Outline of natural language processing
Updated: 5/24/2026, 6:50:40 PM Wikipedia source
Natural language processing is computer activity in which computers are entailed to analyze, understand, alter, or generate natural language. This includes the automation of any or all linguistic forms, activities, or methods of communication, such as conversation, correspondence, reading, written composition, dictation, publishing, translation, lip reading, and so on. Natural-language processing is also the name of the branch of computer science, artificial intelligence, and linguistics concerned with enabling computers to engage in communication using natural language(s) in all forms, including but not limited to speech, print, writing, and signing. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to natural-language processing:
Tables
· Natural-language processing tools › Natural-language processing toolkits
Apertium
Apertium
Name
Apertium
Language
C++, Java
License
GPL
Creators
(various)
ChatScript
ChatScript
Name
ChatScript
Language
C++
License
GPL
Creators
Bruce Wilcox
Deeplearning4j
Deeplearning4j
Name
Deeplearning4j
Language
Java, Scala
License
Apache 2
Creators
Adam Gibson, Skymind
DELPH-IN
DELPH-IN
Name
DELPH-IN
Language
LISP, C++
License
LGPL, MIT, ...
Creators
Deep Linguistic Processing with HPSG Initiative
Distinguo
Distinguo
Name
Distinguo
Language
C++
License
Commercial
Creators
Ultralingua Inc.
DKPro Core
DKPro Core
Name
DKPro Core
Language
Java
License
Apache 2 / Varying for individual modules
Creators
Technische Universität Darmstadt / Online community
General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE)
General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE)
Name
General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE)
Language
Java
License
LGPL
Creators
GATE open source community
Gensim
Gensim
Name
Gensim
Language
Python
License
LGPL
Creators
Radim Řehůřek
LinguaStream
LinguaStream
Name
LinguaStream
Language
Java
License
Free for research
Creators
University of Caen, France
Mallet
Mallet
Name
Mallet
Language
Java
License
Common Public License
Creators
University of Massachusetts Amherst
Modular Audio Recognition Framework
Modular Audio Recognition Framework
Name
Modular Audio Recognition Framework
Language
Java
License
BSD
Creators
The MARF Research and Development Group, Concordia University
MontyLingua
MontyLingua
Name
MontyLingua
Language
Python, Java
License
Free for research
Creators
MIT
Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK)
Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK)
Name
Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK)
Language
Python
License
Apache 2
Apache OpenNLP
Apache OpenNLP
Name
Apache OpenNLP
Language
Java
License
Apache License 2
Creators
Online community
spaCy
spaCy
Name
spaCy
Language
Python, Cython
License
MIT
Creators
Matthew Honnibal, Explosion AI
UIMA
UIMA
Name
UIMA
Language
Java / C++
License
Apache 2
Creators
Apache
| Name | Language | License | Creators |
| Apertium | C++, Java | GPL | (various) |
| ChatScript | C++ | GPL | Bruce Wilcox |
| Deeplearning4j | Java, Scala | Apache 2 | Adam Gibson, Skymind |
| DELPH-IN | LISP, C++ | LGPL, MIT, ... | Deep Linguistic Processing with HPSG Initiative |
| Distinguo | C++ | Commercial | Ultralingua Inc. |
| DKPro Core | Java | Apache 2 / Varying for individual modules | Technische Universität Darmstadt / Online community |
| General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) | Java | LGPL | GATE open source community |
| Gensim | Python | LGPL | Radim Řehůřek |
| LinguaStream | Java | Free for research | University of Caen, France |
| Mallet | Java | Common Public License | University of Massachusetts Amherst |
| Modular Audio Recognition Framework | Java | BSD | The MARF Research and Development Group, Concordia University |
| MontyLingua | Python, Java | Free for research | MIT |
| Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) | Python | Apache 2 | |
| Apache OpenNLP | Java | Apache License 2 | Online community |
| spaCy | Python, Cython | MIT | Matthew Honnibal, Explosion AI |
| UIMA | Java / C++ | Apache 2 | Apache |
References
- Merriam-Webster Online Dictionaryhttps://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/science
- Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge - 2004 Versionhttps://web.archive.org/web/20090323071651/http://www.swebok.org/
- "Computing Degrees & Careers"https://web.archive.org/web/20110617053818/http://computingcareers.acm.org/?page_id=12
- What Every Engineer Should Know about Software Engineeringhttps://books.google.com/books?id=pFHYk0KWAEgC&q=What%20Every%20Engineer%20Should%20Know%20about%20Software%20Engineering.&pg=PA1
- Input device Computer Hopehttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/inputdev.htm
- McQuail, Denis. (2005). Mcquail's Mass Communication Theory. 5th ed. London: SAGE Publications.
- Yucong Duan, Christophe Cruz (2011), [http –//www /abstract/100-E00187 Formalizing Semantic of Natural Language through
- thebrainhttps://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/capsules/outil_rouge06.html
- Roger Schank, 1969, A conceptual dependency parser for natural language Proceedings of the 1969 conference on Computatio
- McCorduck 2004, p. 286, Crevier 1993, pp. 76−79, Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 19
- McCorduck 2004, pp. 291–296, Crevier 1993, pp. 134−139
- "МНОГОЦЕЛЕВОЙ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЙ ПРОЦЕССОР ЭТАП-3"http://www.iitp.ru/ru/science/works/452.htm
- New York Timeshttps://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/science/05compute.html?hpw=&pagewanted=all
- Project Overview, Carnegie Mellon University. Accessed October 5, 2010.http://rtw.ml.cmu.edu/rtw/overview
- "Loebner Prize Contest 2013"http://www.paulmckevitt.com/loebner2013/
- Las Vegas Review-Journal (Nevada)
- Business Wirehttp://www.thefreelibrary.com/ActiveBuddy+Introduces+Software+to+Create+and+Deploy+Interactive...-a088988298
- The Perl Journalhttps://www.foo.be/docs/tpj/issues/vol3_2/tpj0302-0002.html
- Negobot: A conversational agent based on game theory for the detection of paedophile behaviourhttps://web.archive.org/web/20130917013039/http://paginaspersonales.deusto.es/isantos/publications/2012/Laorden_2012_CISIS_Negobot.pdf
- Connectionist, Statistical and Symbolic Approaches to Learning for Natural Language Processing