Topzle Topzle

Paris

Updated: Wikipedia source

Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city of France, with an estimated city population of 2,048,472 in an area of 105.4 km2 (40.7 sq mi), and a metropolitan population of 13,171,056 as of January 2025. Located on the river Seine in the centre of the Île-de-France region, it is the largest metropolitan area and fourth-most populous city in the European Union (EU). Nicknamed the City of Light, partly because of its role in the Age of Enlightenment, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, culture, fashion, and gastronomy since the 17th century. Administratively, Paris is divided into twenty arrondissements (districts), each having their own cultural identity. Haussmann's renovation of Paris, which created new boulevards, parks, and public works, gave birth to a modern city known as the "capital of the 19th century". Paris is a major railway, motorway, and air-transport hub; in 2024 Charles de Gaulle Airport was the EU's busiest airport. Paris has one of the most sustainable transportation systems and is one of only two cities in the world that has received the Sustainable Transport Award twice. Its Art Nouveau-decorated Métro has become a symbol of the city. Paris is known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the Musée d'Orsay, Musée Marmottan Monet, and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art, while the Musée National d'Art Moderne, Musée Rodin, and Musée Picasso are noted for their collections of modern and contemporary art. Parts of the city along the Seine have been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991. The President of France and both houses of the French Parliament sit in Paris. Paris is home to several United Nations organisations, including UNESCO, as well as other international organisations such as the OECD, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (in neighbouring Saint-Cloud), the International Energy Agency, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the International Federation for Human Rights, and the Fédération internationale de l'Automobile, along with European bodies such as the European Space Agency, the European Banking Authority, and the European Securities and Markets Authority. The city hosts many sporting events, such as the French Open, and is the home of the association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français. Paris has also hosted the Summer Olympics three times.

Infobox

Country
France
Region
Île-de-France
Department
Paris
Arrondissement
Paris
Intercommunality
Métropole du Grand Paris
Subdivisions
20 arrondissements
• Mayor (2020–2026)
Anne Hidalgo (PS)
Area1
105.4 km2 (40.7 sq mi)
• Urban (2021)
10,890,751
• Metro (2021)
13,171,056
Population (Jan 2025)
2,048,472
• Rank
9th in Europe1st in France
• Density
19,440/km2 (50,340/sq mi)
• Urban density
3,856.2/km2 (9,987.6/sq mi)
• Metro density
695.384/km2 (1,801.04/sq mi)
Demonym(s)
Parisian(s) (en) Parisien(s) (masc.), Parisienne(s) (fem.) (fr), Parigot(s) (masc.), "Parigote(s)" (fem.) (fr, colloquial)
Time zone
UTC 01:00 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC 02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
75056 /75001–75020, 75116
Elevation
28–131 m (92–430 ft) (avg. 78 m or 256 ft)
Website
paris.fr

Tables

Month
Month
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Month
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Jan
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Feb
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Mar
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Apr
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
May
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Jun
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Jul
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Aug
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Sep
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Oct
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Nov
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Dec
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Year
Record high °C (°F)
Record high °C (°F)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Record high °C (°F)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
16.1(61.0)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
21.4(70.5)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
26.0(78.8)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
30.2(86.4)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
34.8(94.6)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
37.6(99.7)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
42.6(108.7)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
39.5(103.1)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
36.2(97.2)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
28.9(84.0)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
21.6(70.9)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
17.1(62.8)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
42.6(108.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
7.6(45.7)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
8.8(47.8)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
12.8(55.0)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
16.6(61.9)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
20.2(68.4)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
23.4(74.1)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
25.7(78.3)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
25.6(78.1)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
21.5(70.7)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
16.5(61.7)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
11.1(52.0)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
8.0(46.4)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
16.5(61.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Daily mean °C (°F)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
5.4(41.7)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
6.0(42.8)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
9.2(48.6)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
12.2(54.0)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
15.6(60.1)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
18.8(65.8)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
20.9(69.6)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
20.8(69.4)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
17.2(63.0)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
13.2(55.8)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
8.7(47.7)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
5.9(42.6)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
12.8(55.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
3.2(37.8)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
3.3(37.9)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
5.6(42.1)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
7.9(46.2)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
11.1(52.0)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
14.2(57.6)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
16.2(61.2)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
16.0(60.8)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
13.0(55.4)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
9.9(49.8)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
6.2(43.2)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
3.8(38.8)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
9.2(48.6)
Record low °C (°F)
Record low °C (°F)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Record low °C (°F)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
−14.6(5.7)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
−14.7(5.5)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
−9.1(15.6)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
−3.5(25.7)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
−0.1(31.8)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
3.1(37.6)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
6.0(42.8)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
6.3(43.3)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
1.8(35.2)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
−3.8(25.2)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
−14.0(6.8)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
−23.9(−11.0)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
−23.9(−11.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Average precipitation mm (inches)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
47.6(1.87)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
41.8(1.65)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
