/-
9
% of popular vote
28.35%
Result
Third Party
2008
2008
General election
2008
Leader
Pauline Marois
# of seats won
51 / 125
Change +/-
15
% of popular vote
35.17%
Result
Official Opposition
2012
2012
General election
2012
Leader
54 / 125
# of seats won
3
Change +/-
31.95%
% of popular vote
Minority
2014
2014
General election
2014
Leader
30 / 125
# of seats won
24
Change +/-
25.38%
% of popular vote
Official Opposition
2018
2018
General election
2018
Leader
Jean-François Lisée
# of seats won
10 / 125
Change +/-
20
% of popular vote
17.06%
Result
No status
2022
2022
General election
2022
Leader
Paul St-Pierre Plamondon
# of seats won
3 / 125
Change +/-
7
% of popular vote
14.61%
Result
No status
| General election | Leader | # of seats won | Change +/- | % of popular vote | Result |
| 1970 | René Lévesque | 7 / 108 | 7 | 23.06% | No status |
| 1973 | 6 / 110 | 1 | 30.22% | Official Opposition | |
| 1976 | 71 / 110 | 65 | 41.37% | Majority | |
| 1981 | 80 / 122 | 9 | 49.26% | Majority | |
| 1985 | Pierre-Marc Johnson | 23 / 122 | 57 | 38.69% | Official Opposition |
| 1989 | Jacques Parizeau | 29 / 125 | 6 | 40.16% | Official Opposition |
| 1994 | 77 / 125 | 48 | 44.75% | Majority | |
| 1998 | Lucien Bouchard | 76 / 125 | 1 | 42.87% | Majority |
| 2003 | Bernard Landry | 45 / 125 | 29 | 33.24% | Official Opposition |
| 2007 | André Boisclair | 36 / 125 | 9 | 28.35% | Third Party |
| 2008 | Pauline Marois | 51 / 125 | 15 | 35.17% | Official Opposition |
| 2012 | 54 / 125 | 3 | 31.95% | Minority | |
| 2014 | 30 / 125 | 24 | 25.38% | Official Opposition | |
| 2018 | Jean-François Lisée | 10 / 125 | 20 | 17.06% | No status |
| 2022 | Paul St-Pierre Plamondon | 3 / 125 | 7 | 14.61% | No status |
· Party leaders
René Lévesque
René Lévesque
Party leader
René Lévesque
Years as party leader
1968–85
Years as Premier
1976–85
Nadia Brédimas-Assimopoulos
Nadia Brédimas-Assimopoulos
Party leader
Nadia Brédimas-Assimopoulos
Years as party leader
1985 (interim)
Years as Premier
None
Pierre-Marc Johnson
Pierre-Marc Johnson
Party leader
Pierre-Marc Johnson
Years as party leader
1985–87
Years as Premier
1985
Guy Chevrette
Guy Chevrette
Party leader
Guy Chevrette
Years as party leader
1987–88 (interim)
Years as Premier
None
Jacques Parizeau
Jacques Parizeau
Party leader
Jacques Parizeau
Years as party leader
1988–96
Years as Premier
1994–96
Lucien Bouchard
Lucien Bouchard
Party leader
Lucien Bouchard
Years as party leader
1996–2001
Years as Premier
1996–2001
Bernard Landry
Bernard Landry
Party leader
Bernard Landry
Years as party leader
2001–05
Years as Premier
2001–03
Louise Harel
Louise Harel
Party leader
Louise Harel
Years as party leader
2005 (interim)
Years as Premier
None
André Boisclair
André Boisclair
Party leader
André Boisclair
Years as party leader
2005–07
Years as Premier
None
François Gendron
François Gendron
Party leader
François Gendron
Years as party leader
2007 (interim)
Years as Premier
None
Pauline Marois
Pauline Marois
Party leader
Pauline Marois
Years as party leader
2007–14
Years as Premier
2012–14
Stéphane Bédard
Stéphane Bédard
Party leader
Stéphane Bédard
Years as party leader
2014–15 (interim)
Years as Premier
None
Pierre Karl Péladeau
Pierre Karl Péladeau
Party leader
Pierre Karl Péladeau
Years as party leader
2015–16
Years as Premier
None
Sylvain Gaudreault
Sylvain Gaudreault
Party leader
Sylvain Gaudreault
Years as party leader
2016 (interim)
Years as Premier
