Nuclear energy policy by country
Updated: 11/6/2025, 2:13:40 AM Wikipedia source
National nuclear energy policy is a national policy concerning some or all aspects of nuclear energy, such as mining for nuclear fuel, extraction and processing of nuclear fuel from the ore, generating electricity by nuclear power, enriching and storing spent nuclear fuel and nuclear fuel reprocessing. Nuclear energy policies often include the regulation of energy use and standards relating to the nuclear fuel cycle. Nuclear power stations operate in 31 countries. China has 32 new reactors under construction, and there are also a considerable number of new reactors being built in South Korea, India, and Russia. At the same time, at least 100 older and smaller reactors will "most probably be closed over the next 10-15 years". So the expanding nuclear programs in Asia are balanced by retirements of aging plants and nuclear reactor phase-outs. Global nuclear electricity generation in 2012 was at its lowest level since 1999. Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan, Germany has permanently shut down eight of its reactors and pledged to close the rest by 2022. The Italians have voted overwhelmingly to keep their country non-nuclear. Switzerland and Spain have banned the construction of new reactors. Japan's prime minister has called for a dramatic reduction in Japan's reliance on nuclear power. Taiwan's president did the same. Mexico has sidelined construction of 10 reactors in favor of developing natural-gas-fired plants. Belgium planned to phase out its nuclear plants by 2025, later postponed by 10 years to 2035. As of 2012, countries such as Australia, Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Israel, Serbia, Malaysia, and Norway have no nuclear power reactors and remain opposed to nuclear power.
Tables
· List
Albania
Albania
Country
Albania
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Algeria
Algeria
Country
Algeria
Operating Reactors
Research
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Argentina
Argentina
Country
Argentina
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Armenia
Armenia
Country
Armenia
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Australia
Australia
Country
Australia
Operating Reactors
Research
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Nuclear Restriction Policy
Nuclear power is illegal (see also nuclear energy in Australia)
Austria
Austria
Country
Austria
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Nuclear Restriction Policy
Nuclear reactions are forbidden by law since 1978, prolonged in 1997
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Country
Bangladesh
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Belarus
Belarus
Country
Belarus
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Belgium
Belgium
Country
Belgium
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
Yes (2035)
Nuclear Restriction Policy
Phase-out by 2035
Brazil
Brazil
Country
Brazil
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Country
Bulgaria
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Burma
Burma
Country
Burma
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Canada
Canada
Country
Canada
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Chile
Chile
Country
Chile
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
China
China
Country
China
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Croatia
Croatia
Country
Croatia
Operating Reactors
No (shared plant in Slovenia)
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Czech Republic
Czech Republic
Country
Czech Republic
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
Planning
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Denmark
Denmark
Country
Denmark
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Nuclear Restriction Policy
1985 law prohibits production
Egypt
Egypt
Country
Egypt
Operating Reactors
Research
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Finland
Finland
Country
Finland
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
France
France
Country
France
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Nuclear Restriction Policy
Share of 50% nuclear in power sector by 2035 (Loi énergie-climat, 2019 - pushed back from 2025 in Energy Transition for Green Growth Act (LTECV) from 2015)
Ghana
Ghana
Country
Ghana
Operating Reactors
Research
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Germany
Germany
Country
Germany
Operating Reactors
Research
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
Yes (phase out completed)
Nuclear Restriction Policy
Original phase-out planned for 2022, but delayed to 15 April 2023
Greece
Greece
Country
Greece
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Nuclear Restriction Policy
Research reactor GRR-1 in extended shutdown
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Country
Hong Kong
Operating Reactors
No (shared plant in China)
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Hungary
Hungary
Country
Hungary
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
India
India
Country
India
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Ireland
Ireland
Country
Ireland
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Nuclear Restriction Policy
1999 law prohibits production
Israel
Israel
Country
Israel
Operating Reactors
Research
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Iran
Iran
Country
Iran
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Italy
Italy
Country
Italy
Operating Reactors
Research
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Nuclear Restriction Policy
Phase out in late 1980s, nuclear power is illegal since 2011 (see also nuclear power in Italy and 2011 Italian referendums)
Japan
Japan
Country
Japan
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Jordan
Jordan
Country
Jordan
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
Research
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
Country
Kazakhstan
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Kenya
Kenya
Country
Kenya
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
Research
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Libya
Libya
Country
Libya
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Lithuania
Lithuania
Country
Lithuania
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Country
Luxembourg
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Malta
Malta
Country
Malta
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Mexico
Mexico
Country
Mexico
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Morocco
Morocco
Country
Morocco
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
Research
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Netherlands
Netherlands
Country
Netherlands
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Nigeria
Nigeria
Country
Nigeria
Operating Reactors
Research
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
New Zealand
New Zealand
Country
New Zealand
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
North Korea
North Korea
Country
North Korea
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Norway
Norway
Country
Norway
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Pakistan
Pakistan
Country
Pakistan
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Philippines
Philippines
Country
Philippines
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Portugal
Portugal
Country
Portugal
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Nuclear Restriction Policy
Research reactor decommissioned in 2019
Poland
Poland
Country
Poland
Operating Reactors
Research
Constructing Reactors
Planning
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Romania
Romania
Country
Romania
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Russia
Russia
Country
Russia
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Serbia
Serbia
Country
Serbia
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Nuclear Restriction Policy
Construction of nuclear power plants was banned in 1989. The Law was repealed in November 2024. As of January 2025 Serbia is in talks with French government to build a nuclear power plant.