45.2(1.78)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
45.8(1.80)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
69.0(2.72)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
51.3(2.02)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
59.4(2.34)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
58.0(2.28)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
44.7(1.76)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
55.2(2.17)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
54.3(2.14)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
62.0(2.44)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
634.3(24.97)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
9.9
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
9.1
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
9.5
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
8.6
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
9.2
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
8.3
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
7.4
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
8.1
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
7.5
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
9.5
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
10.4
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
11.4
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
108.9
Average snowy days
Average snowy days
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Average snowy days
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
3.0
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
3.9
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
1.6
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
0.6
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
0.0
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
0.0
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
0.0
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
0.0
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
0.0
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
0.0
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
0.7
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
2.1
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
11.9
Average relative humidity (%)
Average relative humidity (%)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Average relative humidity (%)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
83
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
78
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
73
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
69
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
70
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
69
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
68
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
71
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
76
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
82
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
84
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
84
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
76
Mean monthly sunshine hours
Mean monthly sunshine hours
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Mean monthly sunshine hours
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
59.0
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
83.7
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
134.9
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
177.3
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
201.0
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
203.5
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
222.4
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
215.3
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
174.7
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
118.6
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
69.8
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
56.9
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
1,717
Percentage possible sunshine
Percentage possible sunshine
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Percentage possible sunshine
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
22
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
29
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
37
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
43
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
43
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
42
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
46
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
48
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
46
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
35
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
25
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
22
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
37
Average ultraviolet index
Average ultraviolet index
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Average ultraviolet index
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
1
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
2
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
3
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
4
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
6
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
7
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
7
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
6
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
4
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
3
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
1
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
1
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
4
Source 1: Meteo France (snow days 1981–2010), Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990)
Source 1: Meteo France (snow days 1981–2010), Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Source 1: Meteo France (snow days 1981–2010), Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990)
Source 2: Weather Atlas (percent sunshine and UV Index)
Source 2: Weather Atlas (percent sunshine and UV Index)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Source 2: Weather Atlas (percent sunshine and UV Index)
Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
16.1(61.0)
21.4(70.5)
26.0(78.8)
30.2(86.4)
34.8(94.6)
37.6(99.7)
42.6(108.7)
39.5(103.1)
36.2(97.2)
28.9(84.0)
21.6(70.9)
17.1(62.8)
42.6(108.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
7.6(45.7)
8.8(47.8)
12.8(55.0)
16.6(61.9)
20.2(68.4)
23.4(74.1)
25.7(78.3)
25.6(78.1)
21.5(70.7)
16.5(61.7)
11.1(52.0)
8.0(46.4)
16.5(61.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)
5.4(41.7)
6.0(42.8)
9.2(48.6)
12.2(54.0)
15.6(60.1)
18.8(65.8)
20.9(69.6)
20.8(69.4)
17.2(63.0)
13.2(55.8)
8.7(47.7)
5.9(42.6)
12.8(55.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
3.2(37.8)
3.3(37.9)
5.6(42.1)
7.9(46.2)
11.1(52.0)
14.2(57.6)
16.2(61.2)
16.0(60.8)
13.0(55.4)
9.9(49.8)
6.2(43.2)
3.8(38.8)
9.2(48.6)
Record low °C (°F)
−14.6(5.7)
−14.7(5.5)
−9.1(15.6)
−3.5(25.7)
−0.1(31.8)
3.1(37.6)
6.0(42.8)
6.3(43.3)
1.8(35.2)
−3.8(25.2)
−14.0(6.8)
−23.9(−11.0)
−23.9(−11.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
47.6(1.87)
41.8(1.65)
45.2(1.78)
45.8(1.80)
69.0(2.72)
51.3(2.02)
59.4(2.34)
58.0(2.28)
44.7(1.76)
55.2(2.17)
54.3(2.14)
62.0(2.44)
634.3(24.97)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
9.9
9.1
9.5
8.6
9.2
8.3
7.4
8.1
7.5
9.5
10.4
11.4
108.9
Average snowy days
3.0
3.9
1.6
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
2.1
11.9
Average relative humidity (%)
83
78
73
69
70
69
68
71
76
82
84
84
76
Mean monthly sunshine hours
59.0
83.7
134.9
177.3
201.0
203.5
222.4
215.3
174.7
118.6
69.8
56.9
1,717
Percentage possible sunshine
22
29
37
43
43
42
46
48
46
35
25
22
37
Average ultraviolet index
1
2
3
4
6
7
7
6
4
3
1
1
4
Source 1: Meteo France (snow days 1981–2010), Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990)
Source 2: Weather Atlas (percent sunshine and UV Index)

References

  1. mw- .mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw- English: /ˈpærɪs/, PARR-iss; French: [paʁi] ⓘ
  2. French: la Ville Lumière
  3. data.gouv.fr
    https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-national-des-elus-1/
  4. insee.fr
    https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=REG-11+AAV2020-001+UU2020-00851+DEP-75
  5. insee.fr
    https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8331297
  6. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online
    https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/paris
  7. ICLEI – Sustainable Mobility, 2024
    https://sustainablemobility.iclei.org/paris-leads-the-way-for-sustainable-mobility/
