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Palindrome

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Palindrome

A palindrome (/ˈpæl.ɪn.droʊm/) is a word, number, phrase, or other sequence of symbols that reads the same backwards as forwards, such as madam or racecar, the date "22/02/2022" and the sentence: "A man, a plan, a canal – Panama". The 19-letter Finnish word saippuakivikauppias (a soapstone vendor) is the longest single-word palindrome in everyday use, while the 12-letter term tattarrattat (from James Joyce in Ulysses) is the longest in English. The word palindrome was introduced by English poet and writer Henry Peacham in 1638. The concept of a palindrome can be dated to the 3rd-century BC, although no examples survive. The earliest known examples are the 1st-century AD Latin acrostic word square, the Sator Square (which contains both word and sentence palindromes), and the 4th-century Greek Byzantine sentence palindrome nipson anomemata me monan opsin. Palindromes are also found in music (the table canon and crab canon) and biological structures (most genomes include palindromic gene sequences). In automata theory, the set of all palindromes over an alphabet is a context-free language, but it is not regular.

Tables

Example · Types › Characters, words, or lines
We can save the worldI cannot believe thatThe world is doomed
We can save the worldI cannot believe thatThe world is doomed
Initial order
We can save the worldI cannot believe thatThe world is doomed
Reversed order
The world is doomedI cannot believe thatWe can save the world
Initial order
Reversed order
We can save the worldI cannot believe thatThe world is doomed
The world is doomedI cannot believe thatWe can save the world

