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Oath of office of the president of the United States

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Oath of office of the president of the United States

The oath of office of the president of the United States is the oath or affirmation that the president of the United States takes upon assuming office. The wording of the oath is specified in Article II, Section One, Clause 8, of the United States Constitution, and a new president is required to take it before exercising or carrying out any official powers or duties. This clause is one of three oath or affirmation clauses in the Constitution, but it is the only one that actually specifies the words that must be spoken. Article I, Section 3 requires Senators, when sitting to try impeachments, to be "on Oath or Affirmation." Article VI, Clause 3, similarly requires the persons specified therein to "be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution." The presidential oath requires much more than that general oath of allegiance and fidelity. This clause enjoins the new president to swear or affirm: "I will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."

Tables

· List of ceremonies
April 30, 1789 (Thursday)
April 30, 1789 (Thursday)
Date
April 30, 1789 (Thursday)
Type
Public
Event
First inauguration of George Washington
Location
Balcony, Federal Hall New York, New York
Oath administered by
Robert Livingston Chancellor of New York
March 4, 1793 (Monday)
March 4, 1793 (Monday)
Date
March 4, 1793 (Monday)
Type
Second inauguration of George Washington
Event
Senate Chamber, Congress Hall Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Location
William Cushing Associate Justice, U . Supreme Court
March 4, 1797 (Saturday)
March 4, 1797 (Saturday)
Date
March 4, 1797 (Saturday)
Type
Inauguration of John Adams
Event
House Chamber, Congress Hall
Location
Oliver Ellsworth Chief Justice of the United States
March 4, 1801 (Wednesday)
March 4, 1801 (Wednesday)
Date
March 4, 1801 (Wednesday)
Type
First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
Event
Senate Chamber, U . Capitol Washington, D .
Location
John Marshall Chief Justice of the United States
March 4, 1805 (Monday)
March 4, 1805 (Monday)
Date
March 4, 1805 (Monday)
Type
Second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
Event
Senate Chamber, U . Capitol
March 4, 1809 (Saturday)
March 4, 1809 (Saturday)
Date
March 4, 1809 (Saturday)
Type
First inauguration of James Madison
Event
House Chamber, U . Capitol
March 4, 1813 (Thursday)
March 4, 1813 (Thursday)
Date
March 4, 1813 (Thursday)
Type
Second inauguration of James Madison
March 4, 1817 (Tuesday)
March 4, 1817 (Tuesday)
Date
March 4, 1817 (Tuesday)
Type
First inauguration of James Monroe
Event
Front steps, Old Brick Capitol
March 5, 1821 (Monday)
March 5, 1821 (Monday)
Date
March 5, 1821 (Monday)
Type
Second inauguration of James Monroe
Event
House Chamber, U . Capitol
March 4, 1825 (Friday)
March 4, 1825 (Friday)
Date
March 4, 1825 (Friday)
Type
Inauguration of John Quincy Adams
March 4, 1829 (Wednesday)
March 4, 1829 (Wednesday)
Date
March 4, 1829 (Wednesday)
Type
First inauguration of Andrew Jackson
Event
East Portico, U . Capitol
March 4, 1833 (Monday)
March 4, 1833 (Monday)
Date
March 4, 1833 (Monday)
Type
Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson
Event
House Chamber, U . Capitol
March 4, 1837 (Saturday)
March 4, 1837 (Saturday)
Date
March 4, 1837 (Saturday)
Type
Inauguration of Martin Van Buren
Event
East Portico, U . Capitol
Location
Roger B. Taney Chief Justice of the United States
March 4, 1841 (Thursday)
March 4, 1841 (Thursday)
Date
March 4, 1841 (Thursday)
Type
Inauguration of William Henry Harrison
April 6, 1841 (Tuesday)
April 6, 1841 (Tuesday)
Date
April 6, 1841 (Tuesday)
Type
Private
Event
Inauguration of John Tyler
Location
Brown's Indian Queen Hotel, Washington, D .