  8. Nègre 1990, p. 155.
  9. Falileyev 2010, s.v. Parisii and Lutetia.
  10. Lambert 1994, p. 38.
  11. Delamarre 2003, p. 211.
  12. Delamarre 2003, p. 247.
  13. Busse 2006, p. 199.
  14. Dottin 2018, p. 535.
  15. Arbois de Jubainville & Dottin 1889, p. 132.
  16. Cunliffe 2004, p. 201.
  17. Lawrence & Gondrand 2010, p. 25.
  18. Schmidt 2009, pp. 65–70.
  19. Schmidt 2009, pp. 88–104.
  20. Schmidt 2009, pp. 154–167.
  21. Meunier 2014, p. 12.
  22. Schmidt 2009, pp. 210–211.
  23. Patrick Boucheron, et al., eds. France in the World: A New Global History (2019) pp 81–86.
  24. Jones 1994, p. 48.
  25. Lawrence & Gondrand 2010, p. 27.
  26. Le Point
    https://www.lepoint.fr/culture/les-dix-secrets-de-notre-dame-de-paris-12-12-2012-1561105_3.php
  27. Bussmann 1985, p. 22.
  28. de Vitriaco & Hinnebusch 1972, p. 262.
  29. Sarmant 2012, pp. 36–40.
  30. Sarmant 2012, pp. 28–29.
  31. "Paris history facts"
    https://www.parisdigest.com/history/paris_history.htm
  32. John Kelly, "The Great Mortality" (2005). pp 42
  33. Du Fresne de Beaucourt, G., Histoire de Charles VII, Tome I: Le Dauphin (1403–1422), Librairie de la Société bibliograph
  34. Fierro 1996, pp. 52–53.
  35. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
    https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day
  36. Bayrou 1994, pp. 121–130.
  37. Fierro 1996, p. 577.
  38. Fierro 1996, p. 582.
  39. Combeau 2003, pp. 42–43.
  40. Fierro 1996, pp. 590–591.
  41. The Story of Civilization XI The Age of Napoleon
    https://books.google.com/books?id=yKsYAAAAYAAJ
  42. Combeau 2003, pp. 45–47.
  43. Sarmant 2012, pp. 129–133.
  44. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/place/Paris
  45. Paine 1998, p. 453.
  46. Fierro 1996, p. 674.
  47. Sarmant 2012, p. 144.
  48. Sarmant 2012, p. 147.
  49. Sarmant 2012, p. 148.
  50. De Moncan 2012, pp. 7–35.
  51. Rougerie 2014, p. 118.
  52. Fraser & Spalding 2011, p. 117.
  53. Fierro 1996, pp. 490–491.
  54. Combeau 2003, p. 61.
  55. Fierro 1996, p. 497.
  56. Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art
    https://web.archive.org/web/20151118065327/https://books.google.com/books/about/Bohemian_Paris.html?id=3hYBzRzZ0kcC
  57. Fierro 1996, p. 491.
  58. Fierro 1996, p. 750.
  59. William A. Shack, Harlem in Montmartre, A Paris Jazz Story between the Great Wars, University of California Press, 2001.
  60. Smithsonian.com
    http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-surreal-world-of-salvador-dali-78993324/
  61. Goebel, Anti-Imperial Metropolis Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
    http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-european-history/anti-imperial-metropolis-interwar-paris-and-seeds-third-world-nationalism?format=HB#contentsTabAnchor
  62. Sarmant 2012, p. 217.
  63. Fierro 1996, p. 637.
  64. Sarmant 2012, p. 218.
  65. Fierro 1996, pp. 242–243.
  66. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/17/france-remembers-algerian-massacre
  67. Fierro 1996, p. 658.
  68. Sarmant 2012, p. 226.
  69. Fierro 1996, p. 260.
  70. Sarmant 2012, p. 222.
  71. Combeau 2003, pp. 107–108.
  72. Bell & de-Shalit 2011, p. 247.
  73. UNESCO World Heritage Centre
    http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/600
  74. Sarmant 2012, pp. 226–230.
  75. www.citymayors.com
    http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/paris_mayor.html
  76. Le Moniteur
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141220195103/http://www.lemoniteur.fr/133-amenagement/article/actualite/21534070-les-berges-de-seine-rendues-aux-parisiens
  77. The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sarkos-euro35bn-rail-plan-for-a-greater-paris-1676196.html
  78. Railway Gazette International
    http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/EUR265bn-grand-paris-metro-expansion-programme-confirmed.html
  79. "Le Metro du Grand Paris"
    http://www.societedugrandparis.fr/#projet
  80. CNN
    http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/21/europe/2015-paris-terror-attacks-fast-facts/index.html
  81. Le Monde
    http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/14/attentats-terroristes-les-questions-que-vous-nous-avez-le-plus-posees_4554653_4355770.html
  82. Le Figaro
    http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-scan/citations/2015/01/11/25002-20150111ARTFIG00086-les-politiques-s-affichent-a-la-marche-republicaine.php
  83. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-shooting-idUSKCN0T22IU20151114
  84. RTÉ.ie
    https://www.rte.ie/news/2015/1120/747897-paris/
  85. United Nations
    https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y
  86. designboom | architecture & design magazine
    https://www.designboom.com/architecture/tadao-ando-paris-pinault-collection-bourse-de-commerce-museum-06-29-2017/
  87. Galerie Magazine
    https://galeriemagazine.com/francois-pinault-bourse-de-commerce/
  88. www.friendsofnotredamedeparis.org
    https://www.friendsofnotredamedeparis.org/notre-dame-cathedral/fire/
  89. People.com
    https://people.com/how-notre-dame-cathedral-was-rebuilt-after-2019-fire-8757844
  90. GaWC
    https://gawc.lboro.ac.uk/gawc-worlds/the-world-according-to-gawc/world-cities-2024/
