Topzle Topzle

Oskar Dirlewanger

Updated: Wikipedia source

Oskar Dirlewanger

Oskar Paul Dirlewanger (26 September 1895 – c. 7 June 1945) was a German military officer, convicted child molester, and war criminal. He is best known for commanding the Dirlewanger Brigade, a penal military unit of the Waffen-SS which served in World War II. Dirlewanger's unit is often considered the most notorious Waffen-SS unit, committing some of the conflict's most infamous atrocities, with Dirlewanger himself regarded as perhaps Nazi Germany's "most extreme executioner", engaging in constant acts of violence, rape, and murder. He died after the war while in Allied custody. Dirlewanger had an impressive career as a junior officer during World War I. He further fought in the post-World War I conflicts in Germany as a minor commander in the Freikorps militia movement, with the troops he led then also characterized by excessive violence, and participated in the Spanish Civil War. He was also a habitual offender, convicted in interwar Germany for raping a child and other crimes. During World War II, Dirlewanger was appointed and headed a special Waffen-SS unit that was officially named after him and was composed for the most part of conscripted convicts and other prisoners. Serving mostly in Poland and Belarus, he has been closely linked to many atrocities, being responsible for the deaths of at least tens of thousands. In Belarus alone, Dirlewanger may be responsible for around 120,000 killed and 200 villages destroyed. In Warsaw, Dirlewanger is responsible for up to 30,000 killed, most of them non-combatants. His methods included rape and torture, and he personally kept numerous women as his sex slaves. His unit is noted to have committed the worst crimes of the bloody suppression of the Warsaw Uprising, alongside the Kaminski Brigade, though Timothy Snyder described the behavior of Dirlewanger as being even worse. His brutality was not limited to just civilians and captured enemy combatants, as he was ruthless to his men, whom he would beat and kill if they displeased him. His unit is further regarded as the war's most infamous in Belarus, as well as Poland, and arguably the worst military force in modern European history based in terms of criminality and cruelty.

Infobox

Nicknames
mw- Gandhi Butcher of Warsaw
Born
26 September 1895Würzburg, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire
Died
c. 7 June 1945(1945-06-07) (aged 49)Altshausen, Baden-Württemberg, Allied-occupied Germany
Allegiance
German EmpireNazi Germany
Branch
Imperial German Army Freikorps Spanish Legion Condor Legion SS-Totenkopfverbände Waffen-SS
Years of service
1913–1919 1919–1923 1937–1939 1940–1945
Rank
SS-Oberführer
Commands
Dirlewanger Brigade
Battles / wars
mw- li World War I Freikorps operations Spanish Civil War World War II Anti-partisan operations in Belarus Warsaw Uprising Slovak National Uprising Battle of Ipolysag Battle of Guben
Awards
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross German Cross in Gold Close Combat Clasp Clasp to the Iron Cross Spanish Cross
Alma mater
Goethe University Frankfurt
Service years
1913–1919 1919–1923 1937–1939 1940–1945

Tables

· Early life
Very Good (7)
Very Good (7)
Grade
Very Good (7)
Subject(s)
History in German Literature
Good (6)
Good (6)
Grade
Good (6)
Subject(s)
History, Geography
Satisfactory (5)
Satisfactory (5)
Grade
Satisfactory (5)
Subject(s)
Philosophy, French, Religion, Physics, Analysis and Chemistry
Adequate (4)
Adequate (4)
Grade
Adequate (4)
Subject(s)
Geometry, English, Natural Science, Drawing
Grade
Subject(s)
Very Good (7)
History in German Literature
Good (6)
History, Geography
Satisfactory (5)
Philosophy, French, Religion, Physics, Analysis and Chemistry
Adequate (4)
Geometry, English, Natural Science, Drawing
· Awards and ranks
SS-Obersturmführer der Reserve (lieutenant)
SS-Obersturmführer der Reserve (lieutenant)
Ranks
SS-Obersturmführer der Reserve (lieutenant)
Date of Promotion
1 July 1940
SS-Hauptsturmführer der Reserve (captain)
SS-Hauptsturmführer der Reserve (captain)
Ranks
SS-Hauptsturmführer der Reserve (captain)
Date of Promotion
1 August 1940
SS-Sturmbannführer der Reserve (major)
SS-Sturmbannführer der Reserve (major)
Ranks
SS-Sturmbannführer der Reserve (major)
Date of Promotion
9 November 1941
SS-Obersturmbannführer der Reserve (lieutenant colonel)
SS-Obersturmbannführer der Reserve (lieutenant colonel)
Ranks
SS-Obersturmbannführer der Reserve (lieutenant colonel)
Date of Promotion
12 May 1943
SS-Standartenführer der Reserve (colonel)
SS-Standartenführer der Reserve (colonel)
Ranks
SS-Standartenführer der Reserve (colonel)
Date of Promotion
19 March 1944
SS-Oberführer der Reserve (senior colonel)
SS-Oberführer der Reserve (senior colonel)
Ranks
SS-Oberführer der Reserve (senior colonel)
Date of Promotion
12 August 1944
Ranks
Date of Promotion
SS-Obersturmführer der Reserve (lieutenant)
1 July 1940
SS-Hauptsturmführer der Reserve (captain)
1 August 1940
SS-Sturmbannführer der Reserve (major)
9 November 1941
SS-Obersturmbannführer der Reserve (lieutenant colonel)
12 May 1943
SS-Standartenführer der Reserve (colonel)
19 March 1944
SS-Oberführer der Reserve (senior colonel)
12 August 1944

