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Parliament of Australia

Updated: Wikipedia source

Parliament of Australia

The Parliament of Australia (officially the Parliament of the Commonwealth and also known as the Federal Parliament) is the federal legislature of Australia. It consists of three elements: the monarch of Australia (represented by the governor-general), the Senate (the upper house), and the House of Representatives (the lower house). The Parliament combines elements from the British Westminster system, in which the party or coalition with a majority in the lower house is entitled to form a government, and the United States Congress, which affords equal representation to each of the states, and scrutinises legislation before it can be signed into law. The upper house, the Senate, consists of 76 members; twelve for each state, and two for each of the two self-governing territories. Senators are elected using the single transferable vote and, as a result, the chamber features a multitude of parties vying for legislative control. No party or coalition has held a majority in the Senate since 2007, and this usually necessitates negotiation with either the opposition or crossbench to pass legislation. The lower house, the House of Representatives, currently consists of 150 members, each elected via full preferential voting from single-member electorates (also known as divisions or seats). This tends to result in the chamber being dominated by two major political groups, the centre‑right to right‑wing Coalition (consisting of the Liberal and National parties) and the centre‑left Labor Party. The government of the day must command the confidence of the House of Representatives in order to gain and remain in power. The House of Representatives has a maximum term of three years, although it can be dissolved early. The Senate has fixed terms, with half of the state senators' terms expiring every three years (the terms of the four territory senators are linked to House elections). As a result, House and Senate elections almost always coincide. A deadlock-breaking mechanism known as a double dissolution can be used to dissolve the full Senate as well as the House if the Senate refuses to pass a piece of legislation passed by the House. The two houses of Parliament meet in separate chambers at Parliament House (except in rare joint sittings), which itself is located on Capital Hill in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. Members of the House of Representatives usually convene in the so-called Green Room, while Senators convene in the adjacent Red Room.

Infobox

Type
Bicameral
Houses
SenateHouse of Representatives
Founded
mw- First session: 9 May 1901; 124 years ago (1901-05-09)
Monarch
Charles III
Governor-General
Sam Mostyn since 1 July 2024
President of the Senate
Sue Lines, Labor since 26 July 2022
