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Northwest Airlines Flight 255

Updated: Wikipedia source

Northwest Airlines Flight 255

On August 16, 1987, a McDonnell Douglas MD-82, operating as Northwest Airlines Flight 255, crashed shortly after takeoff from Detroit Metropolitan Airport, about 8:46 pm EDT (00:46 UTC August 17), resulting in the deaths of all six crew members and 148 of the 149 passengers, along with two people on the ground. The sole survivor was a 4-year-old girl named Cecelia Cichan, who sustained serious injuries. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the probable cause of the accident was the flight deck crew's failure to set flaps and slats for takeoff. A contributing factor was a lack of power to the aircraft's central aural warning system, which prevented the takeoff warning system from providing an audio alert to the crew of the improper takeoff configuration.

Infobox

Crew
6
Date
August 16, 1987
Site
Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport,Detroit, Michigan, United States 42°14′N 83°20′W / 42.233°N 83.333°W / 42.233; -83.333
Summary
Loss of control on takeoff due to improper flaps and slats configuration
Injuries
1
Operator
Northwest Airlines
Call sign
NORTHWEST 255
Occupants
155
Survivors
1
Fatalities
154
Passengers
149
Destination
John Wayne Airport,Santa Ana, California, United States
1st stopover
MBS International Airport,Saginaw, Michigan, United States
2nd stopover
Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport,Romulus, Michigan, United States
Registration
N312RC
Flight origin
Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport,Fort Snelling, Minnesota, United States (As Flight 750)
Last stopover
Sky Harbor International Airport,Phoenix, Arizona, United States
Aircraft type
McDonnell Douglas MD-82
Total injuries
6
Ground injuries
5
IATA flight No.
NW255
ICAO flight No.
NWA255
Total fatalities
156
Ground fatalities
2