None
Jean-François Lisée
Jean-François Lisée
Party leader
Jean-François Lisée
Years as party leader
2016–18
Years as Premier
None
Pascal Bérubé
Pascal Bérubé
Party leader
Pascal Bérubé
Years as party leader
2018–2020 (interim)
Years as Premier
None
Paul St-Pierre Plamondon
Paul St-Pierre Plamondon
Party leader
Paul St-Pierre Plamondon
Years as party leader
2020–present
Years as Premier
None
| Party leader | Years as party leader | Years as Premier |
| René Lévesque | 1968–85 | 1976–85 |
| Nadia Brédimas-Assimopoulos | 1985 (interim) | None |
| Pierre-Marc Johnson | 1985–87 | 1985 |
| Guy Chevrette | 1987–88 (interim) | None |
| Jacques Parizeau | 1988–96 | 1994–96 |
| Lucien Bouchard | 1996–2001 | 1996–2001 |
| Bernard Landry | 2001–05 | 2001–03 |
| Louise Harel | 2005 (interim) | None |
| André Boisclair | 2005–07 | None |
| François Gendron | 2007 (interim) | None |
| Pauline Marois | 2007–14 | 2012–14 |
| Stéphane Bédard | 2014–15 (interim) | None |
| Pierre Karl Péladeau | 2015–16 | None |
| Sylvain Gaudreault | 2016 (interim) | None |
| Jean-François Lisée | 2016–18 | None |
| Pascal Bérubé | 2018–2020 (interim) | None |
| Paul St-Pierre Plamondon | 2020–present | None |
· Leaders in the legislature
René Lévesque
René Lévesque
Parliamentary leader
René Lévesque
Years as parliamentary leader
1968–70
Comments
René Lévesque sat as an Independent member until 29 April 1970 election.
Camille Laurin
Camille Laurin
Parliamentary leader
Camille Laurin
Years as parliamentary leader
1970–73
Comments
René Lévesque did not have a seat from 29 April 1970 to 29 October 1973.
Jacques-Yvan Morin
Jacques-Yvan Morin
Parliamentary leader
Jacques-Yvan Morin
Years as parliamentary leader
1973–76
Comments
René Lévesque did not have a seat from 29 October 1973 to 15 November 1976.
René Lévesque
René Lévesque
Parliamentary leader
René Lévesque
Years as parliamentary leader
1976–85
Comments
Regain a seat in the general election
Pierre-Marc Johnson
Pierre-Marc Johnson
Parliamentary leader
Pierre-Marc Johnson
Years as parliamentary leader
1985–87
Guy Chevrette
Guy Chevrette
Parliamentary leader
Guy Chevrette
Years as parliamentary leader
1987–89
Comments
Became Leader of the Opposition when Johnson resigned on 10 November 1987. Remained parliamentary leader after Jacques Parizeau became party leader from 19 March 1988 until Parizeau won a seat on 25 September 1989.
Jacques Parizeau
Jacques Parizeau
Parliamentary leader
Jacques Parizeau
Years as parliamentary leader
1989–96
Lucien Bouchard
Lucien Bouchard
Parliamentary leader
Lucien Bouchard
Years as parliamentary leader
1996–2001
Comments
Lucien Bouchard did not have a seat from 27 January 1996 to 19 February 1996.
Bernard Landry
Bernard Landry
Parliamentary leader
Bernard Landry
Years as parliamentary leader
2001–05
Louise Harel
Louise Harel
Parliamentary leader
Louise Harel
Years as parliamentary leader
2005–06
Comments
André Boisclair did not have a seat from 15 November 2005 to 14 August 2006.
André Boisclair
André Boisclair
Parliamentary leader
André Boisclair
Years as parliamentary leader
2006–07
François Gendron
François Gendron
Parliamentary leader
François Gendron
Years as parliamentary leader
2007
Pauline Marois
Pauline Marois
Parliamentary leader
Pauline Marois
Years as parliamentary leader
2007–14
Comments
As incumbent Premier Marois lost her seat in the general election on 7 April 2014 and announced her resignation as leader.
