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Netherlands

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Netherlands

The Netherlands is a country in Northwestern Europe, with overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Netherlands consists of twelve provinces; it borders Germany to the east and Belgium to the south, with a North Sea coastline to the north and west. It shares maritime borders with the United Kingdom, Germany, and Belgium. The official language is Dutch, with West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland. Dutch, English, and Papiamento are official in the Caribbean territories. People from the Netherlands are referred to as Dutch. Netherlands literally means "lower countries", in reference to its low elevation and flat topography, 26% of which is below sea level. Most of the areas below sea level, known as polders, are the result of land reclamation that began in the 14th century. In the Republican period, which began in 1588, the Netherlands entered a unique era of political, economic, and cultural greatness, ranked among the most powerful and influential in Europe and the world; this period is known as the Dutch Golden Age. During this time, its trading companies, the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company, established colonies and trading posts all over the world. While neutral in the First World War, the Netherlands was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany in 1940 during the Second World War, which lasted until the end of the war in 1945. With a population of over 18 million people, all living within a total area of 41,850 km2 (16,160 sq mi)—of which the land area is 33,500 km2 (12,900 sq mi)—the Netherlands is the 26th most densely populated country, with a density of 541 people per square kilometre (1,400 people/sq mi). Nevertheless, it is the world's second largest exporter of food and agricultural products by value, owing to its fertile soil, mild climate, intensive agriculture, and inventiveness. The four largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. Amsterdam is the country's most populous city and the nominal capital, though the primary national political institutions are in The Hague. The Netherlands has been a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with a unitary structure since 1848. The country has a tradition of pillarisation (separation of citizens into groups by religion and political beliefs) and a long record of social tolerance, having legalised prostitution and euthanasia, along with maintaining a liberal drug policy. The Netherlands allowed women's suffrage in 1919 and was the first country to legalise same-sex marriage in 2001. Its mixed-market advanced economy has the eleventh-highest per capita income globally. The Hague holds the seat of the States General, cabinet, and Supreme Court. The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest in Europe. Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands, and the fourth busiest in Europe. Being a developed country, the Netherlands is a founding member of the European Union, eurozone, G10, NATO, OECD, and WTO, as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. It hosts intergovernmental organisations and international courts, many of which are in The Hague.

Infobox

NetherlandsNederland (Dutch) In 2 regional languages[a] West Frisian:NederlânPapiamentu:Hulanda
Nederlân
West Frisian:
Nederlân
Papiamentu:
Hulanda
Sovereign state
Kingdom of the Netherlands
Before independence
Spanish Netherlands
Act of Abjuration
26 July 1581
Peace of Münster
30 January 1648
United Kingdom of the Netherlands
16 March 1815
Liberation Day
5 May 1945
Kingdom Charter
15 December 1954
Caribbean reorganisation
10 October 2010
Capitaland largest city
Amsterdam[b].mw- 52°22′N 4°53′E / 52.367°N 4.883°E / 52.367; 4.883
Government seat
The Hague[b]
Official languages
Dutch
Regional languages
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li West FrisianPapiamentoEnglish[a]
Recognised languages
Dutch Low SaxonDutch Sign LanguageLimburgishSinte RomaniYiddish[c]
Ethnic groups (2024)
mw- 72.0% Dutch[d]9.2% other European2.5% Turkish2.3% Moroccan2.0% Indonesian2.0% Surinamese1.1% Dutch Caribbean8.9% other
Religion (2024)
mw- li 56% no religion 31% Christianity 17% Catholicism 14% Protestantism 6% Islam 7% other
Demonym(s)
Dutch
Government
Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
Willem-Alexander
• Prime Minister
Dick Schoof
Legislature
States General
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
House of Representatives
• Netherlands constituency
31 seats
• Total
$1.326 trillion (18th)
• Water (%)
18.41
Highest elevation (Mount Scenery)
870 m (2,850 ft)
• 7 November 2025 estimate
18,465,400 (69th)
• 2011 census
16,655,799
• Density
541/km2 (1,401.2/sq mi) (26th)
GDP (PPP)
2026 estimate
• Per capita
$73,091 (10th)
GDP (nominal)
2026 estimate
Gini (2021)
26.4 } }low
HDI (2023)
0.955very high · 8th
Currency
Euro (€) (EUR)United States dollar (US$) (USD)[f]
Time zone
UTC 01:00 (CET)UTC−04:00 (AST)[g]
• Summer (DST)
UTC 02:00 (CEST)UTC−04:00 (AST)
Date format
dd-mm-yyyy[h]
Driving side
Right
Calling code
31, 599[i]
Internet TLD
nl, .bq[j]
• 9 November 2025 estimate
18,466,800 (69th)
• 11 November 2025 estimate
18,468,200 (69th)
• 18 November 2025 estimate
18,473,100 (69th)
• 26 November 2025 estimate
18,478,700 (69th)
• 5 December 2025 estimate
18,485,000 (69th)
• 16 December 2025 estimate
18,492,600 (69th)