Oath administered by
William Cranch Chief Judge, U . Circuit Court of the District of Columbia
March 4, 1845 (Tuesday)
March 4, 1845 (Tuesday)
Date
March 4, 1845 (Tuesday)
Type
Public
Event
Inauguration of James K. Polk
Location
East Portico, U . Capitol
Oath administered by
Roger B. Taney Chief Justice
March 5, 1849 (Monday)
March 5, 1849 (Monday)
Date
March 5, 1849 (Monday)
Type
Inauguration of Zachary Taylor
July 10, 1850 (Wednesday)
July 10, 1850 (Wednesday)
Date
July 10, 1850 (Wednesday)
Type
Inauguration of Millard Fillmore
Event
House Chamber, U . Capitol
Location
William Cranch Circuit Court Judge
March 4, 1853 (Friday)
March 4, 1853 (Friday)
Date
March 4, 1853 (Friday)
Type
Inauguration of Franklin Pierce
Event
East Portico, U . Capitol
Location
Roger B. Taney Chief Justice
March 4, 1857 (Wednesday)
March 4, 1857 (Wednesday)
Date
March 4, 1857 (Wednesday)
Type
Inauguration of James Buchanan
March 4, 1861 (Monday)
March 4, 1861 (Monday)
Date
March 4, 1861 (Monday)
Type
First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
March 4, 1865 (Saturday)
March 4, 1865 (Saturday)
Date
March 4, 1865 (Saturday)
Type
Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
Event
Salmon P. Chase Chief Justice of the United States
April 15, 1865 (Saturday)
April 15, 1865 (Saturday)
Date
April 15, 1865 (Saturday)
Type
Private
Event
Inauguration of Andrew Johnson
Location
Kirkwood House Hotel, Washington, D .
March 4, 1869 (Thursday)
March 4, 1869 (Thursday)
Date
March 4, 1869 (Thursday)
Type
Public
Event
First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
Location
East Portico, U . Capitol
March 4, 1873 (Tuesday)
March 4, 1873 (Tuesday)
Date
March 4, 1873 (Tuesday)
Type
Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
March 3, 1877 (Saturday)
March 3, 1877 (Saturday)
Date
March 3, 1877 (Saturday)
Type
Private
Event
Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes
Location
Red Room, White House
Oath administered by
Morrison Waite Chief Justice of the United States
March 5, 1877 (Monday)
March 5, 1877 (Monday)
Date
March 5, 1877 (Monday)
Type
Public
Event
East Portico, U . Capitol
March 4, 1881 (Friday)
March 4, 1881 (Friday)
Date
March 4, 1881 (Friday)
Type
Inauguration of James A. Garfield
September 20, 1881 (Tuesday)
September 20, 1881 (Tuesday)
Date
September 20, 1881 (Tuesday)
Type
Private
Event
Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur
Location
Chester A. Arthur Home, New York, New York
Oath administered by
John R. Brady Justice of the New York Supreme Court
September 22, 1881 (Thursday)
September 22, 1881 (Thursday)
Date
September 22, 1881 (Thursday)
Type
Public
Event
The Vice President's Room, U . Capitol
Location
Morrison Waite Chief Justice
March 4, 1885 (Wednesday)
March 4, 1885 (Wednesday)
Date
March 4, 1885 (Wednesday)
Type
First inauguration of Grover Cleveland
Event
East Portico, U . Capitol
March 4, 1889 (Monday)
March 4, 1889 (Monday)
Date
March 4, 1889 (Monday)
Type
Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison
Event
Melville Fuller Chief Justice of the United States
March 4, 1893 (Saturday)
March 4, 1893 (Saturday)
Date
March 4, 1893 (Saturday)
Type
Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland
March 4, 1897 (Thursday)
March 4, 1897 (Thursday)
Date
March 4, 1897 (Thursday)
Type
First inauguration of William McKinley
Event
Front of original Senate Wing U . Capitol
March 4, 1901 (Monday)