  91. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
    https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/443621/Paris
  92. Blackmore & McConnachie 2004, p. 153.
  93. Lawrence & Gondrand 2010, p. 69.
  94. Mairie de Paris
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090306220509/http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125&document_type_id=5&document_id=29918&portlet_id=18748
  95. arXiv
    https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.13075
  96. Heritage Science
    https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40494-023-00992-7
  97. Lawrence & Gondrand 2010, p. 309.
  98. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
    https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/global/climate-zones/jetstream-max-addition-k-ppen-geiger-climate-subdivisions
  99. Goldstein 2005, p. 8.
  100. ParisInfo
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141205162747/http://en.parisinfo.com/practical-paris/useful-info/climate
  101. tripsavvy
    https://www.tripsavvy.com/visiting-paris-in-the-winter-1618789
  102. tripsavvy
    https://www.tripsavvy.com/weather-in-france-1517972#step4
  103. Met Office
    https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/europe/france/paris
  104. meteofrance.fr
    http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74506889-42-4-c-a-paris-record-absolu-de-chaleur-battu
  105. "Géographie de la capitale – Le climat"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20061003225432/http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579
  106. Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180227003336/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_75114001.pdf
  107. "Normes et records 1961–1990: Paris-Montsouris (75) – altitude 75m"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170824091330/http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07156-paris-montsouris.html
  108. "Paris, France – Climate data"
    https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/france/paris-climate
  109. Fierro 1996, p. 334.
  110. "Anne Hidalgo is new Mayor of Paris"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141220194454/http://www.paris.fr/english/english/anne-hidalgo-paris-s-new-mayor/rub_8118_actu_142533_port_19237
  111. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/28/voters-stay-away-from-second-round-french-local-elections
  112. "Code électoral – Article L260"
    http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070239&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006353607&dateTexte=20141108
  113. World Elections
    https://welections.wordpress.com/2014/03/22/election-preview-france-municipal-elections-2014-part-i/
  114. Shales 2007, p. 16.
  115. Paris.fr
    https://www.paris.fr/pages/regroupement-des-4-premiers-arrondissements-le-secteur-paris-centre-sera-cree-le-6-avril-7384
  116. "Code général des collectivités territoriales – Article L5219-1"
    http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070633&idArticle=LEGIARTI000028528695&dateTexte=vig
  117. "Décret n° 2015-1212 du 30 septembre 2015 constatant le périmètre fixant le siège et désignant le comptable public de la métropole du Grand Paris"
    https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/decret/2015/9/30/RDFB1519847D/jo/texte
  118. Le Moniteur
    http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/la-metropole-du-grand-paris-verra-le-jour-le-1er-janvier-2016-29110917
  119. Le Monde
    https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010075732/http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/01/22/du-grand-paris-a-la-metropole-du-grand-paris_4851596_823448.html?xtmc=du_grand_paris_a_la_metropole_du_grand_paris&xtcr=1
  120. "Régionales 2015 : les chiffres clés du scrutin"
    http://www.iledefrance.fr/fil-actus-region/regionales-2015-chiffres-cles-du-scrutin
  121. "Le Palais de L'Élysée et son histoire"
    http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-palais-de-l-elysee-et-son-histoire-2/
  122. "Matignon Hotel"
    http://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article633
  123. Knapp & Wright 2006, pp. 93–94.
  124. Borrus 2012, p. 288.
  125. "A la découverte du Petit Luxembourg"
    http://www.senat.fr/presidence/hotel.html
  126. Cour de Cassation [Court of Cassation]
    http://www.courdecassation.fr/institution_1/visite_cour_11/introduction_74.html
  127. "Histoire & Patrimoine"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130410103133/http://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/histoire-patrimoine-1
  128. "Le siège du Conseil constitutionnel"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140323125504/http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/root/bank/pdf/conseil-constitutionnel-5206.pdf
  129. "Présentation générale"
    http://www.police-nationale.interieur.gouv.fr/Presentation-generale
  130. "Accueil"