Stéphane Bédard
Stéphane Bédard
Parliamentary leader
Stéphane Bédard
Years as parliamentary leader
2014–15
Comments
Interim leader between Marois' defeat and Péladeau's election
Pierre Karl Péladeau
Pierre Karl Péladeau
Parliamentary leader
Pierre Karl Péladeau
Years as parliamentary leader
2015–16
Sylvain Gaudreault
Sylvain Gaudreault
Parliamentary leader
Sylvain Gaudreault
Years as parliamentary leader
2016
Comments
Interim leader following Péladeau's resignation
Jean-François Lisée
Jean-François Lisée
Parliamentary leader
Jean-François Lisée
Years as parliamentary leader
2016–18
Comments
Lost his seat in the general election
Pascal Bérubé
Pascal Bérubé
Parliamentary leader
Pascal Bérubé
Years as parliamentary leader
2018–21
Comments
Interim leader following Lisée's resignation, remains legislative leader, as current leader, Paul St-Pierre Plamondon does not have seat in National Assembly
Joël Arseneau
Joël Arseneau
Parliamentary leader
Joël Arseneau
Years as parliamentary leader
2021–2022
Paul St-Pierre Plamondon
Paul St-Pierre Plamondon
Parliamentary leader
Paul St-Pierre Plamondon
Years as parliamentary leader
2022–present
Comments
Won seat at the 2022 Quebec general election
| Parliamentary leader | Years as parliamentary leader | Comments |
| René Lévesque | 1968–70 | René Lévesque sat as an Independent member until 29 April 1970 election. |
| Camille Laurin | 1970–73 | René Lévesque did not have a seat from 29 April 1970 to 29 October 1973. |
| Jacques-Yvan Morin | 1973–76 | René Lévesque did not have a seat from 29 October 1973 to 15 November 1976. |
| René Lévesque | 1976–85 | Regain a seat in the general election |
| Pierre-Marc Johnson | 1985–87 | |
| Guy Chevrette | 1987–89 | Became Leader of the Opposition when Johnson resigned on 10 November 1987. Remained parliamentary leader after Jacques Parizeau became party leader from 19 March 1988 until Parizeau won a seat on 25 September 1989. |
| Jacques Parizeau | 1989–96 | |
| Lucien Bouchard | 1996–2001 | Lucien Bouchard did not have a seat from 27 January 1996 to 19 February 1996. |
| Bernard Landry | 2001–05 | |
| Louise Harel | 2005–06 | André Boisclair did not have a seat from 15 November 2005 to 14 August 2006. |
| André Boisclair | 2006–07 | |
| François Gendron | 2007 | |
| Pauline Marois | 2007–14 | As incumbent Premier Marois lost her seat in the general election on 7 April 2014 and announced her resignation as leader. |
| Stéphane Bédard | 2014–15 | Interim leader between Marois' defeat and Péladeau's election |
| Pierre Karl Péladeau | 2015–16 | |
| Sylvain Gaudreault | 2016 | Interim leader following Péladeau's resignation |
| Jean-François Lisée | 2016–18 | Lost his seat in the general election |
| Pascal Bérubé | 2018–21 | Interim leader following Lisée's resignation, remains legislative leader, as current leader, Paul St-Pierre Plamondon does not have seat in National Assembly |
| Joël Arseneau | 2021–2022 | |
| Paul St-Pierre Plamondon | 2022–present | Won seat at the 2022 Quebec general election |
· Party presidents
Gilles Grégoire
Gilles Grégoire
Party president
Gilles Grégoire
Years as party president
1968–71
Camille Laurin
Camille Laurin
Party president
Camille Laurin
Years as party president
1971–79
Louise Harel
Louise Harel
Party president
Louise Harel
Years as party president
1979–81
Sylvain Simard
Sylvain Simard
Party president
Sylvain Simard
Years as party president
1981–84
Nadia Assimopoulos
Nadia Assimopoulos
Party president
Nadia Assimopoulos
Years as party president
1984–88
Comments
Nadia Assimopoulos served as acting leader (then known as president) from 20 June 1985 to 29 September 1985.
Pauline Marois
Pauline Marois
Party president
Pauline Marois
Years as party president
1988–89
Bernard Landry
Bernard Landry
Party president
Bernard Landry
Years as party president
1989–94
Monique Simard (fr)
Monique Simard (fr)
Party president
Monique Simard (fr)
Years as party president
1994–96
Fabien Béchard
Fabien Béchard
Party president
Fabien Béchard
Years as party president
1996–2000
Marie Malavoy
Marie Malavoy
Party president
Marie Malavoy
Years as party president
2000–05
Monique Richard
Monique Richard
Party president
Monique Richard
Years as party president
2005–09
Jonathan Valois
Jonathan Valois
Party president
Jonathan Valois
Years as party president
2009–11
Raymond Archambault (fr)
Raymond Archambault (fr)
Party president
Raymond Archambault (fr)
Years as party president
2011–2017
Gabrielle Lemieux
Gabrielle Lemieux
Party president
Gabrielle Lemieux
Years as party president
2017–2019
Dieudonné Ella Oyono (fr)
Dieudonné Ella Oyono (fr)
Party president
Dieudonné Ella Oyono (fr)
Years as party president
2019–???