Speaker of the House of Representatives
Milton Dick, Labor since 26 July 2022
Prime Minister
Anthony Albanese, Labor since 23 May 2022
Leader of the Opposition
Sussan Ley, Liberal since 13 May 2025
Seats
226 (76 Senators, 150 MPs)
Senate political groups
Government (29) Labor (29) Opposition (27) Coalition Liberal (23)[a] National (4)[b] Crossbench (20) Greens (10) One Nation (4) Lambie Network (1) United Australia (1) Australia's Voice (1) Independent (3)[c]
House of Representatives political groups
Government (94) Labor (94) Opposition (42) Coalition Liberal (28)[d] National (14)[e] Crossbench (14) Greens (1) Katter's Australian (1) Centre Alliance (1) One Nation (1) Independent (10)[f]
Length of term
Senate: 6 years for state senators, 3 years for territory senators (fixed except under double dissolution) House: 3 years (maximum)
Senate voting system
Single transferable vote (proportional representation)
House of Representatives voting system
Full preferential voting
Last Senate election
3 May 2025 (half)
Last House of Representatives election
3 May 2025
Next Senate election
On or before 20 May 2028 (half)
Next House of Representatives election
On or before 23 September 2028
Redistricting
Redistributions at least every seven years by the Redistribution Committee

Tables

Parliamentarian salary[93][94]Rounded to the nearest $10 (list incomplete) · Salaries of parliamentarians
Prime Minister
Prime Minister
Office
Prime Minister
Additional %
160%
Additional $
$382,830
Total annual salary
$622,100
Deputy Prime Minister
Deputy Prime Minister
Office
Deputy Prime Minister
Additional %
105%
Additional $
$251,230
Total annual salary
$490,500
Treasurer
Treasurer
Office
Treasurer
Additional %
87.5%
Additional $
$209,360
Total annual salary
$448,630
Senate Leader of Government
Senate Leader of Government
Office
Senate Leader of Government
Additional %
87.5%
Additional $
$209,360
Total annual salary
$448,630
House Leader of Government
House Leader of Government
Office
House Leader of Government
Additional %
75%
Additional $
$179,450
Total annual salary
$418,720
Cabinet Minister
Cabinet Minister
Office
Cabinet Minister
Additional %
72.5%
Additional $
$173,470
Total annual salary
$412,740
Non-Cabinet Minister
Non-Cabinet Minister
Office
Non-Cabinet Minister
Additional %
57.5%
Additional $
$137,580
Total annual salary
$376,850
Parliamentary Secretary/Assistant Minister
Parliamentary Secretary/Assistant Minister
Office
Parliamentary Secretary/Assistant Minister
Additional %
25%
Additional $
$59,820
Total annual salary
$299,090
Leader of the Opposition
Leader of the Opposition
Office
Leader of the Opposition
Additional %
85%
Additional $
$203,380
Total annual salary
$442,650
Speaker
Speaker
Office
Speaker
Additional %
75%
Additional $
$179,450
Total annual salary
$418,720
President
President
Office
President
Additional %
