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New Zealand

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New Zealand

New Zealand is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island (Te Ika-a-Māui) and the South Island (Te Waipounamu)—and over 600 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island country by area and lies east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and south of the islands of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. The country's varied topography and sharp mountain peaks, including the Southern Alps (Kā Tiritiri o te Moana), owe much to tectonic uplift and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, and its most populous city is Auckland. The islands of New Zealand were the last large habitable land to be settled by humans. Between about 1280 and 1350, Polynesians began to settle in the islands and subsequently developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight and record New Zealand. In 1769 the British explorer Captain James Cook became the first European to set foot on and map New Zealand. In 1840, representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which paved the way for Britain's declaration of sovereignty later that year and the establishment of the Crown Colony of New Zealand in 1841. Subsequently, a series of conflicts between the colonial government and Māori tribes resulted in the alienation and confiscation of large amounts of Māori land. New Zealand became a dominion in 1907; it gained full statutory independence in 1947, retaining the monarch as head of state. Today, the majority of New Zealand's population of around 5.3 million is of European descent; the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pasifika. Reflecting this, New Zealand's culture mainly derives from Māori and early British settlers but has recently broadened from increased immigration. The official languages are English, Māori, and New Zealand Sign Language, with the local dialect of English being dominant. A developed country, New Zealand was the first to introduce a minimum wage and give women the right to vote. Recognised as a middle power, New Zealand ranks very highly in international measures of quality of life and human rights and has one of the lowest levels of perceived corruption in the world. It retains visible levels of inequality, including structural disparities between its Māori and European populations. During the 1980s, New Zealand underwent major economic changes that transformed it from a protectionist to a liberalised free-trade economy. The service sector dominates the country's economy, followed by the industrial sector, and agriculture; international tourism is also a significant source of revenue. New Zealand and Australia have a strong relationship and are considered to share a strong Trans-Tasman identity, stemming from centuries of British colonisation. The country is part of multiple international organisations and forums. Nationally, legislative authority is vested in an elected, unicameral Parliament, while executive political power is exercised by the Government, led by the prime minister, currently Christopher Luxon. Charles III is the country's king and is represented by the governor-general, Cindy Kiro. New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes. The Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau (a dependent territory); the Cook Islands and Niue (self-governing states in free association with New Zealand); and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica.

Infobox

Capital
Wellington 41°18′S 174°47′E / 41.300°S 174.783°E / -41.300; 174.783
Largest city
Auckland36°52′S 174°45′E / 36.867°S 174.750°E / -36.867; 174.750
Official languages
mw- English[n 2]MāoriNZ Sign Language
Ethnic groups (2023)[n 3]
67.8% European19.6% Māori17.3% Asian8.9% Pacific peoples1.9% ME/LA/African1.1% other
Religion (2023)
51.6% no religion32.3% Christianity[n 4]2.9% Hinduism6.3% other6.9% undeclared
Demonyms
New ZealanderKiwi (colloquial)
Government
Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
Charles III
• Governor-General
Cindy Kiro
• Prime Minister
Christopher Luxon
Legislature
Parliament
• Treaty of Waitangi
6 February 1840
• Responsible government
7 May 1856
• Dominion
26 September 1907
• Statute of Westminster Adoption Act
25 November 1947
• Constitution Act 1986
1 January 1987
• Total
$248.67 billion (52nd)
• Water (%)
1.6[n 5]
• November 2025 estimate
5,336,190 (121st)
• 2023 census
4,993,923
• Density
19.9/km2 (51.5/sq mi) (204th)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$46,013 (23rd)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2022)
30.0 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.938very high (17th)
Currency
New Zealand dollar ($) (NZD)
Time zone
UTC 12 (NZST[n 6])
• Summer (DST)
UTC 13 (NZDT[n 7])
Date format
dd/mm/yyyy
Calling code
64
ISO 3166 code
NZ
Internet TLD
nz
• December 2025 estimate
5,337,900 (121st)

Tables

Average daily temperatures and rainfall for selected towns and cities of New Zealand[121] · Geography and environment › Climate
Auckland
Auckland
Location
Auckland
January high°C (°F)
23 (73)
January low°C (°F)
15 (59)
July high°C (°F)
15 (59)
July low°C (°F)
8 (46)
Annual rainfallmm (in)
1,212 (47.7)
Wellington
Wellington
Location
Wellington
January high°C (°F)
20 (68)
January low°C (°F)
14 (57)
July high°C (°F)
11 (52)
July low°C (°F)
6 (43)
Annual rainfallmm (in)
1,207 (47.5)
Hokitika
Hokitika
Location
Hokitika
January high°C (°F)
20 (68)
January low°C (°F)
12 (54)
July high°C (°F)
12 (54)
July low°C (°F)
3 (37)
Annual rainfallmm (in)
2,901 (114.2)
Christchurch
Christchurch
Location
Christchurch
January high°C (°F)
23 (73)
January low°C (°F)
12 (54)
July high°C (°F)
11 (52)
July low°C (°F)
2 (36)
Annual rainfallmm (in)
618 (24.3)
Alexandra
Alexandra
Location
Alexandra
January high°C (°F)
25 (77)
January low°C (°F)
11 (52)
July high°C (°F)
8 (46)
July low°C (°F)
−2 (28)
Annual rainfallmm (in)
359 (14.1)
Location
January high°C (°F)
January low°C (°F)
July high°C (°F)
July low°C (°F)
Annual rainfallmm (in)
Auckland
23 (73)
15 (59)
15 (59)
8 (46)
1,212 (47.7)
Wellington
20 (68)
14 (57)
11 (52)
6 (43)
1,207 (47.5)
Hokitika
20 (68)
12 (54)
12 (54)
3 (37)
2,901 (114.2)
Christchurch
23 (73)
12 (54)
11 (52)
2 (36)
618 (24.3)
Alexandra
25 (77)
11 (52)
8 (46)
−2 (28)
359 (14.1)

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  5. Excluding the Māori-based churches of Rātana and Ringatū
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