Jocelyn Caron
Jocelyn Caron
Party president
Jocelyn Caron
Years as party president
Until 2023
Catherine Gentilcore
Catherine Gentilcore
Party president
Catherine Gentilcore
Years as party president
2023–present
Comments
Catherine Gentilcore has served as the MNA for Terrebonne since 17 March 2025.
| Party president | Years as party president | Comments |
| Gilles Grégoire | 1968–71 | |
| Camille Laurin | 1971–79 | |
| Louise Harel | 1979–81 | |
| Sylvain Simard | 1981–84 | |
| Nadia Assimopoulos | 1984–88 | Nadia Assimopoulos served as acting leader (then known as president) from 20 June 1985 to 29 September 1985. |
| Pauline Marois | 1988–89 | |
| Bernard Landry | 1989–94 | |
| Monique Simard (fr) | 1994–96 | |
| Fabien Béchard | 1996–2000 | |
| Marie Malavoy | 2000–05 | |
| Monique Richard | 2005–09 | |
| Jonathan Valois | 2009–11 | |
| Raymond Archambault (fr) | 2011–2017 | |
| Gabrielle Lemieux | 2017–2019 | |
| Dieudonné Ella Oyono (fr) | 2019–??? | |
| Jocelyn Caron | Until 2023 | |
| Catherine Gentilcore | 2023–present | Catherine Gentilcore has served as the MNA for Terrebonne since 17 March 2025. |
References
- "Les nouveaux partisans du Parti conservateur du Québec"https://www.ledevoir.com/documents/special/2022-05-02/financement-pcq/index.html
- How Political Parties Respond: Interest Aggregation Revisitedhttps://books.google.com/books?id=P6BohpL4CKwC&pg=PA149
- CBC Newshttp://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/campaign-platforms-quebec-election-2018-1.4781370
- Britannica Book of the Yearhttps://books.google.com/books?id=jXadAAAAQBAJ&q=Parti+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+centre-left&pg=PA402
- Inequality and the Fading of Redistributive Politicshttps://books.google.com/books?id=kT5FAAAAQBAJ&q=Parti+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+centre-left&pg=PA385
- Global Risk Insightshttps://web.archive.org/web/20171003124545/http://globalriskinsights.com/2016/10/new-leader-new-tactics-parti-quebecois/
- Federal Solutions to Ethnic Problems: Accommodating Diversityhttps://books.google.com/books?id=BiAEvKgVOmAC&pg=PA210
- Partisanship, globalization, and Canadian labour market policyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=9DDIAV6oicQC
- Uneasy Partnership: The Politics of Business and Government in Canadahttps://books.google.com/books?id=reUbMtHEP0oC&pg=PA24
- One Canadahttps://books.google.com/books?id=qOm13OGmJFQC&pg=PA37
- Social Democracy After the Cold War — Bryan Evans, Ingo Schmidt — Google Boekenhttps://books.google.com/books?id=ZMcifiPmo8UC&pg=PA280
- "Péquiste: definition of Péquiste in Oxford dictionary (British & World English)"https://web.archive.org/web/20140307172109/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/P%C3%A9quiste?q=P%C3%A9quiste
- "Países y partidos miembros"https://web.archive.org/web/20161023044831/http://copppal.org/contenidos/institucional/partidos_miembros.php
- "Boisclair gets emotional talking about homophobia"https://web.archive.org/web/20120329062646/http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Canada/20070304/que_vote_070304/
- Canadian Broadcasting Corporationhttps://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/results-suggest-rift-between-urban-rural-voters-1.621773
- Active Historyhttps://activehistory.ca/blog/2025/07/23/two-lefts-two-paths-quebec-left-politics-and-the-immigration-question-through-bill-84/
- rabble.cahttps://rabble.ca/politics/canadian-politics/quebec-election-day-8-pq-lurches-right-pierre-karl-peladeau/
- The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/12/how-did-quebecs-nationalist-movement-become-so-white
- Érudithttps://www.erudit.org/en/journals/rs/2022-v63-n1-2-rs07300/
- Managing Terrorism and Insurgency: Regeneration, Recruitment and Attritionhttps://books.google.com/books?id=AMaOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51
- https://montrealgazette.com/news/echoing/6255813/story.html#ixzz1oMhu9Q2n [dead link]https://montrealgazette.com/news/echoing/6255813/story.html#ixzz1oMhu9Q2n
- "Quebec and the Constitution: A Timeline of Dead Ends", Montreal Gazette, June 1, 2017.https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/quebec-and-the-constitution-a-timeline-of-dead-ends
- The paradox of American unionism: Why Americans like unions more than Canadians do, but join much lesshttps://archive.org/details/paradoxofamerica0000lips
- Our Lives: Canada After 1945https://archive.org/details/ourlivescanadaaf0000fink