Tables

· Accident
= Unintelligible word; () = Questionable text; (()) = Commentary; — = Break in continuity; Shading = Radio communication
= Unintelligible word; () = Questionable text; (()) = Commentary; — = Break in continuity; Shading = Radio communication
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
= Unintelligible word; () = Questionable text; (()) = Commentary; — = Break in continuity; Shading = Radio communication
Time
Time
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Time
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Source
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Content
20:43:48
20:43:48
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:43:48
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Detroit tower (to 594CC)
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Citation five ninety four Charlie Charlie, metro tower. Winds three zero zero at thirteen, runway three right, cleared to land. Where are you parking on the field?
20:43:55
20:43:55
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:43:55
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
594CC (to Detroit tower)
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Three zero zero at one three, and we'll be going to page avjet.
20:43:59
20:43:59
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:43:59
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Detroit tower (to Northwest Airlines Flight 766)
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Northwest seven sixty six, contact ground one two one point eight.
20:44:04
20:44:04
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:04
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Detroit tower (to Northwest Airlines Flight 255)
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Northwest two fifty five runway three center, turn right heading zero six zero, cleared for takeoff.
20:44:08
20:44:08
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:08
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
First officer (to Detroit tower)
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Right to zero six zero, cleared to go, northwest two fifty five.
20:44:12
20:44:12
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:12
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Detroit tower (to Northwest Airlines Flight 185)
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Northwest one eighty five metro tower three center taxi into position and hold you have about three minutes two to three minutes on the runway.
20:44:17
20:44:17
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:17
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Northwest Airlines Flight 185 (to Detroit tower)
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Okay, position and hold, northwest one eighty five.
20:44:14.8
20:44:14.8
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:14.8
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((Sound similar to parking brake released))
20:44:21
20:44:21
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:21
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((Sound of increasing engine power))
20:44:28
20:44:28
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:28
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Captain
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Won't stay on.
20:44:29.1
20:44:29.1
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:29.1
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((Sound of click))
20:44:30
20:44:30
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:30
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
First officer
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Won't go on?
20:44:31
20:44:31
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:31
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Captain
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
But they won't stay on—
20:44:32
20:44:32
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:32
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
First officer
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Okay power's normal.
20:44:38
20:44:38
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:38
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Detroit tower (to Northwest Airlines Flight 1466)
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Northwest fourteen sixty six, metro tower, traffic you're following is a very short final, runway three left, cleared to land. Winds three zero zero at one three.
20:44:38.8
20:44:38.8
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:38.8
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((Sound of click))
20:44:39
20:44:39
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:39
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Captain
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
TCI was un-set.
20:44:39.8
20:44:39.8
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:39.8
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((Sound of click))
20:44:42
20:44:42
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:42
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
First officer
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Can you get 'em now? There you go.
20:44:43
20:44:43
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:43
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
First officer
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
They're on now and clamped.
20:44:45.6
20:44:45.6
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:45.6
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
First officer
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Hundred knots.
20:44:46.2
20:44:46.2
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:46.2
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Captain
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Kay.
20:44:51
20:44:51
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:51
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Northwest Airlines Flight 1466 (to Detroit tower)
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Northwest fourteen sixty six, so far that's approved; I'll advise different.
20:44:55
20:44:55
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:55
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Captain
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Fuck. ((Sound of laugh))
20:44:57.1
20:44:57.1
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:57.1
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
First officer
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
V1
20:44:57.7
20:44:57.7
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:57.7
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
First officer
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Rotate.
20:44:59.1
20:44:59.1
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:44:59.1
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((Sound similar to nose gear strut extension))
20:45:02.7
20:45:02.7
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:45:02.7
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((Sound similar to nose wheel spinning down))
20:45:05.1
20:45:05.1
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:45:05.1
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((Sound of stick shaker starts and continues until the end of tape)).
20:45:09.1
20:45:09.1
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:45:09.1
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((Sound of secondary stall recognition aural warning starts))
20:45:11.4
20:45:11.4
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:45:11.4
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((Sound of secondary stall recognition aural warning starts))
20:45:11.9
20:45:11.9
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:45:11.9
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Voice unidentified
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
(* right up to the V-bar.)
20:45:14.3
20:45:14.3
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:45:14.3
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((Sound of secondary stall recognition aural warning starts))
20:45:15.7
20:45:15.7
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:45:15.7
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Captain
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
(Ah) fuck.
20:45:17.1
20:45:17.1
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:45:17.1
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((Sound of secondary stall recognition aural warning starts))
20:45:18
20:45:18
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:45:18
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
102UM (to Detroit tower)
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Metro tower, lifeguard copter one zero two Uniform Mike is, ah...
20:45:19.3
20:45:19.3
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:45:19.3
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((Sound of first impact))
20:45:19.7
20:45:19.7
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:45:19.7
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((Sound of second impact))
20:45:22.7
20:45:22.7
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:45:22.7
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((Sound of third impact))
Voice unidentified
Voice unidentified
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
Voice unidentified
20:45:23.1
20:45:23.1
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:45:23.1
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((Sound of fourth impact))
20:45:24.2
20:45:24.2
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:45:24.2
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((Sound of fifth impact))
20:45:24.4
20:45:24.4
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:45:24.4
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((Sound of sixth impact))
20:45:24.6
20:45:24.6
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:45:24.6
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((Sound of seventh impact))
20:45:24.7
20:45:24.7
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
20:45:24.7
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
((End of recording))
Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)
= Unintelligible word; () = Questionable text; (()) = Commentary; — = Break in continuity; Shading = Radio communication
Time
Source
Content
20:43:48
Detroit tower (to 594CC)
Citation five ninety four Charlie Charlie, metro tower. Winds three zero zero at thirteen, runway three right, cleared to land. Where are you parking on the field?
20:43:55
594CC (to Detroit tower)
Three zero zero at one three, and we'll be going to page avjet.
20:43:59
Detroit tower (to Northwest Airlines Flight 766)
Northwest seven sixty six, contact ground one two one point eight.
20:44:04
Detroit tower (to Northwest Airlines Flight 255)
Northwest two fifty five runway three center, turn right heading zero six zero, cleared for takeoff.
20:44:08
First officer (to Detroit tower)
Right to zero six zero, cleared to go, northwest two fifty five.
20:44:12
Detroit tower (to Northwest Airlines Flight 185)
Northwest one eighty five metro tower three center taxi into position and hold you have about three minutes two to three minutes on the runway.
20:44:17
Northwest Airlines Flight 185 (to Detroit tower)
Okay, position and hold, northwest one eighty five.
20:44:14.8
((Sound similar to parking brake released))
20:44:21
((Sound of increasing engine power))
20:44:28
Captain
Won't stay on.
20:44:29.1
((Sound of click))
20:44:30
First officer
Won't go on?
20:44:31
Captain
But they won't stay on—
20:44:32
First officer
Okay power's normal.
20:44:38
Detroit tower (to Northwest Airlines Flight 1466)
Northwest fourteen sixty six, metro tower, traffic you're following is a very short final, runway three left, cleared to land. Winds three zero zero at one three.
20:44:38.8
((Sound of click))
20:44:39
Captain
TCI was un-set.
20:44:39.8
((Sound of click))
20:44:42
First officer
Can you get 'em now? There you go.
20:44:43
First officer
They're on now and clamped.
20:44:45.6
First officer
Hundred knots.
20:44:46.2
Captain
Kay.
20:44:51
Northwest Airlines Flight 1466 (to Detroit tower)
Northwest fourteen sixty six, so far that's approved; I'll advise different.
20:44:55
Captain
Fuck. ((Sound of laugh))
20:44:57.1
First officer
V1
20:44:57.7
First officer
Rotate.
20:44:59.1
((Sound similar to nose gear strut extension))
20:45:02.7
((Sound similar to nose wheel spinning down))
20:45:05.1
((Sound of stick shaker starts and continues until the end of tape)).
20:45:09.1
((Sound of secondary stall recognition aural warning starts))
20:45:11.4
((Sound of secondary stall recognition aural warning starts))
20:45:11.9
Voice unidentified
(* right up to the V-bar.)
20:45:14.3
((Sound of secondary stall recognition aural warning starts))
20:45:15.7
Captain
(Ah) fuck.
20:45:17.1
((Sound of secondary stall recognition aural warning starts))
20:45:18
102UM (to Detroit tower)
Metro tower, lifeguard copter one zero two Uniform Mike is, ah...
20:45:19.3
((Sound of first impact))
20:45:19.7
((Sound of second impact))
20:45:22.7
((Sound of third impact))
Voice unidentified
20:45:23.1
((Sound of fourth impact))
20:45:24.2
((Sound of fifth impact))
20:45:24.4
((Sound of sixth impact))
20:45:24.6
((Sound of seventh impact))
20:45:24.7
((End of recording))

