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Nepal

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Nepal

Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mainly situated in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, and India to the south, east, and west, while it is narrowly separated from Bangladesh by the Siliguri Corridor, and from Bhutan by the Indian state of Sikkim. Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the world's ten highest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point above mean sea level on Earth. Kathmandu is the nation's capital and its largest city. Nepal is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious, and multi-cultural state, with Nepali as the official language. The name "Nepal" is first recorded in texts from the Vedic period of the Indian subcontinent, the era in ancient Nepal when Hinduism was founded, the predominant religion of the country. In the middle of the first millennium BC, Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in Lumbini in southern Nepal. Parts of northern Nepal were intertwined with the culture of Tibet. The centrally located Kathmandu Valley is intertwined with the culture of Indo-Aryans, and was the seat of the prosperous Newar confederacy known as Nepal Mandala. The Himalayan branch of the ancient Silk Road was dominated by the valley's traders. The cosmopolitan region developed distinct traditional art and architecture. By the 18th century, the Gorkha Kingdom achieved the unification of Nepal. The Shah dynasty established the Kingdom of Nepal and later formed an alliance with the British Empire, under its Rana dynasty of premiers. The country was never colonised but served as a buffer state between Imperial China and British India. Parliamentary democracy was introduced in 1951 but was twice suspended by Nepalese monarchs, in 1960 and 2005. The Nepalese Civil War in the 1990s and early 2000s resulted in the establishment of a secular republic in 2008, ending the world's last Hindu monarchy. The Constitution of Nepal, adopted in 2015, affirms the country as a federal parliamentary republic divided into seven provinces. In September 2025, protests against a social media ban and economic inequality caused riots, resulting in casualties and resignation of the prime minister. Nepal's foreign policy focuses on neutrality, sovereignty, and multilateral cooperation. Nepal was admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and friendship treaties were signed with India in 1950 and China in 1960. Nepal hosts the permanent secretariat of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), of which it is a founding member. Nepal is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Bay of Bengal Initiative. Nepal's foreign relations also emphasise development assistance, trade partnerships, and promoting peace and stability in South Asia.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Kathmandu 28°10′N 84°15′E / 28.167°N 84.250°E / 28.167; 84.250
Official languages
Nepali
Recognised national languages
All mother-tongues(see Languages of Nepal)
Ethnic groups (2021)
mw- li 30.12% Khas Arya 16.45% Chhetri 11.29% Bahun 1.7% Thakuri 0.68% Sanyasi 6.9% Magars 6.2% Tharu 5.62% Tamang 5.04% Kami 4.86% Musalman 4.6% Newar 4.21% Yadav 2.2% Rai 32.63% other
Religion (2021)
mw- 81.19% Hinduism8.21% Buddhism5.09% Islam3.17% Kirant1.76% Christianity0.35% Prakriti0.23% Bon0.01% Jainism
Demonyms
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li NepaliNepalese
Government
Federal parliamentary republic under an interim government
• President
