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North Atlantic Treaty

Updated: Wikipedia source

North Atlantic Treaty

The North Atlantic Treaty, also known as the Washington Treaty, forms the legal basis of, and is implemented by, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The treaty was signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949.

Infobox

Type
Military alliance
Location
Washington, D.C.
Effective
24 August 1949; 76 years ago (1949-08-24)
Condition
Ratification by the majority of the signatories including Belgium, Canada, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States
Parties
32 Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States
Depositary
Government of the United States of America
Languages
English, French

Tables

Article 4 invocations · Provisions › Article 4 › Invocations
Turkey
Turkey
Nations
Turkey
Date
February 2003
Reason
Iraq War
Outcome
Operation Display Deterrence
Turkey
Turkey
Nations
Turkey
Date
June 2012
Reason
Shootdown of a Turkish military jet by Syria
Outcome
Operation Active Fence
Turkey
Turkey
Nations
Turkey
Date
October 2012
Reason
Syrian forces shelling Turkish cities
Latvia Lithuania Poland
Latvia Lithuania Poland
Nations
Latvia Lithuania Poland
Date
March 2014
Reason
Russian annexation of Crimea
Outcome
Deployment of forces in the Black Sea by Romania, Bulgaria, and TurkeyAid to the Ukrainian governmentCreation of NATO Enhanced Forward Presence
Turkey
Turkey
Nations
Turkey
Date
July 2015
Reason
2015 Suruç bombing by ISISOther security issues along its southern border
Outcome
mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- }Main article: 2015 NATO emergency meeting Denunciation of the attack and reassessment of NATO assets in Turkey
Turkey
Turkey
Nations
Turkey
Date
February 2020
Reason
Increasing tensions as part of the Northwestern Syria offensiveSyrian and Russian airstrikes on Turkish troops
Outcome
Augmentation of Turkish air defences
Bulgaria Czech Republic Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland Romania Slovakia
Bulgaria Czech Republic Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland Romania Slovakia
Nations
Bulgaria Czech Republic Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland Romania Slovakia
Date
February 2022
Reason
Russian invasion of Ukraine
Outcome
See also: 2022 Brussels summit Defensive build-upMatériel support to UkraineActivation of the NATO Response Force
Poland
Poland
Nations
Poland
Date
September 2025
Reason
Russian drone incursion into Poland
Outcome
Operation Eastern Sentry
Estonia
Estonia
Nations
Estonia
Date
September 2025
Reason
Incursion of Russian fighter jets into Estonian airspace
Nations
Date
Reason
Outcome
Turkey
February 2003
Iraq War
Operation Display Deterrence
Turkey
June 2012
Shootdown of a Turkish military jet by Syria
Operation Active Fence
Turkey
October 2012
Syrian forces shelling Turkish cities
Latvia Lithuania Poland
March 2014
Russian annexation of Crimea
Deployment of forces in the Black Sea by Romania, Bulgaria, and TurkeyAid to the Ukrainian governmentCreation of NATO Enhanced Forward Presence
Turkey
July 2015
2015 Suruç bombing by ISISOther security issues along its southern border
Main article: 2015 NATO emergency meeting Denunciation of the attack and reassessment of NATO assets in Turkey
Turkey
February 2020
Increasing tensions as part of the Northwestern Syria offensiveSyrian and Russian airstrikes on Turkish troops
Augmentation of Turkish air defences
Bulgaria Czech Republic Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland Romania Slovakia
February 2022
Russian invasion of Ukraine
See also: 2022 Brussels summit Defensive build-upMatériel support to UkraineActivation of the NATO Response Force
Poland
September 2025
Russian drone incursion into Poland
Operation Eastern Sentry
Estonia
September 2025
Incursion of Russian fighter jets into Estonian airspace
Article 5 threats · Provisions › Article 5 › Threatened invocations
Turkey
Turkey
Party
Turkey
Date
June 2012
Reason
Main article: 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown The downing of an "unarmed" Turkish military jet which was "13 sea miles" from Syria over "international waters" on a "solo mission to test domestic radar systems". On 25 June, the Turkish Deputy Prime Minister said that he intended to raise Article 5.
Turkey
Turkey
Party
Turkey
Date