75%
Additional $
$179,450
Total annual salary
$418,720
Shadow Minister
Shadow Minister
Office
Shadow Minister
Additional %
25%
Additional $
$59,820
Total annual salary
$299,090
Office
Additional %
Additional $
Total annual salary
Prime Minister
160%
$382,830
$622,100
Deputy Prime Minister
105%
$251,230
$490,500
Treasurer
87.5%
$209,360
$448,630
Senate Leader of Government
87.5%
$209,360
$448,630
House Leader of Government
75%
$179,450
$418,720
Cabinet Minister
72.5%
$173,470
$412,740
Non-Cabinet Minister
57.5%
$137,580
$376,850
Parliamentary Secretary/Assistant Minister
25%
$59,820
$299,090
Leader of the Opposition
85%
$203,380
$442,650
Speaker
75%
$179,450
$418,720
President
75%
$179,450
$418,720
Shadow Minister
25%
$59,820
$299,090
· Historical compositions › House of Representatives compositions
Election
Election
Col 1
Election
Primary vote
ALP
Primary vote
L+NP
Primary vote
Oth.
2PP vote
ALP
2PP vote
L+NP
Seats
ALP
Seats
L+NP
Seats
Oth.
Seats
Total
1901
1901
Col 1
1901
Primary vote
19.4%
Primary vote
–
Primary vote
80.6%
2PP vote
–
2PP vote
–
Seats
14
Seats
–
Seats
61
Seats
75
1903
1903
Col 1
1903
Primary vote
31.0%
Primary vote
–
Primary vote
69%
2PP vote
–
2PP vote
–
Seats
23
Seats
–
Seats
52
Seats
75
1906
1906
Col 1
1906
Primary vote
36.6%
Primary vote
–
Primary vote
63.4%
2PP vote
–
2PP vote
–
Seats
26
Seats
–
Seats
49
Seats
75
1910
1910
Col 1
1910
Primary vote
50.0%
Primary vote
45.1%
Primary vote
4.9%
2PP vote
–
2PP vote
–
Seats
42
Seats
31
Seats
2
Seats
75
1913
1913
Col 1
1913
Primary vote
48.5%
Primary vote
48.9%
Primary vote
2.6%
2PP vote
–
2PP vote
–
Seats
37
Seats
38
Seats
0
Seats
75
1914
1914
Col 1
1914
Primary vote
50.9%
Primary vote
47.2%
Primary vote
1.9%
2PP vote
–
2PP vote
–
Seats
42
Seats
32
Seats
1
Seats
75
1917
1917
Col 1
1917
Primary vote
43.9%
Primary vote
54.2%
Primary vote
1.9%
2PP vote
–
2PP vote
–
Seats
22
Seats
53
Seats
0
Seats
75
1919
1919
Col 1
1919
Primary vote
42.5%
Primary vote
54.3%
Primary vote
3.2%
2PP vote
45.9%
2PP vote
54.1%
Seats
26
Seats
38
Seats
1
Seats
75
1922
1922
Col 1
1922
Primary vote
42.3%
Primary vote
47.8%
Primary vote
9.9%
2PP vote
48.8%
2PP vote
51.2%
Seats
29
Seats
40
Seats
6
Seats
75
1925
1925
Col 1
1925
Primary vote
45.0%
Primary vote
53.2%
Primary vote
1.8%
2PP vote
46.2%
2PP vote
53.8%
Seats
23
Seats
50
Seats
2
Seats
75
1928
1928
Col 1
1928
Primary vote
44.7%
Primary vote
49.6%
Primary vote
5.8%
2PP vote
48.4%
2PP vote
51.6%
Seats
31
Seats
42
Seats
2
Seats
75
1929
1929
Col 1
1929
Primary vote
48.8%
Primary vote
44.2%
Primary vote
7.0%
2PP vote
56.7%
2PP vote
43.3%
Seats
46
Seats
24
Seats
5
Seats
75
1931
1931
Col 1
1931
Primary vote
37.8%
Primary vote
48.4%
Primary vote
24.5%
2PP vote
41.5%
2PP vote
58.5%
Seats
14
Seats
50
Seats
11
Seats
75
1934
1934
Col 1
1934
Primary vote
41.2%
Primary vote
45.6%
Primary vote
27.6%
2PP vote
46.5%
2PP vote
53.5%
Seats
18
Seats