    http://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr
  131. Travel.State.Gov
    https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/country/france.html
  132. Scientific Reports
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3703887
  133. De Moncan, Patrice, Le Paris de Haussmann, Les Éditions de Mecene, Paris, ISBN 978-2-907970-98-3
  134. Braimoh & Vlek 2008, p. 12.
  135. Mairie de Paris
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140410225515/http://www.paris.fr/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=21647
  136. Mairie de Paris
    http://paris-a-la-carte-version-pl.paris.fr/carto/mapping/
  137. Challenges, www. Challenges.fr, 3 July 2018.
  138. "Chiffres Cléfs Logements (2011) – Département de Paris (75)"
    http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=LOG&millesime=2011&typgeo=DEP&search=75
  139. "Un territoire ancien et de petite taille"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141101214159/http://www.notaires.paris-idf.fr/sites/default/files/deux_decennies_dimmobilier_final.pdf
  140. Le Logement Parisien en Chiffres, Agence Departmentale de l'information sur le lodgment de Paris, October 2017.
  141. Le Monde, 18 March 2019.
  142. "Une brève histoire de l'aménagement de Paris et sa région Du District à la Région Île-de-France"
    http://www.driea.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Chapitre5_de_Breve_histoire_de_amenagement_de_Paris_DREIF_Auteur_Claude_Cottour_cle0344bc.pdf
  143. Masson 1984, p. 536.
  144. Yarri 2008, p. 407.
  145. Gordon 2006, pp. 46–47.
  146. Castells 1983, p. 75.
  147. Tomas et al. 2003, p. 237.
  148. "Les Politiques Nationales du Logement et le Logement dans les Villes Nouvelles"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160326035711/http://www.laburba.fr/app/download/7815645/Article%2Bvilles%2Bnouvelles.pdf
  149. SIG du secretariat générale du SIV
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170816133325/http://sig.ville.gouv.fr/atlas/ZUS/
  150. "Une forte hétérogénéité des revenus en Île-de-France"
    http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=20529&page=alapage/alap414/alap414_carte.htm#carte1
  151. INSEE
    https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104
  152. INSEE
    https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6455264?sommaire=6455286&geo=REG-11#ancre-IMG1B_V2_ENS
  153. "Paris Population Shrank By 122,000 Over Past Decade","Forbes Magazine", 24 February 2023
  154. "Le Parisien, "Paris n'attire plus comme autrefois: année apres année, Paris perd des habitants": Le Parisien, 30 Decemb
  155. Le Monde, 22 January 2019
  156. "Paris perd ses habitants, la faute à la démographie et aux... meublés touristiques pour la Ville." Le Parisien, 28 Dece
  157. WorldAtlas
    https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-world-s-most-densely-populated-cities.html
  158. "Statistics on European cities"
    https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/RCI/#?vis=nuts2.labourmarket&lang=en
  159. Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Paris, EHESS (in French).
    http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=26207
  160. "Le Parisien", "Paris n'attire plus comme autrefois: année apres année, Paris perd des habitants": Le Parisien, 30 Decem
  161. Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques
    https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-75056
  162. INSEE
    https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=UU2020-00851
  163. "Urban Europe — Statistics on cities, towns and suburbs"
    https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-statistical-books/-/KS-01-16-691
  164. "Functional areas – Definition"
    https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2173
  165. INSEE
    https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=AAV2020-001
  166. INSEE
    https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=FE-1
  167. "Population statistics at regional level"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150407164439/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Population_statistics_at_regional_level
  168. Insee
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75
  169. Insee
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11
  170. Insee
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11
  171. Insee
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75
  172. Insee
    https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6793282?sommaire=6793391
  173. Catholicism and Politics in Argentina, 1810–1960
  174. After Integration: Islam, Conviviality and Contentious Politics in Europe
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mPibBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA188
  175. Le Monde
    http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html
  176. Le Figaro
    http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643
  177. Le Soir
    http://archive.francesoir.fr/actualite/societe/dalil-boubakeur-%E2%80%9Cil-faut-doubler-nombre-mosquees-en-france%E2%80%9D-54083.html
  178. France 3
    http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/paris-ile-de-france/2013/04/29/le-manque-de-mosquee-en-ile-de-france-243225.html
  179. "World Jewish Population 2014"
    http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/details.cfm?StudyID=776
  180. "La Défense, Europe's largest business district"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130530043643/http://www.france.fr/en/paris-capital-region/la-defense-europes-largest-business-district
  181. statista.com
    https://www.statista.com/statistics/269845/largest-banks-in-the-world-by-total-assets/
  182. Crédit Agricole
    https://www.credit-agricole.com/pdfPreview/189647
  183. "Department of Paris; Complete Dossier"
    http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=COM-75056
  184. "Île-de-France Region – Complete dossier"
    http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=REG-11
  185. "EMP2 – Emplois au lieu de travail par sexe, statut et secteur d'activité économique – Région d'Île-de-France (11)"
    http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=EMP2&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11
  186. "La nomenclature agrégée – NA, 2008"
    http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/default.asp?page=nomenclatures/agregatnaf2008/agregatnaf2008.htm
  187. "En Île-de-France, 39 poles d'emploi structurent l'economie régionale"
    http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=20718
  188. ec.europa.eu
    https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table
  189. ec.europa.eu
    https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TGS00005/default/table?lang=en
  190. "L'Île-de-France, une des régions les plus riches d'Europe"
    http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=21341#trois
  191. Foreign Policy
    https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025
  192. www.insee.fr
    https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/010751746
  193. www.insee.fr
    https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/010751748
  194. "L'Industrie en Île-de-France, Principaux Indicateurs Régionaux"
    http://www.ile-de-france.gouv.fr/content/download/5429/38877/file/L’industrie%20en%20Ile-de-France%20–%20Principaux%20indicateurs%20régionaux.pdf
  195. Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, based in September 2016 data, retrieved July 2017.