Ram Chandra Poudel
• Vice President
Ram Sahaya Yadav
• Prime Minister
Sushila Karki (interim)
• Chief Justice
Prakash Man Singh Raut
Legislature
Federal Parliament
• Upper house
National Assembly
• Lower house
House of Representatives (currently dissolved)
• Unification
25 September 1768
• Treaty of Sugauli
4 March 1816
• Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923
21 December 1923
• Federal Republic
28 May 2008
• Current constitution
20 September 2015
• Total
$43.673 billion (100th)
• Water (%)
2.8%
• 2024 estimate
31,122,387 (49th)
• Density
180/km2 (466.2/sq mi) (72nd)
GDP (PPP)
2024 estimate
• Per capita
$1,381 (161st)
GDP (nominal)
2024 estimate
Gini (2022)
30.0 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.622medium (145th)
Currency
Nepalese rupee (Rs, रू) (NPR)
Time zone
UTC 05:45 (Nepal Standard Time)
Date format
YYYY/MM/DD
Calling code
977
ISO 3166 code
NP
Internet TLD
np

Tables

· Politics and government › Administrative divisions
Koshi Province
Koshi Province
Province
Koshi Province
Capital
Biratnagar
Districts
14
Area(km2)
25,905
PopulationCensus2011
4,534,943
PopulationCensus2021
4,972,021
Density(people/km2)2021
192
HumanDevelopmentIndex
0.553
Map
Madhesh Province
Madhesh Province
Province
Madhesh Province
Capital
Janakpur
Districts
8
Area(km2)
9,661
PopulationCensus2011
5,404,145
PopulationCensus2021
6,126,288
Density(people/km2)2021
634
HumanDevelopmentIndex
0.485
Map
Bagmati Province
Bagmati Province
Province
Bagmati Province
Capital
Hetauda
Districts
13
Area(km2)
20,300
PopulationCensus2011
5,529,452
PopulationCensus2021
6,084,042
Density(people/km2)2021
300
HumanDevelopmentIndex
0.560
Map
Gandaki Province
Gandaki Province
Province
Gandaki Province
Capital
Pokhara
Districts
11
Area(km2)
21,856
PopulationCensus2011
2,403,757
PopulationCensus2021
2,479,745
Density(people/km2)2021
113
HumanDevelopmentIndex
0.567
Map
Lumbini Province
Lumbini Province
Province
Lumbini Province
Capital
Deukhuri
Districts
12
Area(km2)
19,707
PopulationCensus2011
4,499,272
PopulationCensus2021
5,124,225
Density(people/km2)2021
260
HumanDevelopmentIndex
0.519
Map
Karnali Province
Karnali Province
Province
Karnali Province
Capital
Birendranagar
Districts
10
Area(km2)
30,213
PopulationCensus2011
1,570,418
PopulationCensus2021
1,694,889
Density(people/km2)2021
56
HumanDevelopmentIndex
0.469
Map
Sudurpashchim Province
Sudurpashchim Province
Province
Sudurpashchim Province
Capital
Godawari
Districts
9
Area(km2)
19,539
PopulationCensus2011
2,552,517
PopulationCensus2021
2,711,270
Density(people/km2)2021
139
HumanDevelopmentIndex
0.478
Map
Nepal
Nepal
Province
Nepal
Capital
Kathmandu
Districts
77
Area(km2)
147,181
PopulationCensus2011
26,494,504
PopulationCensus2021
29,192,480
Density(people/km2)2021
198
HumanDevelopmentIndex
0.579
Map
Province
Capital
Districts
Area(km2)
PopulationCensus2011
PopulationCensus2021
Density(people/km2)2021
HumanDevelopmentIndex
Map
Koshi Province
Biratnagar
14
25,905
4,534,943
4,972,021
192
0.553
Madhesh Province
Janakpur
8
9,661
5,404,145
6,126,288
634
0.485
Bagmati Province
Hetauda
13
20,300
5,529,452
6,084,042
300
0.560
Gandaki Province
Pokhara
11
21,856
2,403,757
2,479,745
113
0.567
Lumbini Province
Deukhuri
12
19,707
4,499,272
5,124,225
260
0.519
Karnali Province
Birendranagar
10
30,213
1,570,418
1,694,889
56
0.469
Sudurpashchim Province
Godawari
9
19,539
2,552,517
2,711,270
139
0.478
Nepal
Kathmandu
77
147,181
26,494,504
29,192,480
198
0.579

References

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  4. The word pala in Pali language means to protect. Consequently, Nepala translates to protected by Ne.