42
Seats
14
Seats
74
1937
1937
Col 1
1937
Primary vote
43.1%
Primary vote
49.3%
Primary vote
7.5%
2PP vote
49.4%
2PP vote
50.6%
Seats
29
Seats
43
Seats
2
Seats
74
1940
1940
Col 1
1940
Primary vote
40.1%
Primary vote
43.9%
Primary vote
15.9%
2PP vote
50.3%
2PP vote
49.7%
Seats
32
Seats
36
Seats
6
Seats
74
1943
1943
Col 1
1943
Primary vote
49.9%
Primary vote
31.3%
Primary vote
18.6%
2PP vote
58.2%
2PP vote
41.8%
Seats
49
Seats
23
Seats
2
Seats
74
1946
1946
Col 1
1946
Primary vote
49.7%
Primary vote
39.3%
Primary vote
11.0%
2PP vote
54.1%
2PP vote
45.9%
Seats
43
Seats
26
Seats
5
Seats
74
1949
1949
Col 1
1949
Primary vote
46.0%
Primary vote
50.3%
Primary vote
3.7%
2PP vote
49.0%
2PP vote
51.0%
Seats
47
Seats
74
Seats
0
Seats
121
1951
1951
Col 1
1951
Primary vote
47.7%
Primary vote
50.3%
Primary vote
2.1%
2PP vote
49.3%
2PP vote
50.7%
Seats
52
Seats
69
Seats
0
Seats
121
1954
1954
Col 1
1954
Primary vote
50.1%
Primary vote
46.8%
Primary vote
3.2%
2PP vote
50.7%
2PP vote
49.3%
Seats
57
Seats
64
Seats
0
Seats
121
1955
1955
Col 1
1955
Primary vote
44.7%
Primary vote
47.6%
Primary vote
7.8%
2PP vote
45.8%
2PP vote
54.2%
Seats
47
Seats
75
Seats
0
Seats
122
1958
1958
Col 1
1958
Primary vote
42.9%
Primary vote
46.6%
Primary vote
10.6%
2PP vote
45.9%
2PP vote
54.1%
Seats
45
Seats
77
Seats
0
Seats
122
1961
1961
Col 1
1961
Primary vote
48.0%
Primary vote
42.1%
Primary vote
10.0%
2PP vote
50.5%
2PP vote
49.5%
Seats
60
Seats
62
Seats
0
Seats
122
1963
1963
Col 1
1963
Primary vote
45.5%
Primary vote
46.0%
Primary vote
8.5%
2PP vote
47.4%
2PP vote
52.6%
Seats
50
Seats
72
Seats
0
Seats
122
1966
1966
Col 1
1966
Primary vote
40.0%
Primary vote
50.0%
Primary vote
10.0%
2PP vote
43.1%
2PP vote
56.9%
Seats
41
Seats
82
Seats
1
Seats
124
1969
1969
Col 1
1969
Primary vote
47.0%
Primary vote
43.3%
Primary vote
9.7%
2PP vote
50.2%
2PP vote
49.8%
Seats
59
Seats
66
Seats
0
Seats
125
1972
1972
Col 1
1972
Primary vote
49.6%
Primary vote
41.5%
Primary vote
8.9%
2PP vote
52.7%
2PP vote
47.3%
Seats
67
Seats
58
Seats
0
Seats
125
1974
1974
Col 1
1974
Primary vote
49.3%
Primary vote
44.9%
Primary vote
5.8%
2PP vote
51.7%
2PP vote
48.3%
Seats
66
Seats
61
Seats
0
Seats
127
1975
1975
Col 1
1975
Primary vote
42.8%
Primary vote
53.1%
Primary vote
4.1%
2PP vote
44.3%
2PP vote
55.7%
Seats
36
Seats
91
Seats
0
Seats
127
1977
1977
Col 1
1977
Primary vote
39.6%
Primary vote
48.1%
Primary vote
12.2%
2PP vote
45.4%
2PP vote
54.6%
Seats
38
Seats
86
Seats
0
Seats
124
1980
1980
Col 1
1980
Primary vote
45.1%
Primary vote
46.3%
Primary vote
8.5%
2PP vote
49.6%
2PP vote
50.4%
Seats
51
Seats
74
Seats
0
Seats
125
1983
1983
Col 1
1983
Primary vote
59.5%
Primary vote
43.6%
Primary vote
6.9%
2PP vote
53.2%
2PP vote
46.8%
Seats
75
Seats
50
Seats
0
Seats
125
1984
1984
Col 1
1984
Primary vote
47.5%
Primary vote
45.0%
Primary vote
7.4%
2PP vote
51.8%
2PP vote
48.2%
Seats
82
Seats
66