  196. courrierinternational.com
    https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/classement-singapour-hong-kong-paris-le-trio-des-villes-les-plus-cheres-du-monde
  197. Wired
    https://www.wired.co.uk/article/station-f
  198. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/11/30/the-worlds-most-and-least-expensive-cities
  199. "Île-de-France – A la Page Nº288 – INSEE 2007"
    http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/themes/alapage/alap288/alapage288.pdf
  200. insee.fr
    https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2388413
  201. "Neighborhoods of Paris with more than 40 percent living below poverty line"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140406124836/http://www.metronews.fr/paris/des-quartiers-de-paris-compteraient-plus-de-40-de-pauvres/mnaB!OVs3O27zkRe6/
  202. Reuters, "France unemployment hits 13-year low", 18 February 2022
  203. INSEE data published 1 April 2022
  204. Euromonitor International
    https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/december-2024/euromonitor-international-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2024
  205. pro.visitparisregion.com
    https://pro.visitparisregion.com/chiffres-du-tourisme/conjoncture/bilans/bilan-de-l-annee-touristique-2022-a-paris-ile-de-france-mars-2023
  206. press.parisinfo.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210910112723/https://press.parisinfo.com/key-figures
  207. Forbes
    https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericrosen/2019/09/04/the-worlds-most-visited-city-is-bangkok/
  208. "Tourism in Paris – Key Figures 2016"
    https://press.parisinfo.com/key-figures/key-figures/Tourism-in-Paris-Key-Figures-2016
  209. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/business/hoteliers-welcome-paris-decision-forcing-airbnb-hosts-to-register-rentals-idUSL8N1JW2DD/
  210. BBC News
    http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6197921.stm
  211. Montclos 2003.
  212. Michelin 2011.
  213. Perry 1995, p. 19.
  214. "Visitor Figures 2021", "The Art Newspaper", 5 January 2022.
  215. "Le Tourisme a Paris – Chiffres Cles -Edition 2021,"the Office of Tourism and Congresses of the City of Paris.(published
  216. "Municipal museums"
    http://www.paris.fr/musees
  217. Lawrence & Gondrand 2010, p. 178.
  218. Schumacher 1996, p. 60.
  219. Fierro 1996, p. 1173.
  220. Who's Where
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Tj4WAQAAIAAJ
  221. Fierro 1996, pp. 1005–1006.
  222. "scan of the book at the Bibliothèque nationale de France"
    http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k108017c.r=Labyrinte+de+Versailles+Perrault.langEN
  223. Fierro 1996, p. 488.
  224. "Notre Dame Renovations"
    http://www.adoremus.org/1099-Rose.html
  225. Preface
    http://www.gutenberg.org/files/135/135-h/135-h.htm
  226. Encyclopaedia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jules-Verne
  227. "Official site of the Nobel Prize"
    https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2014/bio-bibl.html
  228. Fierro 1996, p. 840.
  229. "The French Still Flock to Bookstores", New York Times, 20 June 2012
  230. Damschroeder & Williams 1990, p. 157.
  231. Georges Bizet: Carmen Archived 26 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Susan McClary, p. 120
    https://books.google.com/books?id=UNGaPmlHFzgC&pg=PA120
  232. The Essential Canon of Classical Music
    https://books.google.com/books?id=p27gT7VcuNUC&pg=PA146
  233. Dregni 2004, p. 19.
  234. Dregni 2008, p. 32.
  235. Mroue 2006, p. 260.
  236. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/mar/03/jazz-bars-paris-django-reinhardt
  237. Bezbakh 2004, p. 872.
  238. "Rock en Seine '13"
    http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/rockenseine/2013/
  239. "Orchestre de Paris"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070312035555/http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=23207
  240. Huey, Steve. Édith Piaf biography at AllMusic. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
    https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0000150629/biography
  241. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/10/14/is-france-becoming-too-american/hip-hop-a-la-francaise-29
  242. Encyclopædia Universalis
    https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/presentation-du-cinematographe-lumiere/
  243. RFI
    http://www.english.rfi.fr/visiting-france/20101024-grand-rex-and-its-etoiles
  244. "Le Cinéma à Paris"
    http://www.paris.fr/services-et-infos-pratiques/culture-et-patrimoine/cinema/le-cinema-a-paris-2347
  245. The Times of India
    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/2-Tamil-Films-in-1st-SAFF-in-Paris/articleshow/17781374.cms
  246. Fierro 1996, pp. 1136–1138.
  247. Fierro 1996, p. 1137.
  248. Dominé 2014.
  249. Le Monde, 2 February 2015
  250. "Michelin Guide"