March 4, 1901 (Monday)
Date
March 4, 1901 (Monday)
Type
Second inauguration of William McKinley
Event
East Portico, U . Capitol
September 14, 1901 (Saturday)
September 14, 1901 (Saturday)
Date
September 14, 1901 (Saturday)
Type
Private
Event
First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
Location
Ansley Wilcox Home, Buffalo, New York
Oath administered by
John R. Hazel Judge, U . District Court for the Western District of New York
March 4, 1905 (Saturday)
March 4, 1905 (Saturday)
Date
March 4, 1905 (Saturday)
Type
Public
Event
Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
Location
East Portico, U . Capitol
Oath administered by
Melville Fuller Chief Justice
March 4, 1909 (Thursday)
March 4, 1909 (Thursday)
Date
March 4, 1909 (Thursday)
Type
Inauguration of William Howard Taft
Event
Senate Chamber, U . Capitol
March 4, 1913 (Tuesday)
March 4, 1913 (Tuesday)
Date
March 4, 1913 (Tuesday)
Type
First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
Event
East Portico, U . Capitol
Location
Edward D. White Chief Justice of the United States
March 4, 1917 (Sunday)
March 4, 1917 (Sunday)
Date
March 4, 1917 (Sunday)
Type
Private
Event
Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
Location
The President's Room, U . Capitol
March 5, 1917 (Monday)
March 5, 1917 (Monday)
Date
March 5, 1917 (Monday)
Type
Public
Event
East Portico, U . Capitol
March 4, 1921 (Friday)
March 4, 1921 (Friday)
Date
March 4, 1921 (Friday)
Type
Inauguration of Warren G. Harding
August 3, 1923 (Friday)
August 3, 1923 (Friday)
Date
August 3, 1923 (Friday)
Type
Private
Event
First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
Location
Coolidge Homestead, Plymouth Notch, Vermont
Oath administered by
John Calvin Coolidge Vermont Justice of the peace
August 21, 1923 (Tuesday)
August 21, 1923 (Tuesday)
Date
August 21, 1923 (Tuesday)
Type
Willard Hotel Washington, D .
Event
Adolph A. Hoehling Jr. Judge, U . District Court for the District of Columbia
March 4, 1925 (Wednesday)
March 4, 1925 (Wednesday)
Date
March 4, 1925 (Wednesday)
Type
Public
Event
Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
Location
East Portico, U . Capitol
Oath administered by
William H. Taft Chief Justice of the United States
March 4, 1929 (Monday)
March 4, 1929 (Monday)
Date
March 4, 1929 (Monday)
Type
Inauguration of Herbert Hoover
March 4, 1933 (Saturday)
March 4, 1933 (Saturday)
Date
March 4, 1933 (Saturday)
Type
First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Event
Charles E. Hughes Chief Justice of the United States
January 20, 1937 (Wednesday)
January 20, 1937 (Wednesday)
Date
January 20, 1937 (Wednesday)
Type
Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
January 20, 1941 (Monday)
January 20, 1941 (Monday)
Date
January 20, 1941 (Monday)
Type
Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
January 20, 1945 (Saturday)
January 20, 1945 (Saturday)
Date
January 20, 1945 (Saturday)
Type
Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Event
South Portico, White House
Location
Harlan F. Stone Chief Justice of the United States
April 12, 1945 (Thursday)
April 12, 1945 (Thursday)
Date
April 12, 1945 (Thursday)
Type
Private
Event
First inauguration of Harry S. Truman
Location
Cabinet Room, White House
January 20, 1949 (Thursday)
January 20, 1949 (Thursday)
Date
January 20, 1949 (Thursday)
Type
Public
Event
Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman
Location
East Portico, U . Capitol
Oath administered by
Fred M. Vinson Chief Justice of the United States
January 20, 1953 (Tuesday)
January 20, 1953 (Tuesday)
Date
January 20, 1953 (Tuesday)
Type
First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
January 20, 1957 (Sunday)
January 20, 1957 (Sunday)
Date
January 20, 1957 (Sunday)
Type
Private
Event
Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
Location
East Room, White House
Oath administered by
Earl Warren Chief Justice of the United States
January 21, 1957 (Monday)
January 21, 1957 (Monday)
Date
January 21, 1957 (Monday)
Type
Public
Event
East Portico, U . Capitol
January 20, 1961 (Friday)
January 20, 1961 (Friday)
Date
January 20, 1961 (Friday)
Type
Inauguration of John F. Kennedy
November 22, 1963 (Friday)
November 22, 1963 (Friday)
Date
November 22, 1963 (Friday)
Type
Private
Event
First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
Location
Air Force One, Dallas Love Field, Dallas, Texas
Oath administered by
Sarah T. Hughes Judge, U . District Court for the Northern District of Texas
January 20, 1965 (Wednesday)
January 20, 1965 (Wednesday)
Date
January 20, 1965 (Wednesday)
Type
Public
Event
Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
Location
East Portico, U . Capitol
Oath administered by
Earl Warren Chief Justice
January 20, 1969 (Monday)
January 20, 1969 (Monday)
Date
January 20, 1969 (Monday)
Type
First inauguration of Richard Nixon
January 20, 1973 (Saturday)
January 20, 1973 (Saturday)
Date
January 20, 1973 (Saturday)
Type
Second inauguration of Richard Nixon
Event
Warren Burger Chief Justice of the United States
August 9, 1974 (Friday)
August 9, 1974 (Friday)
Date
August 9, 1974 (Friday)
Type
Inauguration of Gerald Ford
Event
East Room, White House
January 20, 1977 (Thursday)
January 20, 1977 (Thursday)
Date
January 20, 1977 (Thursday)
Type
Inauguration of Jimmy Carter
Event
East Portico, U . Capitol
January 20, 1981 (Tuesday)
January 20, 1981 (Tuesday)
Date
January 20, 1981 (Tuesday)
Type
First inauguration of Ronald Reagan
Event
West Front, U . Capitol
January 20, 1985 (Sunday)
January 20, 1985 (Sunday)
Date
January 20, 1985 (Sunday)
Type
Private
Event
Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan
Location
Entrance Hall, White House
January 21, 1985 (Monday)
January 21, 1985 (Monday)
Date
January 21, 1985 (Monday)
Type
Public
Event
Rotunda, U . Capitol
January 20, 1989 (Friday)
January 20, 1989 (Friday)
Date
January 20, 1989 (Friday)
Type
Inauguration of George H. W. Bush
Event
West Front, U . Capitol
Location
William Rehnquist Chief Justice of the United States
January 20, 1993 (Wednesday)
January 20, 1993 (Wednesday)
Date
January 20, 1993 (Wednesday)
Type
First inauguration of Bill Clinton
January 20, 1997 (Monday)
January 20, 1997 (Monday)
Date
January 20, 1997 (Monday)
Type
Second inauguration of Bill Clinton
January 20, 2001 (Saturday)
January 20, 2001 (Saturday)
Date
January 20, 2001 (Saturday)
Type
First inauguration of George W. Bush
January 20, 2005 (Thursday)
January 20, 2005 (Thursday)
Date
January 20, 2005 (Thursday)
Type
Second inauguration of George W. Bush
January 20, 2009 (Tuesday)
January 20, 2009 (Tuesday)
Date
January 20, 2009 (Tuesday)
Type
First inauguration of Barack Obama
Event
John Roberts Chief Justice of the United States
January 21, 2009 (Wednesday)
January 21, 2009 (Wednesday)
Date