References

  1. "The Complete Knight's Cross: The Years of Defeat 1944–1945"
    https://books.google.com/books?id=T_ShEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1987
  2. Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the United States Congress
    https://books.google.com/books?id=acJdKhQrLRMC&pg=PA17436
  3. A sociological and criminological approach to understanding evil: a case study of Waffen-SS actions on the Eastern front during World War II 1941-1945
    https://research.bond.edu.au/en/studentTheses/a-sociological-and-criminological-approach-to-understanding-evil-
  4. The Cruel Hunters: SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger Hitler's Most Notorious Anti-Partisan Unit
    https://archive.org/details/cruelhuntersssso0000macl/page/12
  5. SS: Hell on the Western Front
    https://archive.org/details/sshellonwesternf0000bish_g9o4/page/92
  6. Karrieren der Gewalt: Nationalsozialistische Täterbiographien
  7. Karrieren der Gewalt: Nationalsozialistische Täterbiographien
  8. The Cruel Hunters: SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger Hitler's Most Notorious Anti-Partisan Unit
    https://archive.org/details/cruelhuntersssso0000macl/page/21
  9. Longerich, pp. 345–346
  10. Imperial Germany Revisited: Continuing Debates and New Perspectives
  11. Empire of Destruction: A History of Nazi Mass Killing
  12. Sex Under the Swastika: Erotica, Scandal and the Occult in Hitler's Third Reich
    https://books.google.com/books?id=MwetEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81
  13. Трагедия белорусских деревень 1941–1944: Документы и материалы
    https://berestovitsa.gov.by/uploads/files/Pamjat-i-bol/Tragedija-belorusskix-dereven.pdf
  14. The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944
    https://books.google.com/books?id=gLfSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24
  15. The Myth of the Eastern Front: The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture
    https://archive.org/details/mythofeasternfro0000smel/page/165
  16. Glaukopis
    https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/55376008/glaukopis-nr-15
  17. Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation 1939-1944
    https://archive.org/details/forgottenholocau0000luka/page/199
  18. Der Spiegel
    https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ein-braver-schwabe-a-4a1e9189-0002-0001-0000-000058302566
  19. Survivors: Warsaw under Nazi Occupation
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee5bEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA268
  20. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
    https://archive.org/details/bloodlandseurope0000snyd_e5a3/page/303
  21. The Waffen SS
    https://archive.org/details/waffensshitlers00stei/page/268
  22. The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944
    https://books.google.com/books?id=gLfSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16
  23. avalon.law.yale.edu
    https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/12-20-45.asp
  24. The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944
    https://books.google.com/books?id=gLfSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR11
  25. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit
    http://archive.org/details/cruelhuntersssso0000macl
  26. Oskar Dirlewanger: SS-Sonderkommando "Dirlewanger"
  27. Cooper M. The Phantom War: The German struggle against Soviet partisans, 1941–1944. L., 1979. p. 88.
  28. The Fifth Field
    https://www.thefifthfield.com/biographical-sketches/oskar-dirlewanger-2/
  29. www.leo-bw.de
    https://www.leo-bw.de/detail/-/Detail/details/PERSON/kgl_biographien/123490774/Dirlewanger+Oskar
  30. Personalakte Oskar Dirlewanger. Washington, D.C.: NARA A 3343, Records of SS Officers from the Berlin Document Center (D
  31. Первая мировая война
  32. Klausch H.-P. Antifaschisten in SS-Uniform. Schicksal und Widerstand der deutschen politischen KZ-Häftlinge, Zuchtha
  33. Personalakte Oskar Dirlewanger. Washington, D.C.: NARA A 3343, Records of SS Officers from the Berlin Document Center (D
  34. The Cruel Hunters: SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger Hitler's Most Notorious Anti-Partisan Unit
    https://books.google.com/books?id=lOdmAAAAMAAJ&q=Sangerhausen