Seats
0
Seats
148
1987
1987
Col 1
1987
Primary vote
45.8%
Primary vote
46.1%
Primary vote
8.1%
2PP vote
50.8%
2PP vote
49.2%
Seats
86
Seats
62
Seats
0
Seats
148
1990
1990
Col 1
1990
Primary vote
39.4%
Primary vote
43.5%
Primary vote
17.1%
2PP vote
49.9%
2PP vote
50.1%
Seats
78
Seats
69
Seats
1
Seats
148
1993
1993
Col 1
1993
Primary vote
44.9%
Primary vote
44.3%
Primary vote
10.7%
2PP vote
51.4%
2PP vote
48.6%
Seats
80
Seats
65
Seats
2
Seats
147
1996
1996
Col 1
1996
Primary vote
38.8%
Primary vote
47.3%
Primary vote
14.0%
2PP vote
46.4%
2PP vote
53.6%
Seats
49
Seats
94
Seats
5
Seats
148
1998
1998
Col 1
1998
Primary vote
40.1%
Primary vote
39.5%
Primary vote
20.4%
2PP vote
51.0%
2PP vote
49.0%
Seats
67
Seats
80
Seats
1
Seats
148
2001
2001
Col 1
2001
Primary vote
37.8%
Primary vote
43.0%
Primary vote
19.2%
2PP vote
49.0%
2PP vote
51.0%
Seats
65
Seats
82
Seats
3
Seats
150
2004
2004
Col 1
2004
Primary vote
37.6%
Primary vote
46.7%
Primary vote
15.7%
2PP vote
47.3%
2PP vote
52.7%
Seats
60
Seats
87
Seats
3
Seats
150
2007
2007
Col 1
2007
Primary vote
43.4%
Primary vote
42.1%
Primary vote
14.5%
2PP vote
52.7%
2PP vote
47.3%
Seats
83
Seats
65
Seats
2
Seats
150
2010
2010
Col 1
2010
Primary vote
38.0%
Primary vote
43.3%
Primary vote
18.7%
2PP vote
50.1%
2PP vote
49.9%
Seats
72
Seats
72
Seats
6
Seats
150
2013
2013
Col 1
2013
Primary vote
33.4%
Primary vote
45.6%
Primary vote
21.0%
2PP vote
46.5%
2PP vote
53.5%
Seats
55
Seats
90
Seats
5
Seats
150
2016
2016
Col 1
2016
Primary vote
34.7%
Primary vote
42.0%
Primary vote
23.3%
2PP vote
49.6%
2PP vote
50.4%
Seats
69
Seats
76
Seats
5
Seats
150
2019
2019
Col 1
2019
Primary vote
33.3%
Primary vote
41.4%
Primary vote
25.2%
2PP vote
48.5%
2PP vote
51.5%
Seats
68
Seats
77
Seats
6
Seats
151
2022
2022
Col 1
2022
Primary vote
32.6%
Primary vote
35.7%
Primary vote
31.7%
2PP vote
52.1%
2PP vote
47.9%
Seats
77
Seats
58
Seats
16
Seats
151
2025
2025
Col 1
2025
Primary vote
34.6%
Primary vote
31.8%
Primary vote
33.6%
2PP vote
55.2%
2PP vote
44.8%
Seats
94
Seats
43
Seats
13
Seats
150
Primary vote
2PP vote
Seats
Election
ALP
L+NP
Oth.
ALP
L+NP
ALP
L+NP
Oth.
Total
1901
19.4%
–
80.6%
–
–
14
–
61
75
1903
31.0%
–
69%
–
–
23
–
52
75
1906
36.6%
–
63.4%
–
–
26
–
49
75
1910
50.0%
45.1%
4.9%
–
–
42
31
2
75
1913
48.5%
48.9%
2.6%
–
–
37
38
0
75
1914
50.9%
47.2%
1.9%
–
–
42
32
1
75
1917
43.9%
54.2%
1.9%
–
–
22
53
0
75
1919
42.5%
54.3%
3.2%
45.9%
54.1%
26
38
1
75
1922
42.3%
47.8%
9.9%
48.8%
51.2%
29
40
6
75
1925
45.0%
53.2%
1.8%
46.2%
53.8%
23
50
2
75
1928
44.7%
49.6%
5.8%
48.4%
51.6%
31
42
2
75
1929
48.8%
44.2%
7.0%
56.7%
43.3%
46
24
5
75
1931
37.8%
48.4%
24.5%
41.5%
58.5%
14
50
11
75
1934
41.2%
45.6%
27.6%
46.5%
53.5%
18
42
14
74
1937
43.1%
49.3%
7.5%
49.4%
50.6%
29
43
2
74
1940
40.1%
43.9%
15.9%
50.3%
49.7%
32
36
6
74
1943
49.9%
31.3%
18.6%
58.2%
41.8%
49
23
2
74
1946
49.7%
39.3%
11.0%
54.1%
45.9%
43
26
5
74
1949