    https://restaurant.michelin.fr
  251. Fierro 1996, p. 715.
  252. Fierro 1996, p. 773.
  253. iExplore.com
    http://www.iexplore.com/destinations/paris/how-to-look-like-a-local-in-paris
  254. Fashion Journalism
    https://books.google.com/books?id=H2xeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129
  255. The Fundamentals of Fashion Management
    https://books.google.com/books?id=3XFMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115
  256. "Global ranking of manufacturers of luxury goods"
    http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/top-8-luxury-brands-in-the-world-317665/7/
  257. Department of Photographs, Photography and Surrealism, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Archived 13 February 2015 at th
    http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phsr/hd_phsr.htm
  258. Hazan 2011, p. 362.
  259. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/206556/Le-Figaro
  260. "French and Francophone Publications"
    http://french.about.com/od/newspapers/French_and_Francophone_Newspapers_and_Magazines.htm
  261. "Paris's Top Newspapers"
    http://about-france.com/french-newspapers.htm
  262. "Agence France-Presse"
    http://www.afp.com/en/
  263. "France 24"
    http://www.france24.com/en/
  264. "France Diplomatie"
    http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/
  265. "French and Francophone TV Stations"
    http://french.about.com/od/tv/French_and_Francophone_Television_Stations_Watch_French_TV.htm
  266. "France's Radio Stations"
    https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010073101/http://www.listenlive.eu/france.html
  267. "La Poste"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130712042008/http://www.laposte.com/
  268. BlackmoreMcConnachie 2004, p. 204.
  269. Bibliothèque nationale de France
    https://web.archive.org/web/20051016135133/http://www.bnf.fr/pages/zNavigat/frame/version_anglaise.htm?ancre=english.htm
  270. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/05/travel/05journeys.html
  271. "Paris-Sorbonne libraries"
    http://www.english.paris-sorbonne.fr/libraries/
  272. "French Libraries and Archives"
    http://www.library.nd.edu/help/study-abroad/France.shtml
  273. The Athletic
    https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5805559/2024/10/01/london-paris-football-clubs-comparison/
  274. BBC Sport
    https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/articles/cwyewly51n6o
  275. Lawrence & Gondrand 2010, pp. 300–301.
  276. ESPN
    https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/44971242/paris-fc-promotion-psg-ligue-1-1st-1979-france
  277. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-36195987
  278. "Locations of League: Paris"
    https://www.totalrl.com/locations-of-league-paris/
  279. Wigan Today
    https://www.wigantoday.net/sport/rugby-league/wigan-warriors/wigan-warriors-and-catalans-dragons-progress-paris-plans-for-2026-5074136
  280. Al Jazeera
    https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2024/7/17/location-events-history-all-to-know-about-the-paris-2024-olympics-venues
  281. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/18/sports/barcelona-gets-1992-summer-olympics.html
  282. New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/14/sports/olympics-beijing-wins-bid-for-2008-olympic-games.html
  283. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cerv1142mmvo
  284. "EURO 2016: All you need to know"
    https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/025a-0ec0db63e375-e3d06be8c923-1000--euro-2016-all-you-need-to-know/
  285. RSSSF
    https://www.rsssf.org/ec/ec1stats.html
  286. Le Tour
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130517063542/http://www.letour.fr/le-tour/2013/us/overall-route.html
  287. "Roland-Garros"
    http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/
  288. Olympics
    https://www.olympics.com/en/news/paris-masters-2024-preview-schedule-watch
  289. "Stade Pierre de Coubertin (Paris)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170713191550/http://equipement.paris.fr/stade-pierre-de-coubertin-3024
  290. Euroleague Basketball
    https://www.euroleaguebasketball.net/eurocup/teams/paris-basketball/prs/
  291. www.psghand.fr
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160115142149/http://www.psghand.fr/fr/club/histoire-33.html
  292. "Paris Football Team | The Paris Football Team is an American football franchise of the European League of Football, based in Paris, France"
    https://www.parisfootballteam.com/
  293. "Le web des voyageurs franciliens"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060411124843/http://www.stif-idf.fr/
  294. "Optile en bref"
    http://www.optile.com/notre-mission/
  295. Medium
    https://medium.com/la-fabrique-de-la-cit%C3%A9/on-foot-or-by-bike-while-paris-walks-amsterdam-pedals-17d64623b464
  296. Institute for Transportation & Development policy
    https://www.itdp.org/2023/01/10/paris-2023-sustainable-transport-award/
  297. "Bikes overtake cars as means of transport in Paris"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20240515153251/https://www.thelocal.fr/20240412/bikes-overtake-cars-as-means-of-transport-in-paris
  298. "Cycling is now more popular than driving in the centre of Paris, study finds"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20240619165308/https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/04/12/cycling-is-now-more-popular-than-driving-in-the-centre-of-paris-study-finds
  299. European Investment Bank
    https://www.eib.org/en/stories/future-european-cities
  300. Forbes
    https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2019/12/28/how-bike-lanes-are-transforming-paris/
  301. World Resource Institute
    https://www.wri.org/insights/paris-15-minute-city
  302. The International Association for public transport
    https://www.uitp.org/news/why-walking-and-public-transport-must-be-integrated/
  303. Apur, the Paris Urbanism Agency
    https://www.apur.org/en/our-works/mobility-changes-greater-paris-grand-paris-historical-trends-current-and-emerging-developments
  304. "The time of the whole car city is over': How is Paris encouraging walking and cycling?"