References

  1. During the takeoff roll, the pilots noticed that the aircraft's autothrottle was not engaged, indicating that the aircra
  2. TCI is an abbreviation for Thrust Computer Indicator, part of the aircraft's digital flight guidance system.
  3. At this point the autothrottle is now engaged and the aircraft's computer is now in takeoff mode.
  4. This refers to the autothrottle system's clamp mode, which prevents movement of the autothrottle during the takeoff roll
  5. The collision between All Nippon Airways Flight 58 and a JASDF plane had the pilot of the military aircraft successfully
  6. "FAA Registry (N312RC)"
    https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N312RC
  7. "Aircraft Accident Report, Northwest Airlines, Inc. McDonnell Douglas DC-9-82, N312RC, Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, Romulus, Michigan, August 16, 1987"
    https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR8805.pdf
  8. WDIV
    https://www.clickondetroit.com/features/2022/08/16/35-years-later-flight-255-crashes-after-takeoff-from-detroit-metro-airport/
  9. Cockpit Voice Recorder Database
    https://tailstrike.com/database/16-august-1987-northwest-255/
  10. "The Crash"
    https://www.flight255memorial.com/thecrash.html
  11. UPI
    https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/10/29/The-parents-of-Phoenix-Suns-basketball-player-Nick-Vanos/4256562482000/
  12. Strategic Communication in Crisis Management: Lessons from the Airline Industry
    https://books.google.com/books?id=x8SDs-SFw8UC
  13. Daily Mirror
    https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/real-life-stories/sole-survivor-of-flight-255-plane-1263588
  14. The New York Times
    https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9B0DE1DA1139F931A1575BC0A961948260
  15. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/08/21/4-year-old-cecilia-awakens-asks-for-mother-then-doll/24aa7ebb-f282-42b0-b501-de8aff61264a/
  16. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/23/us/mother-may-not-have-saved-lone-survivor-of-plane-crash.html
  17. robertankony.net
    http://www.robertankony.net/blog/flight-255
  18. The Arizona Republic
    https://archive.today/20130629094739/http://www.firstcoastnews.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=89208
  19. CBS Detroit
    https://detroit.cbslocal.com/2012/06/11/sole-survivor-of-metro-airport-crash-breaks-her-silence/
  20. Mayday
  21. FlightAware
    https://flightaware.com/live/flight/NWA261
  22. FlightAware
    http://flightaware.com/live/findflight/KDTW/KPHX
  23. Detroit Free Press
    https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2023/08/16/flight-255-northwest-airlines-romulus-crash-anniversary/70601261007/
  24. The Telegraph
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/06/12/uk-bound-plane-crashes-take-off-air-india/
  25. ASN News
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130530142435/https://news.aviation-safety.net/2010/05/16/ten-worst-aircraft-accidents-with-lone-survivors/
  26. www.flight255memorial.com
    https://www.flight255memorial.com/marker.html
  27. AZCentral.com
    http://archive.azcentral.com/news/columns/articles/0814montini0814.html?&wired
  28. The Detroit News
    https://www.pressreader.com/usa/the-detroit-news/20070816/281505041826642
  29. www.theoaklandpress.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190904142712/https://www.theoaklandpress.com/news/memorial-held-for-victims-of-flight-plane-crash/article_726652cb-2a24-54b4-bd4d-db109414a6a0.html
  30. The Detroit News
    https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/wayne-county/2017/08/16/flight-255-plane-crash-thirty-years-later/104658164/
  31. Huffington Post
    http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/15/cecelia-crocker-1987-plane-crash-michigan_n_3279205.html
  32. Associated Press
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131014024725/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/survivor-1987-mich-plane-crash-breaks-silence
  33. International Business Times
    https://www.ibtimes.com/1987-plane-crash-sole-survivor-cecelia-crocker-breaks-silence-northwest-airlines-flight-255-accident
  34. Competition Plus
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160813035211/http://competitionplus.com/cp-motorsports/cp-motorsports-tom-higgins-the-wreaths-of-middlebelt-road
  35. This Will Only Hurt a Little
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1047694480
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