January 21, 2009 (Wednesday)
Type
Private
Event
Map Room, White House
January 20, 2013 (Sunday)
January 20, 2013 (Sunday)
Date
January 20, 2013 (Sunday)
Type
Second inauguration of Barack Obama
Event
Blue Room, White House
January 21, 2013 (Monday)
January 21, 2013 (Monday)
Date
January 21, 2013 (Monday)
Type
Public
Event
West Front, U . Capitol
January 20, 2017 (Friday)
January 20, 2017 (Friday)
Date
January 20, 2017 (Friday)
Type
First inauguration of Donald Trump
January 20, 2021 (Wednesday)
January 20, 2021 (Wednesday)
Date
January 20, 2021 (Wednesday)
Type
Inauguration of Joe Biden
January 20, 2025 (Monday)
January 20, 2025 (Monday)
Date
January 20, 2025 (Monday)
Type
Second inauguration of Donald Trump
Event
Rotunda, U . Capitol
ZZZDate
ZZZDate
Date
ZZZDate
Type
ZZZType
Event
ZZZEvent
Location
ZZZLocation
Oath administered by
ZZZOath administered by
Date
Type
Event
Location
Oath administered by
April 30, 1789 (Thursday)
Public
First inauguration of George Washington
Balcony, Federal Hall New York, New York
Robert Livingston Chancellor of New York
March 4, 1793 (Monday)
Second inauguration of George Washington
Senate Chamber, Congress Hall Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
William Cushing Associate Justice, U . Supreme Court
March 4, 1797 (Saturday)
Inauguration of John Adams
House Chamber, Congress Hall
Oliver Ellsworth Chief Justice of the United States
March 4, 1801 (Wednesday)
First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
Senate Chamber, U . Capitol Washington, D .
John Marshall Chief Justice of the United States
March 4, 1805 (Monday)
Second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
Senate Chamber, U . Capitol
March 4, 1809 (Saturday)
First inauguration of James Madison
House Chamber, U . Capitol
March 4, 1813 (Thursday)
Second inauguration of James Madison
March 4, 1817 (Tuesday)
First inauguration of James Monroe
Front steps, Old Brick Capitol
March 5, 1821 (Monday)
Second inauguration of James Monroe
House Chamber, U . Capitol
March 4, 1825 (Friday)
Inauguration of John Quincy Adams
March 4, 1829 (Wednesday)
First inauguration of Andrew Jackson
East Portico, U . Capitol
March 4, 1833 (Monday)
Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson
House Chamber, U . Capitol
March 4, 1837 (Saturday)
Inauguration of Martin Van Buren
East Portico, U . Capitol
Roger B. Taney Chief Justice of the United States
March 4, 1841 (Thursday)
Inauguration of William Henry Harrison
April 6, 1841 (Tuesday)
Private
Inauguration of John Tyler
Brown's Indian Queen Hotel, Washington, D .
William Cranch Chief Judge, U . Circuit Court of the District of Columbia
March 4, 1845 (Tuesday)
Public
Inauguration of James K. Polk
East Portico, U . Capitol
Roger B. Taney Chief Justice
March 5, 1849 (Monday)
Inauguration of Zachary Taylor
July 10, 1850 (Wednesday)
Inauguration of Millard Fillmore
House Chamber, U . Capitol
William Cranch Circuit Court Judge
March 4, 1853 (Friday)
Inauguration of Franklin Pierce
East Portico, U . Capitol
Roger B. Taney Chief Justice
March 4, 1857 (Wednesday)
Inauguration of James Buchanan
March 4, 1861 (Monday)
First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
March 4, 1865 (Saturday)
Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
Salmon P. Chase Chief Justice of the United States
April 15, 1865 (Saturday)
Private
Inauguration of Andrew Johnson
Kirkwood House Hotel, Washington, D .