    https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/06/16/the-time-of-the-whole-car-city-is-over-how-is-paris-encouraging-walking-and-cycling
  305. Fast Company
    https://www.fastcompany.com/91119919/how-paris-became-a-15-minute-city
  306. "Métro2030, notre nouveau métro de Paris"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095822/http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/c_5043/metro/
  307. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
    https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2023.pdf
  308. USA Today
    https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2018/04/09/list-worlds-20-busiest-airports-2017/498552002/
  309. Airport World
    http://www.airport-world.com/news/general-news/6601-aci-figures-reveal-the-world-s-busiest-passenger-and-cargo-airports.html
  310. "Bulletin statistique, trafic aérien commercial – année 2014"
    http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/Bulletin_Statistique_2014.pdf
  311. "Trafic aéroportuaire 1986–2013"
    http://www.side.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/EXPLOITATION/DEFAULT/doc/IFD/IFD_REFDOC_TEMIS_0077449/trafic-aeroportuaire-1986-2012-flux-de-trafic-commercial-1986-2012
  312. Lawrence & Gondrand 2010, pp. 278–283.
  313. Jefferson 2009, p. 114.
  314. Hart 2004, p. 355.
  315. Rand 2010, p. 165.
  316. "La production électrique en IdF"
    http://www.driee.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Seminaire_du_6_mars_2012_-_Presentations_Approvisionnement_electrique_du_Grand_Paris__cle2dcb2f-1.pdf
  317. Global Wood Markets Info
    http://www.globalwoodmarketsinfo.com/paris-to-import-wood-pellets-from-the-us/
  318. "Historique des égouts"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140410232647/http://www.paris.fr/pratique/musees-expos/musee-des-egouts/visite-publique-des-egouts-de-paris/rub_9691_stand_5943_port_23931
  319. Burchell 1971, p. 93.
  320. Mairie de Paris
    https://web.archive.org/web/20061003225317/http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139
  321. Air pollution in Paris Archived 24 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine according to L'internaute
    http://www.linternaute.com/actualite/monde/classement-des-villes-selon-pollution-de-l-air/
  322. euronews
    https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/12/24/air-pollution-new-report-shows-which-european-cities-have-the-worst-air-quality
  323. Jarrassé 2007, p. 6.
  324. Lawrence & Gondrand 2010, p. 125.
  325. Lawrence & Gondrand 2010, p. 208.
  326. "Le Jardin de Plantes"
    http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/tous/tous/guidePratique/lieuxVisiter/LieuxAVisiter/FLieuAVisiter.xsp?AE_ID=214&INFO_ID=21&LIEU_ID=158&MAN_ID=273&SITE_ID=10&i=1&idx=6&nav=liste
  327. Jarrassé 2007, pp. 122–161.
  328. Jarrassé 2007, pp. 242–256.
  329. Whaley 2012, p. 101.
  330. Broadwell 2007, p. 92.
  331. Ayers 2004, p. 271.
  332. "Les 20 cimetières Parisiens"
    http://www.paris.fr/cimetieres
  333. www.oui.sncf
    https://www.oui.sncf/article/les-tombes-de-celebrites-au-cimetiere-du-pere-lachaise-106832
  334. "Indicateurs départementaux et régionaux sur les diplômes et la formation en 2009"
    http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=base-indic-cc-dipl-form
  335. "L'enseignement"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070824203147/http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm
  336. Combeau 2013, pp. 213–214.
  337. "Contact and Maps"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130607052638/http://www.ens.fr/spip.php?article171&lang=en
  338. "Classement QS 2024 : Sciences Po devient la 2ème meilleure université mondiale en "Politics""
    https://www.planetegrandesecoles.com/classement-qs-2024-politics
  339. Financial Times
    https://rankings.ft.com/rankings/2954/european-business-school-rankings-2023
  340. ARWU
    https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023
  341. "Rapport Annuel 2008"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140327062949/http://rapport-activite.aphp.fr/activite_ambulatoire.php
  342. "Hotel Dieu"
    http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/hoteldieu.aspx
  343. |Where we are |publisher oecd.org |accessed on 30 August 2016.
    https://www.oecd.org/en/careers/submit.htm
  344. "Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération"
    https://api-site.paris.fr/images/74497
  345. "Twinning Rome – Paris"
    http://www.comune.roma.it/PCR/resources/cms/documents/Gemellaggio_Roma_Parigi.pdf
  346. Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali
    http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page
  347. "Twinning with Rome"
    https://archive.today/20120905235843/http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784
  348. Mairie de Paris
    https://web.archive.org/web/20071011162140/http://paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974
  349. Mairie de Paris
    https://archive.today/20070806151309/http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp
Image
Source:
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.