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Obergefell v. Hodges

Updated: 12/11/2025, 8:43:26 AM Wikipedia source

Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015) ( OH-bər-gə-fel), is a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court which ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. The 5–4 ruling requires all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the Insular Areas under U.S. sovereignty to perform and recognize the marriages of same-sex couples on the same terms and conditions as the marriages of opposite-sex couples, with equal rights and responsibilities. Prior to Obergefell, same-sex marriage had already been established by statute, court ruling, or voter initiative in 36 states, the District of Columbia, and Guam. Between January 2012 and February 2014, plaintiffs in Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee filed federal district court cases that culminated in Obergefell v. Hodges. After all district courts ruled for the plaintiffs, the rulings were appealed to the Sixth Circuit. In November 2014, following a series of appeals court rulings that year from the Fourth, Seventh, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits that state-level bans on same-sex marriage were unconstitutional, the Sixth Circuit ruled that it was bound by Baker v. Nelson and found such bans to be constitutional. This created a split between circuits and led to a Supreme Court review. Decided on June 26, 2015, Obergefell overturned Baker and requires states to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples and to recognize same-sex marriages validly performed in other jurisdictions. This established same-sex marriage throughout the United States and its territories. In a majority opinion authored by Justice Anthony Kennedy, the Court examined the nature of fundamental rights guaranteed to all by the Constitution, the harm done to individuals by delaying the implementation of such rights while the democratic process plays out, and the evolving understanding of discrimination and inequality that has developed greatly since Baker.

Infobox

Full case name
James Obergefell, et al., Petitioners v. Richard Hodges, Director, Ohio Department of Health, et al.
Docket no.
14-556
Citations
576 U.S. 644 (more)135 S. Ct. 2584; 192 L. Ed. 2d 609; 83 U.S.L.W. 4592; 2015 WL 2473451; 2015 U.S. LEXIS 4250; 2015 BL 204553
Argument
Oral argument
Opinion announcement
Opinion announcement
Decision
Opinion
Majority
Kennedy, joined by Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, Kagan
Dissent
Alito, joined by Scalia, Thomas

Tables

· Subsequent legislation › State level › Legislation seeking to denounce or overturn <i>Obergefell v. Hodges</i>
Idaho
Idaho
State
Idaho
Year
2025
Status
Dead; died in committee.
Bill Number and Link
House Joint Memorial 1
Michigan
Michigan
State
Michigan
Year
2025
Status
Live; referred to Committee on Government Operations.
Bill Number and Link
House Resolution 28
Montana
Montana
State
Montana
Year
2025
Status
Dead; died in process.
Bill Number and Link
Senate Joint Resolution 15
North Dakota
North Dakota
State
North Dakota
Year
2025
Status
Dead; failed to adopt during second reading.
Bill Number and Link
House Concurrent Resolution 3013
South Dakota
South Dakota
State
South Dakota
Year
2025
Status
Dead; died in chamber.
Bill Number and Link
House Concurrent Resolution 6012
State
Year
Status
Bill Number and Link
Idaho
2025
Dead; died in committee.
House Joint Memorial 1
Michigan
2025
Live; referred to Committee on Government Operations.
House Resolution 28
Montana
2025
Dead; died in process.
Senate Joint Resolution 15
North Dakota
2025
Dead; failed to adopt during second reading.
House Concurrent Resolution 3013
South Dakota
2025
Dead; died in chamber.
House Concurrent Resolution 6012

References

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  242. Although most appeals courts did not consider Baker binding precedent, the Sixth Circuit had held that it was binding on
  243. The dissenting justices framed the issue similarly, but not necessarily using the same language. See the dissenting opin
  244. Statutory and Constitutional Bans Alabama Alaska Arizona Florida Georgia Idaho Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Michigan Missis
  245. Hawaii's constitution did not explicitly ban same-sex marriage, but it granted the legislature the power to ban it.
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