March 4, 1869 (Thursday)
Public
First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
East Portico, U . Capitol
March 4, 1873 (Tuesday)
Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
March 3, 1877 (Saturday)
Private
Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes
Red Room, White House
Morrison Waite Chief Justice of the United States
March 5, 1877 (Monday)
Public
East Portico, U . Capitol
March 4, 1881 (Friday)
Inauguration of James A. Garfield
September 20, 1881 (Tuesday)
Private
Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur
Chester A. Arthur Home, New York, New York
John R. Brady Justice of the New York Supreme Court
September 22, 1881 (Thursday)
Public
The Vice President's Room, U . Capitol
Morrison Waite Chief Justice
March 4, 1885 (Wednesday)
First inauguration of Grover Cleveland
East Portico, U . Capitol
March 4, 1889 (Monday)
Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison
Melville Fuller Chief Justice of the United States
March 4, 1893 (Saturday)
Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland
March 4, 1897 (Thursday)
First inauguration of William McKinley
Front of original Senate Wing U . Capitol
March 4, 1901 (Monday)
Second inauguration of William McKinley
East Portico, U . Capitol
September 14, 1901 (Saturday)
Private
First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
Ansley Wilcox Home, Buffalo, New York
John R. Hazel Judge, U . District Court for the Western District of New York
March 4, 1905 (Saturday)
Public
Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
East Portico, U . Capitol
Melville Fuller Chief Justice
March 4, 1909 (Thursday)
Inauguration of William Howard Taft
Senate Chamber, U . Capitol
March 4, 1913 (Tuesday)
First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
East Portico, U . Capitol
Edward D. White Chief Justice of the United States
March 4, 1917 (Sunday)
Private
Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
The President's Room, U . Capitol
March 5, 1917 (Monday)
Public
East Portico, U . Capitol
March 4, 1921 (Friday)
Inauguration of Warren G. Harding
August 3, 1923 (Friday)
Private
First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
Coolidge Homestead, Plymouth Notch, Vermont
John Calvin Coolidge Vermont Justice of the peace
August 21, 1923 (Tuesday)
Willard Hotel Washington, D .
Adolph A. Hoehling Jr. Judge, U . District Court for the District of Columbia
March 4, 1925 (Wednesday)
Public
Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
East Portico, U . Capitol
William H. Taft Chief Justice of the United States
March 4, 1929 (Monday)
Inauguration of Herbert Hoover
March 4, 1933 (Saturday)
First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Charles E. Hughes Chief Justice of the United States
January 20, 1937 (Wednesday)
Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
January 20, 1941 (Monday)
Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt

References

  1. As of 2025. While there have been 47 presidencies, only 45 individuals have served as president. Two presidents have ser
    https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States&action=edit
  2. Inaugurations sort alphabetically by president's last name.
  3. Term began Sunday, March 4.
  4. Term began when President Harrison died on April 4.
  5. Term began when President Taylor died on July 9.
  6. Term began when President Garfield died on September 19.
  7. Term began when President Harding died on August 2.
  8. Term began Sunday, January 20.
  9. Term began formally Tuesday, January 20, despite the "mishap" of the public oath being repeated correctly in private the
  10. due to the cold weather in Washington, D .
  11. "Essays on Article II: Oath of Office"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/85/oath-of-office
  12. "The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, Centennial Edition, Interim Edition: Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26, 2013"
    https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2013/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2013.pdf
  13. Interactive Constitution
    https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-xx
  14. Prologue
    https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2000/winter/abrupt-transition-1.html
  15. George Washington's Mount Vernon
    http://www.mountvernon.org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-election-of-1789/
  16. "George Washington's Inaugural Address"
    https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/gw-inauguration/
  17. White House History
    https://www.whitehousehistory.org/taking-the-oath-of-office
  18. "President Millard Fillmore, 1850"
    http://inaugural.senate.gov/history/chronology/mfillmore1850.cfm
  19. Glenn D. Kittler, Hail to the Chief!: The Inauguration Days of our Presidents, 1965, page 167.
    https://books.google.com/books?ei=Rdf2UaOmJ9Ol4APT44CICg&id=XZ4MAQAAMAAJ&dq=porter+dale+swearing+in+calvin+coolidge&q=porter+dale
  20. Porter H. Dale, "The Calvin Coolidge Inauguration Revisited: An Eyewitness Account by Congressman Porter H. Dale", Vermo
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