46.0%
50.3%
3.7%
49.0%
51.0%
47
74
0
121
1951
47.7%
50.3%
2.1%
49.3%
50.7%
52
69
0
121
1954
50.1%
46.8%
3.2%
50.7%
49.3%
57
64
0
121
1955
44.7%
47.6%
7.8%
45.8%
54.2%
47
75
0
122
1958
42.9%
46.6%
10.6%
45.9%
54.1%
45
77
0
122
1961
48.0%
42.1%
10.0%
50.5%
49.5%
60
62
0
122
1963
45.5%
46.0%
8.5%
47.4%
52.6%
50
72
0
122
1966
40.0%
50.0%
10.0%
43.1%
56.9%
41
82
1
124
1969
47.0%
43.3%
9.7%
50.2%
49.8%
59
66
0
125
1972
49.6%
41.5%
8.9%
52.7%
47.3%
67
58
0
125
1974
49.3%
44.9%
5.8%
51.7%
48.3%
66
61
0
127
1975
42.8%
53.1%
4.1%
44.3%
55.7%
36
91
0
127
1977
39.6%
48.1%
12.2%
45.4%
54.6%
38
86
0
124
1980
45.1%
46.3%
8.5%
49.6%
50.4%
51
74
0
125
1983
59.5%
43.6%
6.9%
53.2%
46.8%
75
50
0
125
1984
47.5%
45.0%
7.4%
51.8%
48.2%
82
66
0
148
1987
45.8%
46.1%
8.1%
50.8%
49.2%
86
62
0
148
1990
39.4%
43.5%
17.1%
49.9%
50.1%
78
69
1
148
1993
44.9%
44.3%
10.7%
51.4%
48.6%
80
65
2
147
1996
38.8%
47.3%
14.0%
46.4%
53.6%
49
94
5
148
1998
40.1%
39.5%
20.4%
51.0%
49.0%
67
80
1
148
2001
37.8%
43.0%
19.2%
49.0%
51.0%
65
82
3
150
2004
37.6%
46.7%
15.7%
47.3%
52.7%
60
87
3
150
2007
43.4%
42.1%
14.5%
52.7%
47.3%
83
65
2
150
2010
38.0%
43.3%
18.7%
50.1%
49.9%
72
72
6
150
2013
33.4%
45.6%
21.0%
46.5%
53.5%
55
90
5
150
2016
34.7%
42.0%
23.3%
49.6%
50.4%
69
76
5
150
2019
33.3%
41.4%
25.2%
48.5%
51.5%
68
77
6
151
2022
32.6%
35.7%
31.7%
52.1%
47.9%
77
58
16
151
2025
34.6%
31.8%
33.6%
55.2%
44.8%
94
43
13
150

References

  1. Including two Liberal National Party of Queensland (LNP) senators and one Country Liberal Party senator who sit in the L
  2. Including two Liberal National Party of Queensland (LNP) senators who sit in the National party room.
  3. David Pocock (ACT) Lidia Thorpe (Vic) Tammy Tyrrell (Tas)
  4. Including 10 Liberal National Party of Queensland (LNP) MPs who sit in the Liberal party room
  5. Including 6 Liberal National Party of Queensland (LNP) MPs who sit in the National party room
  6. Nicolette Boele (Bradfield) Kate Chaney (Curtin) Andrew Gee (Calare) Helen Haines (Indi) Dai Le (Fowler) Monique Ryan (K
  7. The western annexe was later demolished in the 1960s.
  8. Includes results for the Free Trade Party for 1901 and 1903, the Anti-Socialist Party for 1906, the Commonwealth Liberal
  9. Used the name Country Party for 1919–1974 and National Country Party for 1975–1980.
  10. Protectionist Party
  11. Protectionist (44.4%), Free Trade (34.2%), Independent Labor (0.6%), Others (2%)
  12. Protectionist (31), Free Trade (28), Independent Labor (1), Other (1)
  13. Protectionist (29.7%), Free Trade (34.4%), Others (5%)
  14. Protectionist (26), Free Trade (25), Revenue Tariff (1)
  15. Protectionist (16.4%), Anti-Socialists (38.2%), Others (8.7%)
  16. Protectionist (16), Anti-Socialists (27), Others (6)
  17. 27.1% (ALP) + 10.6% (Lang Labor)
  18. 26.8% (ALP) + 14.4% (Lang Labor)
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