  35. Karrieren der Gewalt: Nationalsozialistische Täterbiographien
  36. The SS Dirlewanger Brigade: The History of the Black Hunters
  37. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit
    http://archive.org/details/cruelhuntersssso0000macl
  38. Ingrao, p. 50
  39. Oskar Dirlewanger: SS-Sonderkommando "Dirlewanger"
  40. "Die Einheit Dirlewanger – Institut für Zeitgeschichte"
    http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1962_3_2_auerbach.pdf
  41. Hellmuth Auerbach. Die Einheit Dirlewanger. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstal
  42. The Cruel Hunters: SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger Hitler's Most Notorious Anti-Partisan Unit
    https://books.google.com/books?id=lOdmAAAAMAAJ&q=Sangerhausen
  43. SSO Dr. Dirlewanger, Oskar NARA roll 744
  44. Wistrich, Robert S. (2001). Who's Who of Nazi Germany: Dirlewanger, Oskar. Routledge, p. 44. ISBN 0-415-26038-8
    https://books.google.com/books?id=PrYwT3eI3wcC&pg=PA43
  45. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit
    https://archive.org/details/cruelhuntersssso0000macl/page/48
  46. Ingrao, p. 63
  47. The Cruel Hunters: SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit
    http://archive.org/details/cruelhuntersssso0000macl
  48. The SS Dirlewanger Brigade: The History of the Black Hunters
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_HGCDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Dirlewanger+was+named+director+of+the+Heilbronn+Employment+Agency%22&pg=PT67
  49. George H. Stein (1984). The Waffen SS. Cornell University Press, p. 266. ISBN 0-8014-9275-0
    https://archive.org/details/waffensshitlers00stei/page/266
  50. Ingrao, p. 71
  51. Oskar Dirlewanger: SS-Sonderkommando "Dirlewanger"
  52. Oskar Dirlewanger: SS-Sonderkommando "Dirlewanger"
  53. Law & War: An American Story
    https://books.google.com/books?id=87H1R-OqlZ4C&q=Oskar+Dirlewanger&pg=PA163
  54. The SS Dirlewanger Brigade: The History of the Black Hunters
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_HGCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7
  55. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit
    http://archive.org/details/cruelhuntersssso0000macl
  56. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit
    http://archive.org/details/cruelhuntersssso0000macl
  57. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit
    http://archive.org/details/cruelhuntersssso0000macl
  58. Understanding Willing Participants, Volume 2
    https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-97999-1_8
  59. Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, Nuremberg, October 1946-April, 1949: Case 11: U.S. v. von Weizsaecker (Ministries case)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=5AvgYBJuCbMC&pg=PA527
  60. Instytut Pamięci Narodowej
    https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/wydawnictwo/ksiazki/153398,Oskar-Dirlewanger-SS-Sonderkommando-Dirlewanger.html
  61. Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin, pp. 241–242, 304
  62. The SS Dirlewanger Brigade: The History of the Black Hunters
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_HGCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT122
  63. Dirlewanger 1942 trial
    https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=38&t=272915
  64. Philip W. Blood, Hitler's Bandit Hunters: The SS and the Nazi Occupation of Europe
  65. Hitler's Crime Fighter: The extraordinary life of Konrad Morgen
    https://books.google.com/books?id=sjEREQAAQBAJ&pg=PT38
  66. Creator of Nazi Death Camps: The Life of Odilo Globocnik
    https://books.google.com/books?id=iFxpQgAACAAJ&q=Dirlewanger
  67. Sex Under the Swastika: Erotica, Scandal and the Occult in Hitler's Third Reich
    https://books.google.com/books?id=MwetEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82
  68. Sex Under the Swastika: Erotica, Scandal and the Occult in Hitler's Third Reich
    https://books.google.com/books?id=MwetEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83
  69. Przegląd Środkowo-Wschodni
    http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-e5596cef-1b92-4a10-809c-04a5d32c816b
  70. David Crowe (2004) Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the Li