- In Search of Canadian Political Culturehttps://books.google.com/books?id=TD5bmHBbDFIC&pg=PA176
- Reutershttp://in.reuters.com/article/2015/06/02/canada-politics-parizeau-idINL1N0YO0OM20150602
- "Bernard Landry quits as Parti Québécois leader"https://web.archive.org/web/20050910215351/http://sympaticomsn.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1117929100254_5?hub=topstories
- The Starhttps://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorialopinion/2007/03/27/pq_fails_miserably_to_rally_sovereignists.html
- The New York Timeshttps://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/08/world/europe/08cnd-quebec.html?ex=1179288000&en=010441e320466698&ei=5070
- The Canadian Presshttps://web.archive.org/web/20110721172218/http://www.thecanadianpress.com/english/online/OnlineFullStory.aspx?filename=DOR-MNN-CP.8ad03e57162c461f97c54389d18b54c2.CPKEY2008111303&newsitemid=7067934&languageid=1
- Montreal Gazettehttps://web.archive.org/web/20120405232620/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/a9cois%2Bleader%2BPauline%2BMarois%2Bwelcomes%2BLouise%2BBeaudoin%2Bback%2Binto%2Bfold/6404018/story.html
- "Parti Quebecois Leader Pauline Marois' campaign goes from bad to catastrophic in Quebec election"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923231101/http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/Leader+Pauline+Marois+campaign+goes+from+catastrophic+Quebec/9686637/story.html
- CTV Newshttps://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/pauline-marois-resigns-as-pq-leader-after-crushing-defeat/
- CTV Newshttps://www.ctvnews.ca/montreal/article/pq-elects-stephane-bedard-to-interim-leader-post/
- The Montreal Gazettehttps://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/caq-holds-the-fort-in-levis-byelection
- Montreal Gazettehttps://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/pierre-karl-peladeau-says-he-is-in-the-pq-leadership-race
- Montreal Gazettehttps://web.archive.org/web/20150425232550/https://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/drainville-drops-out-of-pq-race-after-concluding-the-troops-want-pkp
- Montreal Gazettehttps://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/after-long-campaign-fate-of-new-pq-leader-in-the-hands-of-party-members
- "Pierre Karl Peladeau elected leader of Parti Quebecois"https://www.ctvnews.ca/montreal/article/pierre-karl-peladeau-elected-leader-of-parti-quebecois/
- Montreal Gazettehttps://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/pierre-karl-peladeau-steps-down-as-pq-leader
- Quebec election: PQ's Lisée defends rogue attack on Québec solidaire," by Marian Scott, Montreal Gazette, 26 September,https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/quebec-election-lisee-defends-attack-on-qs
- La Pressehttp://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/politique/politique-quebecoise/201705/21/01-5100093-quebec-solidaire-rejet-clair-dune-alliance-avec-le-pq.php
- The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/30/terrebonne-hold-out-of-quebec-separatism-faces-end-of-the-dream
- "After 50 years, Parti Québécois pushed to political margins as Lisée loses Montreal seat and resigns"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-after-50-years-pq-pushed-to-political-margins-as-lisee-loses-montreal/
- The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/02/quebec-election-results-caq-victory-francois-legault
- Montreal Gazettehttps://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/pq-and-qs-to-get-official-party-status-in-national-assembly
- Montreal Gazettehttps://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/pq-and-qs-to-get-official-party-status-in-national-assembly
- The Canadian Presshttps://www.ctvnews.ca/montreal/article/pq-may-have-no-future-youth-wing-members-say-in-open-letter/
- CTV News Montrealhttps://web.archive.org/web/20190317053346/https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/they-ve-lost-their-way-pq-mna-catherine-fournier-quits-party-1.4330881
- Montreal Gazettehttps://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/paul-st-pierre-plamondon-wins-pq-leadership-pledges-to-rebuild-party
- "PQ barred from Quebec legislature as Legault reiterates plan to abolish oath requirement"https://www.ctvnews.ca/montreal/article/pq-barred-from-quebec-legislature-as-legault-reiterates-plan-to-abolish-oath-requirement/