  5. Nepalamahatmya, of 30 chapters about the Nepal Tirtha (pilgrimage) region, is a regional text that claims to be a part o
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  286. Edusanjal
    https://edusanjal.com/scholarship/types-of-scholarships-provided-to-nepalese-students-by-government-of-nepal/
  287. The Himalayan Times
    https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/medical-colleges-charging-extra-fees-even-from-govt-scholarship-holders/
  288. Republica
    https://admin.myrepublica.com/society/story/23904/more-students-seeking-no-objection-to-study-abroad.html
  289. Nepali Times
    https://nepalitimes.com/regular-columns/Between-the-lines/More-Nepali-students-settle-overseas,528
  290. "The World Factbook"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181229134543/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html
  291. The Himalayan Times
    https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/nepal-ranks-second-in-lung-ailment-deaths/
  292. Our World in Data
    https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy
  293. Nepal Burden of Disease 2017: A Country Report based on the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study
    https://nhrc.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NBoD-2017_NHRC-MoHP.pdf
  294. The Himalayan Times
    https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/study-reveals-high-prevalence-of-non-communicable-diseases-in-nepal/
  295. UNICEF
    https://www.unicef.org/nepal/nutrition
  296. "Nearly half of Nepali children still malnourished"
    https://www.nepalitimes.com/banner/nearly-half-of-nepali-children-still-malnourished/
  297. Kathmandu Post
    https://kathmandupost.com/national/2019/02/10/maternal-mortality-reduction-target-hard-to-meet-for-nepal-officials
  298. "WHO | Reaching Nepal's mothers in time"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160719033028/https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/94/5/16-030516/en/
  299. "Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) – Nepal | Data"
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?locations=NP&view=chart
  300. "Nepal far from hitting contraceptive target"
    https://www.nepalitimes.com/here-now/nepal-far-from-hitting-contraceptive-target/
  301. Kathmandu Post
    https://kathmandupost.com/national/2018/06/07/health-insurance-plan-yet-to-cover-38-districts-in-nepal
  302. "The Current State of Maternal Health in Nepal"
    https://www.mhtf.org/2017/12/29/the-current-state-of-maternal-health-in-nepal/
  303. The Himalayan Times
    https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/usda-wfp-provide-school-meals/
  304. Kathmandu Post
    https://kathmandupost.com/national/2019/08/01/government-has-been-trying-to-eliminate-open-defecation-for-over-a-decade-here-s-why-it-hasn-t-worked
  305. "Nepal"
    https://www.unhcr.org/nepal.html
  306. The Diplomat
    https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/a-state-within-a-state-tibetans-in-nepal/
  307. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-tibet-nepal-20150806-story.html
  308. "UNHCR | Refworld | Nepal: Bhutanese refugees find new life beyond the camps"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121008021239/https://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,IRIN,,BTN,491946b81e,0.html
  309. "Nepal | Global Focus"
    https://reporting.unhcr.org/node/10316#_ga=2.192568106.1679015461.1575456467-1408828592.1575456467
  310. The Himalayan Times
    https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/700-illegals-set-for-3rd-country-resettlement/
  311. "Bleak outlook for Nepal's urban refugees"
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/bleak-outlook-nepal-urban-refugees-151123110438884.html
  312. Nepali Times
    https://archive.nepalitimes.com/page/state-of-statelessness-for-refugees-in-nepal
  313. Kathmandu Post
    https://kathmandupost.com/national/2019/06/21/nepals-governments-have-been-quietly-facilitating-urban-refugee-resettlement-for-years
  314. Online Khabar
    https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2019/10/803843
  315. "Population of Overseas Indians"
    https://mea.gov.in/images/attach/NRIs-and-PIOs_1.pdf
  316. Fatalism and Development: Nepal's Struggle for Modernization
    https://books.google.com/books?id=JzFROpFVYRAC
  317. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology
    https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/DSAJ/article/view/284
  318. UNFPA Nepal
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230830024316/https://nepal.unfpa.org/en/node/15217
  319. The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/gadhimai-hindu-festival-largest-animal-sacrifice-nepal-india-buffalo-a9230786.html
  320. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/02/worlds-largest-ritual-animal-slaughter-goes-ahead-despite-ban
  321. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/06/world/asia/nepal-animal-sacrifice-gadhimai.html
  322. "Mass animal sacrifice begins despite outcry from activists"
    https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/03/world/gallery/gadhimai-festival-intl-hnk-scli/index.html
  323. "Gadhimai: Nepal's animal sacrifice festival goes ahead despite 'ban'"
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50644035
  324. The Week UK
    https://www.theweek.co.uk/the-week-unwrapped/104702/what-is-the-gadhimai-festival-and-why-is-it-so-controversial
  325. "NEPAL Buddhists and animal rights activists against animal slaughter for Durga - Asia News"
    http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Buddhists-and-animal-rights-activists-against-animal-slaughter-for-Durga-32254.html
  326. "Animal rights activists want Nepal's sacrifice festival stopped | South China Morning Post"
    https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/article/1625292/animal-rights-activists-want-nepals-sacrifice-festival-stopped
  327. My Republica
    http://www.myrepublica.com/news/27990/
  328. "Legislating Against Witchcraft Accusations in Nepal"
    https://asiafoundation.org/2012/08/08/legislating-against-witchcraft-accusations-in-nepal/