August 2012
Reason
Main article: Tomb of Suleyman Shah § Events during the Syrian Civil War Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated that "The tomb of Suleyman Shah [in Syria] and the land surrounding it is our territory. We cannot ignore any unfavorable act against that monument, as it would be an attack on our territory, as well as an attack on NATO land... Everyone knows his duty, and will continue to do what is necessary".
United Kingdom United States
United Kingdom United States
Party
United Kingdom United States
Date
August 2022
Reason
Main article: Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Chair of the Defence Select Committee of the United Kingdom Tobias Ellwood said that any deliberate attack against the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine that could cause radiation leaks would be a breach of Article 5. This statement was released over fears that a nuclear catastrophe could occur in the Russian-occupied plant during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The next day, American congressman Adam Kinzinger said that any radiation leak into NATO countries would kill people, which would be an automatic activation of Article 5.
Albania
Albania
Party
Albania
Date
October 2022
Reason
Main article: Albania–Iran relations § Cyberattack and severed ties Albanian prime minister Edi Rama revealed that his government had considered invoking Article 5 in response to a major cyberattack on 15 July 2022 targeting critical and government infrastructure, widely believed to have been carried out on behalf of Iran by state–affiliated cybercriminals.
Party
Date
Reason
Turkey
June 2012
Main article: 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown The downing of an "unarmed" Turkish military jet which was "13 sea miles" from Syria over "international waters" on a "solo mission to test domestic radar systems". On 25 June, the Turkish Deputy Prime Minister said that he intended to raise Article 5.
Turkey
August 2012
Main article: Tomb of Suleyman Shah § Events during the Syrian Civil War Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated that "The tomb of Suleyman Shah [in Syria] and the land surrounding it is our territory. We cannot ignore any unfavorable act against that monument, as it would be an attack on our territory, as well as an attack on NATO land... Everyone knows his duty, and will continue to do what is necessary".
United Kingdom United States
August 2022
Main article: Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Chair of the Defence Select Committee of the United Kingdom Tobias Ellwood said that any deliberate attack against the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine that could cause radiation leaks would be a breach of Article 5. This statement was released over fears that a nuclear catastrophe could occur in the Russian-occupied plant during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The next day, American congressman Adam Kinzinger said that any radiation leak into NATO countries would kill people, which would be an automatic activation of Article 5.
Albania
October 2022
Main article: Albania–Iran relations § Cyberattack and severed ties Albanian prime minister Edi Rama revealed that his government had considered invoking Article 5 in response to a major cyberattack on 15 July 2022 targeting critical and government infrastructure, widely believed to have been carried out on behalf of Iran by state–affiliated cybercriminals.
Intra-NATO Military Treaties · Provisions › Article 8
Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373
Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373
Since
1373
Members
Portugal United Kingdom
Name
Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373
Ogdensburg Agreement
Ogdensburg Agreement
Since
1940
Members
Canada United States
Name
Ogdensburg Agreement
US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement
US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement
Since
1958
Members
United Kingdom United States
Name
US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement
United Kingdom/Netherlands Amphibious Force (UK/NL AF)
United Kingdom/Netherlands Amphibious Force (UK/NL AF)
Since
1972
Members
Netherlands United Kingdom
Name
United Kingdom/Netherlands Amphibious Force (UK/NL AF)
Lancaster House Treaties
Lancaster House Treaties