References

  1. Henry Peacham, The Truth of our Times Revealed out of One Mans Experience, 1638, p. 123 Archived 14 July 2020 at the Way
    https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?cc=eebo;c=eebo;idno=a09207.0001.001;node=A09207.0001.001:5;seq=134;submit=Go;type=simple;vid=14563;q1=palindrome;page=root;view=text
  2. www.greek-language.gr
    http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/lexica/search.html?lq=%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82&dq=
  3. William Martin Leake, Researches in Greece, 1814, p. 85
  4. H.B. Wheatley, Of Anagrams: A Monograph Treating of Their History from the Earliest Ages..., London, 1862, p. 9-11 Archi
    https://books.google.com/books?id=DcYDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA11
  5. Jan Kwapisz, The Paradigm of Simias: Essays on Poetic Eccentricity, p. 62-68
  6. Alex Preminger, ed., Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 1965, JSTOR j.ctt13x0qvn, s.v. 'Sotadean', p. 784
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x0qvn
  7. The Century Dictionary, 1889, s.v. 'Sotadic', p. 5:5780. "Sotadic verse... A palindromic verse; so named apparently from
  8. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/26603971
  9. Cryptologia
    https://indexarticles.com/reference/cryptologia/sator-rebus-an-unsolved-cryptogram-the/
  10. CCHA
    https://www.cchahistory.ca/journal/CCHA1959/Fishwick.pdf
  11. Alex Preminger, ed., Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 1965, JSTOR j.ctt13x0qvn, s.v. 'palindrome', p. 596
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x0qvn
  12. "Longest palindromic word"
    http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-palindromic-word
  13. Jewish Telegraphic Agency
    https://www.jta.org/2011/12/27/the-archive-blog/jewish-wordplay
  14. S(ilvanus) Urban, "Classical Literature: On Macaronic Poetry", The Gentleman's Magazine, or Monthly Intelligencer, Londo
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfdfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35
  15. Richard Lederer, The Word Circus: A Letter-perfect Book, 1998, ISBN 0877793549, p.54
  16. "On Palindromes" The New Monthly Magazine 2:170–173 Archived 26 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine (July–December 1821)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vP2YF5SEn9UC&pg=PA172
  17. "Ingenious Arrangement of Words", The Gazette of the Union, Golden Rule, and Odd Fellows' Family Companion 9:30 (July 8,
    https://books.google.com/books?id=qSTnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA30
  18. "Able Was I Ere I Saw Elba", Quote Investigator September 15, 2013
    https://quoteinvestigator.com/2013/09/15/saw-elba/#note-7218-1
  19. Gazette of the Union, Golden Rule and Odd-fellows' Family Companion
  20. By Leigh Mercer, published in Notes and Queries, 13 November 1948, according to The Yale Book of Quotations, F. R. Shapi
  21. Do you give it up?: A collection of the most amusing conundrums, riddles, etc. of the day, London, 1861, p. 4 Archived 7
    https://books.google.com/books?id=tcwBAAAAQAAJ&q=%22madam%20i%20%27m%20adam%22
  22. Baltimore and Ohio Employes Magazine
    https://books.google.com/books?id=j2ZCAQAAIAAJ&q=%22never+odd+or+even%22
  23. "Google nGrams frequencies"
    https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=kinnikinnik%2Ctattarrattat%2Crotator%2Cdeified%2Crepaper%2Creviver%2Credivider&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3
  24. "Word-unit palindromes"
    http://www.kmjn.org/notes/word_unit_palindromes.html
  25. "Never Odd Or Even, and Other Tricks Words Can Do" by O.V. Michaelsen (Sterling Publishing Company: New York), 2005 p124
  26. arXiv
    https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.06208
  27. "Universal Palindrome Day"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200806042809/https://susam.in/blog/universal-palindrome-day/
  28. "#PalindromeDay: Geeks around the world celebrate 02/02/2020"
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51349158
  29. "Why A Day Like Sunday Hasn't Been Seen In 900 Years"
    https://www.npr.org/2020/02/02/802015917/why-a-day-like-sunday-hasnt-been-seen-in-900-years
  30. Callaloo
    https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcal.2003.0045
  31. Palindromes en Folie
    https://books.google.com/books?id=PK_xfgb1VQYC&pg=PA32
  32. "Section titled "On Burroughs and Burrows ...""
    http://www.pfony.com/
  33. Reversible audio cut-ups of William S. Burroughs' voice Archived 13 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine, including an acou
    http://www.pfony.com/burrows/index.html
  34. Words at play: quips, quirks and oddities
  35. "The longest palindrome defined in the OED is 'tattarrattat', meaning 'a knock at the door'. It was used by James Joyce in 'Ulysses'. (2/2)"
    https://x.com/OED/status/644542911040880641
  36. Ulysses
    https://books.google.com/books?id=VZdOUXIOBhwC&pg=PT434
  37. Funny Side of English
    https://books.google.com/books?id=PVcHzENuAnMC&pg=PT203
  38. Daily Telegraph
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/science-obituaries/8124447/Professor-Peter-Hilton.html
  39. By Brendan Gill, published in Here At The New Yorker, (1997, ISBN 0-306-80810-2).
  40. Making the Alphabet Dance
  41. Yale University
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014254/http://classes.yale.edu/fractals/Panorama/Literature/Martin/MartinPalindrome.html
  42. Popdust
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220813042032/https://www.popdust.com/weird-al-bob-dylan-2063713015.html
  43. British Library
    https://www.bl.uk/works/lulu
  44. A helpful list is at http://deconstructing-jim.blogspot.com/2010/03/musical-palindromes.html Archived 6 August 2020 at t
    http://deconstructing-jim.blogspot.com/2010/03/musical-palindromes.html
  45. Lloyd, Stephen. Constant Lambert: Beyond the Rio Grande (2014), p. 258
    https://books.google.com/books?id=hMzCAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22van+dieren%22+%22lambert%22+%22palindromic%22&pg=PA258
  46. Rudolf Frisius, Karlheinz Stockhausen II: Die Werke 1950–1977; Gespräch mit Karlheinz Stockhausen, "Es geht aufwärts" (M
  47. M[orag] J[osephine] Grant, Serial Music, Serial Aesthetics: Compositional Theory in Post-war Europe (Cambridge, U.K.; Ne
  48. Jennens vs. Handel: Decoding the Mysteries of Messiah
  49. The Craft of Tonal Counterpoint
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Nkka1FYg2YYC&pg=PA120
  50. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
    https://www.genome.gov/11007628/2003-release-mechanism-preserves-y-chromosome-gene/
  51. Riv. Biol.
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2128128
  52. J. Protein Chem
    https://web.archive.org/web/20191214234759/https://www.wolterskluwer.nl/
  53. BMC Bioinformatics
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2474621
  54. Cell. Mol. Life Sci
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11131741
  55. Jewels of Stringology: Text Algorithms
  56. Algorithms on Strings, Trees, and Sequences
    https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511574931
  57. Combinatorics, automata, and number theory
    https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:1271.11073
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