  71. "Myths. Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies. University of Minnesota"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110515002212/http://www.chgs.umn.edu/histories/myths.html
  72. The Cruel Hunters: SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger Hitler's Most Notorious Anti-Partisan Unit
    https://archive.org/details/cruelhuntersssso0000macl
  73. Longerich, p. 831
  74. French L. MacLean (2007) Thank God That's Gone to the Butcher: 2000 Quotes from Hitler's 1000-year Reich. Schiffer Publi
  75. Karrieren der Gewalt: Nationalsozialistische Täterbiographien
  76. Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation 1939-1944
    https://archive.org/details/forgottenholocau0000luka/page/197
  77. SB.BY
    https://www.sb.by/articles/karatel.html
  78. Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust
    https://archive.org/details/mastersofdeathss0000rhod/page/249
  79. Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust
  80. The SS-Sonderkommando "Dirlewanger": A Memoir
    https://books.google.com/books?id=CqpjEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT40
  81. Perpetrating the Holocaust: Leaders, Enablers, and Collaborators
  82. "Ich wundere mich, daß ich noch lebe.": Sowjetische Augenzeugen berichten
    https://books.google.com/books?id=TpZ0AAAAIAAJ&q=120
  83. Бацькаўшчына: зборнік матэрыялаў VIII Міжнароднай краязнаўчай канферэнцыі, прысвечанай Году гістарычнай памяці
    https://elib.baa.by/jspui/bitstream/123456789/3830/1/ecd5850.pdf
  84. Martin Windrow (1984) The Waffen-SS. Osprey Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 0-85045-425-5
  85. Law and War: International Law and American History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0qM8eRj3SCMC&pg=PA128
  86. Glaukopis
    https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/55376008/glaukopis-nr-15
  87. CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl
    https://ciekawostkihistoryczne.pl/2021/03/09/najgorsi-z-najgorszych-sadystyczni-psychopaci-i-masowi-mordercy-z-ss/
  88. Dzieje Najnowsze
    https://doi.org/10.12775%2FDN.2021.1.06
  89. The Cruel Hunters: SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger Hitler's Most Notorious Anti-Partisan Unit
    https://archive.org/details/cruelhuntersssso0000macl
  90. Warsaw 1944: Hitler, Himmler, and the Warsaw Uprising
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_RoKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA297
  91. "Warsaw Uprising: My Warsaw Madness"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190821070515/http://www.warsawuprising.com/witness/schenk.htm
  92. Przegląd Prawosławny
    https://przegladprawoslawny.pl/2021/07/27/sierpien-na-woli/
  93. Rzeczpospolita
    https://historia.rp.pl/historia/art16187741-scigajac-dirlewangerowcow-oprawcow-warszawy
  94. Andrew Borowiec (2001) Destroy Warsaw!: Hitler's Punishment, Stalin's Revenge. the University of Michigan. p. 101. ISBN
  95. Der Spiegel
    https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/kriegsverbrechen-a-947184.html
  96. wiadomosci.onet.pl
    https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kiosk/oskar-dirlewanger-i-jego-oddzial-historia-zbrodni-bez-precedensu/gz610?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org_viasg_wiadomosci&utm_medium=referal&utm_campaign=leo_automatic&srcc=undefined&utm_v=2
  97. Strafbattalion: Hitler's Penal Battalions
    https://books.google.com/books?id=OgtEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT162
  98. The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944
    https://books.google.com/books?id=gLfSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA25
  99. Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Jzxt9FFBDPwC&pg=PA547
  100. Historia Do Rzeczy
    https://issuu.com/presspad/docs/i35719
  101. The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944
    https://books.google.com/books?id=gLfSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57
  102. Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
    https://doi.org/10.12775%2FSDR.2019.EN4.08
  103. Arolsen Archives DE ITS 2.3.3.1/671971 (Hohes Kommissariat der Republik Frankreich, Kartei der Verfolgten in der französ
  104. Studia Z Dziejów Rosji I Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