Since
2010
Members
France United Kingdom
Name
Lancaster House Treaties
Mutual Defense Cooperation Agreement
Mutual Defense Cooperation Agreement
Since
2019
Members
Greece United States
Name
Mutual Defense Cooperation Agreement
Aachen Treaty
Aachen Treaty
Since
2020
Members
France Germany
Name
Aachen Treaty
Franco-Greek defence agreement
Franco-Greek defence agreement
Since
2021
Members
France Greece
Name
Franco-Greek defence agreement
UK-Finland Defence Agreement
UK-Finland Defence Agreement
Since
2022
Members
Finland United Kingdom
Name
UK-Finland Defence Agreement
UK-Sweden Defence Agreement
UK-Sweden Defence Agreement
Since
2022
Members
Sweden United Kingdom
Name
UK-Sweden Defence Agreement
Anglo-Greek Defence Agreement
Anglo-Greek Defence Agreement
Since
2023
Members
Greece United Kingdom
Name
Anglo-Greek Defence Agreement
Sweden–United States Defense Cooperation Agreement
Sweden–United States Defense Cooperation Agreement
Since
2023
Members
Sweden United States
Name
Sweden–United States Defense Cooperation Agreement
Finland–United States Defense Cooperation Agreement
Finland–United States Defense Cooperation Agreement
Since
2023
Members
Finland United States
Name
Finland–United States Defense Cooperation Agreement
Denmark–United States Defense Cooperation Agreement
Denmark–United States Defense Cooperation Agreement
Since
2023
Members
Denmark United States
Name
Denmark–United States Defense Cooperation Agreement
Joint Declaration on Enhanced Defence Cooperation between Germany and the United Kingdom
Joint Declaration on Enhanced Defence Cooperation between Germany and the United Kingdom
Since
2024
Members
Germany United Kingdom
Name
Joint Declaration on Enhanced Defence Cooperation between Germany and the United Kingdom
Since
Members
Name
1373
Portugal United Kingdom
Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373
1940
Canada United States
Ogdensburg Agreement
1958
United Kingdom United States
US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement
1972
Netherlands United Kingdom
United Kingdom/Netherlands Amphibious Force (UK/NL AF)
2010
France United Kingdom
Lancaster House Treaties
2019
Greece United States
Mutual Defense Cooperation Agreement
2020
France Germany
Aachen Treaty
2021
France Greece
Franco-Greek defence agreement
2022
Finland United Kingdom
UK-Finland Defence Agreement
2022
Sweden United Kingdom
UK-Sweden Defence Agreement
2023
Greece United Kingdom
Anglo-Greek Defence Agreement
2023
Sweden United States
Sweden–United States Defense Cooperation Agreement
2023
Finland United States
Finland–United States Defense Cooperation Agreement
2023
Denmark United States
Denmark–United States Defense Cooperation Agreement
2024
Germany United Kingdom
Joint Declaration on Enhanced Defence Cooperation between Germany and the United Kingdom
NATO militarised interstate conflicts · Potential military conflict between NATO members
1958–61, 1972–73, and 1975–76
1958–61, 1972–73, and 1975–76
Date
1958–61, 1972–73, and 1975–76
Belligerents
Belgium United Kingdom West Germany
Belligerents
Iceland
Conflict
Cod Wars
1994–1996
1994–1996
Date
1994–1996
Belligerents
Canada
Belligerents
Spain
Conflict
Turbot War
Since 1974
Since 1974
Date
Since 1974
Belligerents
Greece
Belligerents
Turkey
Conflict
Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Since 1992
Since 1992
Date
Since 1992
Belligerents
Greece
Belligerents
Turkey
Conflict
Aegean dispute
Date
Belligerents
Conflict
1958–61, 1972–73, and 1975–76
Belgium United Kingdom West Germany
Iceland
Cod Wars
1994–1996
Canada
Spain
Turbot War
Since 1974
Greece
Turkey
Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Since 1992
Greece
Turkey
Aegean dispute

References

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    http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/1999/p99-066e.htm
  91. www.nato.int
    https://www.nato.int/docu/pr/1997/p97-155e.htm
  92. The North Atlantic Treaty
    https://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-ECAE8DB0-F591EC88/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm
  93. Brooklyn Journal of International Law
    https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/bjil/vol49/iss2/8/
  94. In Casu Magazine
    https://incasumagazine.nl/magazine/in-casu-magazine-nr-24/what-if-nato-members-go-to-war-against-each-other/
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