  329. "Witch hunting"
    https://www.womenepal.org/womens-and-childrens-issues/witch-hunting/
  330. La Croix International
    https://international.la-croix.com/news/nepalese-teen-accused-of-witchcraft-tortured-for-5-hours/7209#
  331. The Kathmandu Post
    https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/printedition/news/2018-03-28/which-is-witch.html
  332. Proceedings of the Second International Conference of the South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology (SASCV)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Do1Kl2OyQdgC&pg=PA280
  333. "Woman, 73, tortured over witchcraft allegation"
    https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-11-19/woman-73-beaten-fed-feces-on-witchcraft-charges-in-dhading.html
  334. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2012/02/18/world/asia/nepal-witchcraft-burning/index.html
  335. The Times of India
    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Cow-becomes-national-animal-of-Nepal/articleshow/49049371.cms
  336. The Himalayan Times
    https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/rhododendron-facing-existential-crisis-ilam-highlands/
  337. Online Khabar
    https://english.onlinekhabar.com/its-official-volleyball-is-the-national-sport-of-nepal.html
  338. "Flag Description"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110410060127/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/flags/flagtemplate_np.html
  339. compare this copy of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal Archived 1 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine
    https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/np01000_.html
  340. "११ वर्षपछि राष्ट्रिय एकता दिवस"
    https://www.bbc.com/nepali/news-42652772
  341. Himalayan Voices: An Introduction to Modern Nepali Literature
    https://books.google.com/books?id=y6IwDwAAQBAJ
  342. Dayananda Bajracharya
    https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001461/146117e.pdf
  343. Nepal Vol II
    https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.81837
  344. unesco.org
    https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/cultural-looting-still-persistent-crisis-south-east-asia
  345. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
    https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/290898/1/290898.pdf
  346. nepalitimes.com
    https://nepalitimes.com/here-now/who-looted-nepals-gods
  347. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/29/arts/nepal-looted-antiquities-citizens.html
  348. ARTnews.com
    https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/london-gallery-returns-two-nepal-artifacts-1234622423/
  349. chicagobusiness.com
    https://www.chicagobusiness.com/arts-entertainment/art-institute-chicago-nepal-looted-art-concerns
  350. "More than 1000 artifacts in Metropolitan Museum of Art catalog linked to alleged looting and trafficking figures – ICIJ"
    https://www.icij.org/investigations/hidden-treasures/more-than-1000-artifacts-in-metropolitan-museum-of-art-catalog-linked-to-alleged-looting-and-trafficking-figures/
  351. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/style/nepal-itumbaha-monastery-treasures-repatriation-rubin-museum/index.html
  352. Hyperallergic
    http://hyperallergic.com/627854/return-of-looted-nepal-statue-dallas-museum/
  353. Artnet News
    https://news.artnet.com/art-world/activists-protest-rubin-funded-itumbaha-museum-2344913
  354. Observer
    https://observer.com/2023/03/upcoming-christies-sale-includes-a-nepalese-sculpture-tied-to-antiquity-looters/
  355. The National
    https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/nepalese-figures-withdrawn-from-bonhams-auction-after-identified-as-looted-art-1.1235491
  356. Indian Literature
    https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-5804
  357. Journal of South Asian Literature
    https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-5637
  358. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/art/Nepali-literature
  359. The Rising Nepal
    https://web.archive.org/web/20191211155930/http://www.therisingnepal.org.np/index/news/34119
  360. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
    https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00002007
  361. Kathmandu Post
    https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2016/05/28/changing-winds-in-kollywood
  362. Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ByoTXhXCuyAC&pg=PA26
  363. Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ByoTXhXCuyAC&pg=PA26
  364. India's Interaction with China, Central and West Asia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=NZvpAAAAMAAJ
  365. narimag.com.np
    https://narimag.com.np/news/2019-05-21/20190521125417.html
  366. The Himalayan Times
    https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/last-of-tharu-jewellry/
  367. Kathmandu Post
    https://kathmandupost.com/opinion/2018/08/12/defining-our-food-culture
  368. The Hindu
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120712125030/https://www.hindu.com/seta/2008/10/16/stories/2008101650731500.htm
  369. Feasts and Fasts: A History of Food in India
    https://books.google.com/books?id=VN_vCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA164
  370. Taste of Nepal
    https://books.google.com/books?id=BiOiK89C5jcC
  371. The Oxford Companion to Food
    https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA409
  372. CNN Travel
    https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/nepal-top-foods/index.html
  373. The Oxford Companion to Food
    https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA410
  374. Food Consumption in the City: Practices and patterns in urban Asia and the Pacific
    https://books.google.com/books?id=TBIxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT50
  375. Joys of Nepalese Cooking: A Most Comprehensive and Practical Book on Nepalese Cookery : 371 Easy-to-make, Kitchen-tested Recipes
    https://books.google.com/books?id=tPAsvQEACAAJ
  376. "Could Nepali cuisine go global?"