- "Quebec adopts law making oath to King optional for elected members"https://www.ctvnews.ca/montreal/article/quebec-adopts-law-making-oath-to-king-optional-for-elected-members/
- Canadian Broadcasting Corporationhttps://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/pq-pspp-vote-of-confidence-1.6776563
- "PQ leader Paul St-Pierre Plamondon breaks record for confidence vote"https://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/pq-to-present-hypothetical-budget-for-sovereign-quebec-this-spring
- "PQ leader Paul St-Pierre Plamondon wins record 98.51% of delegate support in vote of confidence - Montreal | Globalnews.ca"https://globalnews.ca/news/9545979/pq-leader-paul-st-pierre-plamondon-wins-record-confidence-vote/
- Montrealhttps://www.ctvnews.ca/montreal/article/caq-leads-in-quebec-voting-intentions-pq-trails-behind-leger-poll/
- Global Newshttps://globalnews.ca/news/10000794/parti-quebecois-wins-the-by-election-in-jean-talon-quebec/
- Pallas Datahttps://pallas-data.ca/2023/11/24/quebec-pallas-poll-pq-30-caq-24-plq-16-qs-16-pcq-11/
- Global Newshttps://globalnews.ca/news/11031402/parti-quebecois-faces-drop-in-support-for-sovereignty-amid-trump-threats/
- La Pressehttps://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/politique/2025-03-17/election-partielle-dans-terrebonne/le-parti-quebecois-l-emporte-haut-la-main.php
- The Gazettehttps://web.archive.org/web/20140714181254/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Macpherson+Mario+Beaulieu+victory+shows+Bloc+irrelevance/9944189/story.html
- Huffington Posthttp://quebec.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/06/17/bloc-quebecois-mario-beaulieu-appel-au-calme-des-deputes_n_5502216.html
- The Globe and Mailhttps://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/will-the-bloc-self-destruct/article19215051/#dashboard/follows/
- "Life on the Left: Behind those resignations from the Parti Québécois"https://web.archive.org/web/20140327204151/lifeonleft.blogspot.ca/2011/06/behind-those-resignations-from-parti.html
- "France's president embraces traditional "ni, ni" stance on Quebec's future"https://web.archive.org/web/20121018053954/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Quebec+sovereignty+France+President+Hollande+returns/7390753/story.html
- "Parti Quebecois Premier Pauline Marois tears a strip off Harper's foreign policy"https://archive.today/20130130212748/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/travel/Parti+Quebecois+Premier+Pauline+Marois+tears+strip+Harpers/7397190/story.html
- The Globe and Mailhttps://web.archive.org/web/20090109025911/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20071005.MAROIS05/TPStory/National
- "Letter: Marois telling France what to do"https://web.archive.org/web/20121019203129/http://www.montrealgazette.com/life/Letter+Marois+telling+France+what/7403202/story.html
- "PQ leader defends citizenship plan"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104005910/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/politics/story.html?id=dc07ef77-b74f-4108-80ab-a86729cb5dd2&k=83784
- "William Johnson: Hard truths for separatists | National Post"https://nationalpost.com/opinion/william-johnson-hard-truths-for-separatists
- montrealgazette.comhttps://web.archive.org/web/20161019142841/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Drainville%20blames%20referendum%20charter%20fall/9737081/story.html
- M.D. and Erasmus, "Quebec's ban on face-coverings risks inflaming inter-communal tensions", The Economist, October 20, 2https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2017/10/quebec-islam-and-face-covering
- https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/pq-weekend-meeting-quebec-sovereignty-liberals-9.6980922https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/pq-weekend-meeting-quebec-sovereignty-liberals-9.6980922
- "Archives de Radio-Canada: Fondation du Parti québécois"https://web.archive.org/web/20080212025030/http://archives.radio-canada.ca/IDC-0-17-1123-6138/politique_economie/parti_quebecois_levesque/clip4
- Le Journal de Montréalhttps://www.journaldemontreal.com/2021/12/04/voici-le-nouveau-logo-du-parti-quebecois-1
- Montreal Gazettehttps://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/parti-quebecois-announces-election-slogan-le-quebec-qui-sassume-pour-vrai
- www.ledevoir.com/https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/quebec/74759/conseil-national-le-pq-ne-profite-pas-de-l-impopularite-de-jean-charest