Tables

· Government and politics › Administrative divisions
Drenthe
Drenthe
Province
Drenthe
Capital
Assen
Largest city
2,680
Total area(km2)
2,633
Land area(km2)
502,051
Population(2023)
191
Flevoland
Flevoland
Province
Flevoland
Capital
Lelystad
Largest city
Almere
Total area(km2)
2,412
Land area(km2)
1,410
Population(2023)
444,701
Density(/km2)
315
Friesland
Friesland
Province
Friesland
Capital
Leeuwarden
Largest city
5,753
Total area(km2)
3,340
Land area(km2)
659,551
Population(2023)
197
Gelderland
Gelderland
Province
Gelderland
Capital
Arnhem
Largest city
Nijmegen
Total area(km2)
5,136
Land area(km2)
4,960
Population(2023)
2,133,708
Density(/km2)
430
Groningen
Groningen
Province
Groningen
Capital
Groningen
Largest city
2,955
Total area(km2)
2,316
Land area(km2)
596,075
Population(2023)
257
Limburg
Limburg
Province
Limburg
Capital
Maastricht
Largest city
2,210
Total area(km2)
2,145
Land area(km2)
1,128,367
Population(2023)
526
North Brabant
North Brabant
Province
North Brabant
Capital
's-Hertogenbosch
Largest city
Eindhoven
Total area(km2)
5,082
Land area(km2)
4,902
Population(2023)
2,626,210
Density(/km2)
536
North Holland
North Holland
Province
North Holland
Capital
Haarlem
Largest city
Amsterdam
Total area(km2)
4,092
Land area(km2)
2,663
Population(2023)
2,952,622
Density(/km2)
1,109
Overijssel
Overijssel
Province
Overijssel
Capital
Zwolle
Largest city
Enschede
Total area(km2)
3,421
Land area(km2)
3,317
Population(2023)
1,184,333
Density(/km2)
357
South Holland
South Holland
Province
South Holland
Capital
The Hague
Largest city
Rotterdam
Total area(km2)
3,308
Land area(km2)
2,698
Population(2023)
3,804,906
Density(/km2)
1,410
Utrecht
Utrecht
Province
Utrecht
Capital
Utrecht
Largest city
1,560
Total area(km2)
1,484
Land area(km2)
1,387,643
Population(2023)
935
Zeeland
Zeeland
Province
Zeeland
Capital
Middelburg
Largest city
2,933
Total area(km2)
1,780
Land area(km2)
391,124
Population(2023)
220
Mainland
Mainland
Province
Mainland
Capital
41,543
Largest city
33,647
Total area(km2)
17,811,291
Land area(km2)
529
Province
Capital
Largest city
Total area(km2)
Land area(km2)
Population(2023)
Density(/km2)
Drenthe
Assen
2,680
2,633
502,051
191
Flevoland
Lelystad
Almere
2,412
1,410
444,701
315
Friesland
Leeuwarden
5,753
3,340
659,551
197
Gelderland
Arnhem
Nijmegen
5,136
4,960
2,133,708
430
Groningen
Groningen
2,955
2,316
596,075
257
Limburg
Maastricht
2,210
2,145
1,128,367
526
North Brabant
's-Hertogenbosch
Eindhoven
5,082
4,902
2,626,210
536
North Holland
Haarlem
Amsterdam
4,092
2,663
2,952,622
1,109
Overijssel
Zwolle
Enschede
3,421
3,317
1,184,333
357
South Holland
The Hague
Rotterdam
3,308
2,698
3,804,906
1,410
Utrecht
Utrecht
1,560
1,484
1,387,643
935
Zeeland
Middelburg
2,933
1,780
391,124
220
Mainland
41,543
33,647
17,811,291
529
· Government and politics › Administrative divisions
Bonaire
Bonaire
Island
Bonaire
Capital
Kralendijk
Area(km2)
288
Population(2023)
24,090
Density(/km2)
84
Saba
Saba
Island
Saba
Capital
The Bottom
Area(km2)
13
Population(2023)
2,035
Density(/km2)
157
Sint Eustatius
Sint Eustatius
Island
Sint Eustatius
Capital
Oranjestad
Area(km2)
21
Population(2023)
3,293
Density(/km2)
157
Caribbean Netherlands
Caribbean Netherlands
Island
Caribbean Netherlands
Capital
322
Area(km2)
29,418
Population(2023)
91
Island
Capital
Area(km2)
Population(2023)
Density(/km2)
Bonaire
Kralendijk
288
24,090
84
Saba
The Bottom
13
2,035
157
Sint Eustatius
Oranjestad
21
3,293
157
Caribbean Netherlands
322
29,418
91

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  2. Amsterdam is the constitutional capital, while the government and the royal family are seated in The Hague.
  3. Having ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 1996, the Dutch government recognises Dutch L
  4. This includes residents who were born in the Netherlands and whose parents both were born in the Netherlands.
  5. The area of the Netherlands with overseas territories. Metropolitan Netherlands is 41,543 square kilometers.
  6. The euro is used in the European part of the Netherlands and replaced the Dutch guilder in 2002. The United States dolla
  7. CET and CEST are used in the European Netherlands, and AST is used in the Caribbean Netherlands.
  8. See Date and time notation in the Netherlands
  9. +599 was the country code designated for the now dissolved Netherlands Antilles. The Caribbean Netherlands still use +59
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