    https://www.nepalitimes.com/here-now/could-nepali-cuisine-go-global/
  377. Curry Cookbook – Nepal Cuisine
    https://books.google.com/books?id=1Oq8AgAAQBAJ
  378. The Himalayan Times
    https://thehimalayantimes.com/lifestyle/people/more-than-just-childs-play/
  379. Online Khabar
    https://english.onlinekhabar.com/nepals-national-sport-five-things-didnt-know-dandi-biyo.html
  380. Republica
    https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/57793/
  381. Games of No Chance
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190721201337/https://www.msri.org/people/staff/levy/files/Book56/22jin.pdf
  382. Asia-Pacific Journal of Information Technology and Multimedia
    https://ejournals.ukm.my/apjitm/article/view/26093
  383. "KUNA : Carrom... Traditional game widely loved in Gulf region – Society – 16/08/2018"
    https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2741570&language=en
  384. "Fans, frolic, frenzy await Nepal's Lord's visit"
    https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24222487/fans-frolic-frenzy-await-nepal-lord-visit
  385. ESPNcricinfo
    https://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/story/728911.html
  386. "Football at the heart of the Himalayas"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140903141351/https://www.fifa.com/theclub/news/newsid=93201/
  387. The Kathmandu Post
    https://kathmandupost.com/sports/2018/09/12/nepal-eye-historic-final
  388. The Himalayan Times
    https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/nepal-crash-out-of-saff-cship-after-3-0-defeat-to-maldives/
  389. "The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking – Ranking Table"
    https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men
  390. The Week (UK)
    https://www.theweek.co.uk/cricket/92328/nepal-cricket-odi-status?amp
  391. "'Biggest day in Nepal cricket history' – Khadka"
    https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22777050/biggest-day-nepal-cricket-history-khadka
  392. "ICC Ranking for ODI teams International Cricket Council"
    https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/team-rankings/odi
  393. "ICC Ranking for T20 teams International Cricket Council"
    https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/team-rankings/t20i
  394. The Rising Nepal
    https://therisingnepal.org.np/news/33198
  395. Republica
    https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/67830/
  396. The Himalayan Times
    https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/malik-overall-winner-afghanistan-bag-team-cship/
  397. The Himalayan Times
    https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/cricket-football-dominate-nominations/
  398. The Himalayan Times
    https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/blind-cricketers-horrible-journey-to-world-cup/
  399. The Himalayan Times
    https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/nepal-defeat-pakistan-seal-womens-blind-cricket-series/
  400. Republica
    https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/27598/
  401. "Grounds in Nepal"
    https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/93/grounds_for_country_93.html
  402. Republica
    https://web.archive.org/web/20241202013552/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/khawas-passes-second-lieutenant-test/
  403. The Himalayan Times
    https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/nepal-apf-club-athletes-gopi-chandra-parki-kanchhi-maya-koju-win-5000m-races-seventh-national-games/
  404. The Kathmandu Post
    https://kathmandupost.com/sports/2019/04/25/national-games-conclude-with-concerns-over-maintenance-and-upgradation-of-infrastructure
  405. "ICC suspends Cricket Association of Nepal"
    https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/1003757.html
  406. Republica
    https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/69986/
  407. The Kathmandu Post
    https://kathmandupost.com/30/2020/02/22/athletes-spend-the-best-years-of-their-lives-playing-sports-but-are-often-left-with-little-to-retire-on
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