Slovakia
Slovakia
Country
Slovakia
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Slovenia
Slovenia
Country
Slovenia
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
No
South Africa
South Africa
Country
South Africa
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
South Korea
South Korea
Country
South Korea
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Spain
Spain
Country
Spain
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
Yes
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
Country
Sri Lanka
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Sweden
Sweden
Country
Sweden
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Nuclear Restriction Policy
Former phase-out plans scrapped. Limit of 10 total reactors also scrapped.
Switzerland
Switzerland
Country
Switzerland
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
Yes
Nuclear Restriction Policy
Yes
Syria
Syria
Country
Syria
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Taiwan
Taiwan
Country
Taiwan
Operating Reactors
Research
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
Yes (phase out completed)
Nuclear Restriction Policy
Last commercial nuclear power plant was shut down at the end of its 40 year operational licence on 17 May 2025. A referendum to restart the last plant was unsuccessful.
Thailand
Thailand
Country
Thailand
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Tunisia
Tunisia
Country
Tunisia
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Turkey
Turkey
Country
Turkey
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Ukraine
Ukraine
Country
Ukraine
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates
Country
United Arab Emirates
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Country
United Kingdom
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
United States
United States
Country
United States
Operating Reactors
Yes
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
No
Nuclear Restriction Policy
Yes in 12 states[clarification needed]
Uruguay
Uruguay
Country
Uruguay
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Nuclear Restriction Policy
Yes[clarification needed]
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan
Country
Uzbekistan
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
Yes
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Venezuela
Venezuela
Country
Venezuela
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
No
Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors
—
Nuclear Restriction Policy
—
Vietnam
Vietnam
Country
Vietnam
Operating Reactors
No
Constructing Reactors
No
Debates to Construct Reactors
Yes
| Country | Operating Reactors | Constructing Reactors | Debates to Construct Reactors | Planning to Phase Out Existing Reactors | Nuclear Restriction Policy | |
| Albania | No | No | No | — | ||
| Algeria | Research | No | No | |||
| Argentina | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Armenia | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| Australia | Research | No | Yes | — | Nuclear power is illegal (see also nuclear energy in Australia) | |
| Austria | No | No | No | — | Nuclear reactions are forbidden by law since 1978, prolonged in 1997 | |
| Bangladesh | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| Belarus | Yes | No | Yes | — | ||
| Belgium | Yes | No | No | Yes (2035) | Phase-out by 2035 | |
| Brazil | Yes | Yes | No | |||
| Bulgaria | Yes | No | Yes | No | ||
| Burma | No | No | — | |||
| Canada | Yes | No | Yes | No | ||
| Chile | No | No | No | — | ||
| China | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | ||
| Croatia | No (shared plant in Slovenia) | No | No | |||
| Czech Republic | Yes | Planning | Yes | No | ||
| Denmark | No | No | No | — | 1985 law prohibits production | |
| Egypt | Research | Yes | Yes | |||
| Finland | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | ||
| France | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Share of 50% nuclear in power sector by 2035 (Loi énergie-climat, 2019 - pushed back from 2025 in Energy Transition for Green Growth Act (LTECV) from 2015) | |
| Ghana | Research | No | No | — | ||
| Germany | Research | No | No | Yes (phase out completed) | Original phase-out planned for 2022, but delayed to 15 April 2023 | |
| Greece | No | No | No | — | Research reactor GRR-1 in extended shutdown | |
| Hong Kong | No (shared plant in China) | No | No | — | ||
| Hungary | Yes | Yes | No | No | ||
| India | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | ||
| Ireland | No | No | No | — | 1999 law prohibits production | |
| Israel | Research | No | No | — | ||
| Iran | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | ||
| Italy | Research | No | Yes | — | Phase out in late 1980s, nuclear power is illegal since 2011 (see also nuclear power in Italy and 2011 Italian referendums) | |
| Japan | Yes | No | Yes | No | ||
| Jordan | No | Research | Yes | — | ||
| Kazakhstan | No | No | Yes | |||
| Kenya | No | Research | No | No | ||
| Libya | No | No | ||||
| Lithuania | No | No | Yes | — | ||
| Luxembourg | No | No | No | — | ||
| Malta | No | No | No | — | ||
| Mexico | Yes | No | No | No | ||
| Morocco | No | Research | Yes | No | ||
| Netherlands | Yes | No | Yes | No | ||
| Nigeria | Research | No | No | No | ||
| New Zealand | No | No | No | — | ||
| North Korea | No | No | No | — | ||
| Norway | No | No | No | — | ||
| Pakistan | Yes | Yes | No | No | ||
| Philippines | No | No | Yes | |||
| Portugal | No | No | No | No | Research reactor decommissioned in 2019 |
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