Nicolas Sarkozy
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Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa ( sar-KOH-zee; French: [nikɔla pɔl stefan saʁkɔzi] ; born 28 January 1955) is a former French politician and convicted criminal who served as President of France from 2007 to 2012. Born in Paris, his roots are half Hungarian Protestant, a quarter Greek Jewish, and a quarter French Catholic. Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1983 to 2002, he was Minister of the Budget under Prime Minister Édouard Balladur (1993–1995) during François Mitterrand's second term. During Jacques Chirac's second presidential term, he served as Minister of the Interior and as Minister of Finances. He was the leader of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) party from 2004 to 2007. He won the 2007 French presidential election by a 53.1% to 46.9% margin against Ségolène Royal, the Socialist Party (PS) candidate. During his term, he faced the 2008 financial crisis, the late-2000s recession, and the European sovereign debt crisis, the Russo-Georgian War (for which he negotiated a ceasefire), and the Arab Spring (especially in Tunisia, Libya, and Syria). He initiated the reform of French universities (2007) and the pension reform (2010). He married Italian-French singer-songwriter Carla Bruni in 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris. In the 2012 presidential election, Sarkozy was defeated by the PS candidate François Hollande by a 3.2% margin. After leaving office, Sarkozy pledged to retire but returned in 2014 as UMP leader (renamed The Republicans in 2015). After defeat in the Republican presidential primary in 2016, he retired from public life. He was charged with corruption by French prosecutors in two cases, notably concerning the alleged Libyan interference in the 2007 French elections. In 2021, Sarkozy was convicted of corruption in two separate trials, receiving a three-year sentence (two suspended, one in prison, under appeal) and a one-year sentence served under home confinement. He lost an appeal in May 2023. In February 2024, his campaign finance sentence was revised to six months in prison and six months suspended. In September 2025, he was convicted of criminal conspiracy over his "corruption pact" with Muammar Gaddafi and sentenced to five years in prison, plus a €100,000 fine. As of 21 October 2025, Sarkozy commenced his sentence at La Santé Prison, in segregation, while lawyers appeal. He was released three weeks into his five year sentence on 10 November. One of the conditions of Sarkozy's release is that he must not make contact with any employees of the justice ministry.