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Nicolae Ceaușescu

Updated: Wikipedia source

Nicolae Ceaușescu

Nicolae Ceaușescu (26 January [O.S. 13 January] 1918 – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian communist politician who led the Socialist Republic of Romania. He served as General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 to 1989 and as the first president of Romania from 1974 to 1989. Born in Scornicești, Ceaușescu joined the banned Romanian Communist Party in his teens and was repeatedly imprisoned under the pre-war and wartime regimes for his communist activism. After World War II, he rose through the party ranks under Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, the country’s Stalinist leader, whom he succeeded as general secretary. Upon taking power, Ceaușescu eased press censorship and condemned the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in his speech of 21 August 1968, which resulted in a surge in popularity. However, this period of liberalisation was brief, as his regime soon became totalitarian and was widely considered to be one of the most repressive in the Eastern Bloc. His secret police, the Securitate, was responsible for mass surveillance as well as severe repression and human rights abuses within the country, and controlled the media and press. Ceaușescu's attempts to implement policies that would lead to a significant growth of the population led to a growing number of illegal abortions and increased the number of orphans in state institutions. Economic mismanagement due to failed oil ventures during the 1970s led to very significant foreign debts for Romania. In 1982, Ceaușescu directed the government to export much of the country's agricultural and industrial production in an effort to repay these debts. His cult of personality experienced unprecedented elevation, followed by the deterioration of foreign relations, even with the Soviet Union. By the end of 1989, mounting discontent over the state of the nation and Ceaușescu’s totalitarian rule erupted into the Romanian Revolution. Ceaușescu perceived the demonstrations in Timișoara as a threat and ordered military forces to open fire on 17 December, causing many deaths and injuries. The demonstrations reached the capital Bucharest, forcing Ceaușescu and his wife Elena to flee in a helicopter, but were soon captured after the armed forces turned on them. After being tried and convicted of economic sabotage and genocide, both were sentenced to death, and they were immediately executed by firing squad on 25 December, bringing an end to four decades of communist rule in Romania. The 21st century public polls have shown Romanians to be holding mostly positive view about his rule. A 2018 poll found 64% of people to have a good opinion of him.

Infobox

Preceded by
Chivu Stoica
Succeeded by
Office transformed
Prime Minister
mw- Manea MănescuIlie VerdețConstantin Dăscălescu
Born
(1918-01-26)26 January 1918Scornicești, Romania
Died
25 December 1989(1989-12-25) (aged 71)Târgoviște, Romania
Political party
Romanian Communist Party (1932–1989)
Spouse
mw- Lenuța Petrescu (m. 1947)
Children
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li ValentinZoiaNicu
Relatives
Ceaușescu family
Conviction
Genocide
Criminal penalty
Execution by firing squad
Victims
Romanian dissidents
Party
Romanian Communist Party (1932–1989)

Tables

· Leadership of Romania › Foreign debt › Yearly evolution (in billions of dollars)
Gross external debt
Gross external debt
Col 1
Gross external debt
1975
2.9
1980
9.4
1981
10.2
1982
9.8
1983
8.8
1984
7.1
1985
6.6
1986
6.4
1987
5.1
1988
2.2
1989
0.0
1990
0.2
1991
2.2
1992
3.5
1993
4.5
1994
5.5
1995
6.7
Net status
Net status
Col 1
Net status
1975
debtor
1980
debtor
1981
debtor
1982
debtor
1983
debtor
1984
debtor
1985
debtor
1986
debtor
1987
debtor
1988
creditor
1989
creditor
1990
creditor
1991
creditor
1992
debtor
1993
debtor
1994
debtor
1995
debtor
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Gross external debt
2.9
9.4
10.2
9.8
8.8
7.1
6.6
6.4
5.1
2.2
0.0
0.2
2.2
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.7
Net status
debtor
debtor
debtor
debtor
debtor
debtor
debtor
debtor
debtor
creditor
creditor
creditor
creditor
debtor
debtor
debtor
debtor
· External links
Preceded byPosition established
Preceded byPosition established
Political offices
Preceded byPosition established
Political offices
President of Romania 28 March 1974 – 22 December 1989
Political offices
Succeeded byIon Iliescu
Preceded byChivu Stoica
Preceded byChivu Stoica
Political offices
Preceded byChivu Stoica
Political offices
President of the State Council 9 December 1967 – 22 December 1989
Political offices
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Party political offices
Party political offices
Political offices
Party political offices
Preceded byGheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
Preceded byGheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
Political offices
Preceded byGheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
Political offices
General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party 22 March 1965 – 22 December 1989
Political offices
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Political offices
Preceded byPosition established
President of Romania 28 March 1974 – 22 December 1989
Succeeded byIon Iliescu
Preceded byChivu Stoica
President of the State Council 9 December 1967 – 22 December 1989
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Party political offices
Preceded byGheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party 22 March 1965 – 22 December 1989
Succeeded byPosition abolished

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    https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/09/movies/autobiography-of-nicolae-ceausescu-by-andrei-ujica-review.html
  152. The New York Times
  153. Christianity Today
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