    https://rcin.org.pl/dlibra/publication/145303/edition/116922/content
  105. The Holocaust Encyclopedia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=nPbr0XzlTzcC&pg=PA150
  106. Winter Time: Memoirs of a German Sinto who Survived Auschwitz
  107. The Beast Reawakens
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1086431548
  108. A place among the nations: Israel and the world
  109. The Hitler Legacy: The Nazi Cult in Diaspora: How it was Organized, How it was Funded, and Why it Remains a Threat to Global Security in the Age of Terrorism
  110. "Sonderkommando Dirlewanger"
    https://holocaustresearchproject.net/einsatz/dirlewanger.html
  111. Les chasseurs noirs - Essai sur la Sondereinheit Dirlewanger
  112. The brutal torture by Polish guards [Polnischen Wachmannschaften] under unclear circumstances led to the death of the German war criminal Oskar Dirlewanger
    https://web.archive.org/web/20250426064446/https://rcin.org.pl/Content/116922/WA303_145303_A453-SzDR-54-3-SI_Kuberski.pdf
  113. Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
    https://doi.org/10.12775%2FSDR.2019.EN4.08
  114. www.nordkurier.de
    https://www.nordkurier.de/panorama/sadist-und-kriegsverbrecher-starb-dieser-nazi-in-haft-oder-lebt-er-gar-noch-3404132
  115. Oskar Dirlewanger: SS-Sonderkommando "Dirlewanger"
  116. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile
  117. Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives
  118. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit
    http://archive.org/details/cruelhuntersssso0000macl
  119. The Cruel Hunters: SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger Hitler's Most Notorious Anti-Partisan Unit
    https://archive.org/details/cruelhuntersssso0000macl/page/21
  120. Steven J. Zaloga (1982) The Polish Army 1939–45. Osprey. p. 25. ISBN 0-85045-417-4
  121. Hitler's Jewish Soldiers: The Untold Story of Nazi Racial Laws and Men of Jewish Descent in the German Military
    https://archive.org/details/hitlersjewishsol0000rigg
  122. Besieged: Seven Cities Under Siege
    https://books.google.com/books?id=6mRQDwAAQBAJ
  123. WielkaHistoria
    https://wielkahistoria.pl/brygada-dirlewanger-potworne-zbrodnie-najgorszych-rzeznikow-powstania-warszawskiego/
  124. Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation 1939-1944
    https://archive.org/details/forgottenholocau0000luka/page/197
  125. KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps
    https://books.google.com/books?id=pPZ-BwAAQBAJ&dq=Dirlewanger+children&pg=PA484
  126. SS: Hell on the Western Front
    https://archive.org/details/sshellonwesternf0000bish_g9o4/page/92
  127. Queer in Europe During the Second World War
    https://books.google.com/books?id=RuN3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32
  128. Sex Under the Swastika: Erotica, Scandal and the Occult in Hitler's Third Reich
    https://books.google.com/books?id=MwetEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84
  129. Warsaw 1944: Hitler, Himmler, and the Warsaw Uprising
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_RoKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44
  130. The German Defeat in the East: 1944-45
    https://books.google.com/books?id=kPK3DAAAQBAJ&dq=Dirlewanger+children&pg=PA110
  131. Barbarossa: The Russian-German Conflict, 1941–1945
    https://archive.org/details/barbarossarussia0000clar/page/390/mode/2up
  132. Sex Under the Swastika: Erotica, Scandal and the Occult in Hitler's Third Reich
    https://books.google.com/books?id=MwetEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80
  133. Sex Under the Swastika: Erotica, Scandal and the Occult in Hitler's Third Reich
    https://books.google.com/books?id=MwetEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86
  134. Sex Under the Swastika: Erotica, Scandal and the Occult in Hitler's Third Reich
    https://books.google.com/books?id=MwetEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84
  135. The Times
    https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/germany-too-slow-to-outlaw-far-right-groups-stj6gj66r
  136. dzygamdb.com
    https://dzygamdb.com/site/films-single?id=3620
  137. Uzbek Girl (2023)
    https://letterboxd.com/film/uzbek-girl/
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.