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Nelson Mandela

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Nelson Mandela

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela ( man-DEL-ə, Xhosa: [xolíɬaɬa mandɛ̂ːla]; born Rolihlahla Mandela; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid activist and statesman who was the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first Black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His administration focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by fostering racial reconciliation and a multiracial democracy. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as the president of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997. A Xhosa, Mandela was born into the Thembu royal family in Mvezo, South Africa. He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg. There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944. After the National Party's white-only government established apartheid, a system of racial segregation that privileged whites, Mandela and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow. He was appointed president of the ANC's Transvaal branch, rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People. He was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial. Influenced by Marxism, he secretly joined the banned South African Communist Party (SACP). Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant uMkhonto we Sizwe in 1961 that led a sabotage campaign against the apartheid government. He was arrested and imprisoned in 1962, and, following the Rivonia Trial, was sentenced to life imprisonment for conspiring to overthrow the state. Mandela served 27 years in prison, split between Robben Island, Pollsmoor Prison, and Victor Verster Prison. Amid growing domestic and international pressure and fears of racial civil war, President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk led efforts to negotiate an end to apartheid, which resulted in the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became president. Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitution, Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country's racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Economically, his administration retained its predecessor's liberal framework despite his own socialist beliefs, also introducing measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty and expand healthcare services. Internationally, Mandela acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as secretary-general of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. He declined a second presidential term and was succeeded by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki. Mandela became an elder statesman and focused on combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation. Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life. Although critics on the right denounced him as a communist terrorist and those on the far left deemed him too eager to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid's supporters, he gained international acclaim for his activism. Globally regarded as an icon of moral leadership, democracy and social justice, he received more than 250 honours, including the Nobel Peace Prize. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Thembu clan name, Madiba, and described as the "Father of the Nation".

Infobox

Deputy
Walter Sisulu (1991–1994)Thabo Mbeki (1994–1997)
Preceded by
Andrés Pastrana Arango
Succeeded by
Thabo Mbeki
President
Albert Luthuli
Born
Rolihlahla Mandela(1918-07-18)18 July 1918Mvezo, South Africa
Died
5 December 2013(2013-12-05) (aged 95)Johannesburg, South Africa
Resting place
Mandela Graveyard, Qunu
Political party
African National Congress
Other politicalaffiliations
South African Communist Party (Tripartite Alliance)
Spouses
mw- Evelyn Ntoko Mase (m. 1944; div. 1958) Winifred Madikizela (m. 1958; div. 1996) Graça Simbine (m. 1998)
Children
6, including Makgatho, Maki, Zenani, and Zindziswa
Alma mater
University of Fort HareUniversity of LondonUniversity of South AfricaUniversity of the Witwatersrand
Occupation
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li Politicianlawyeractivistphilanthropist
Known for
Anti-apartheid activism
Awards
Full list
Website
Foundation
Nicknames
MadibaTataDalibunga
Party
African National Congress

Tables

· External links
Preceded byF. W. de Klerkas State President of South Africa
Preceded byF. W. de Klerkas State President of South Africa
Political offices
Preceded byF. W. de Klerkas State President of South Africa
Political offices
President of South Africa 1994–1999
Political offices
Succeeded byThabo Mbeki
Party political offices
Party political offices
Political offices
Party political offices
Preceded byOliver Tambo
Preceded byOliver Tambo
Political offices
Preceded byOliver Tambo
Political offices
President of the African National Congress 1991–1997
Political offices
Succeeded byThabo Mbeki
Diplomatic posts
Diplomatic posts
Political offices
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byAndrés Pastrana Arango
Preceded byAndrés Pastrana Arango
Political offices
Preceded byAndrés Pastrana Arango
Political offices
Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement 1998–1999
Political offices
Succeeded byThabo Mbeki
Political offices
Preceded byF. W. de Klerkas State President of South Africa
President of South Africa 1994–1999
Succeeded byThabo Mbeki
Party political offices
Preceded byOliver Tambo
President of the African National Congress 1991–1997
Succeeded byThabo Mbeki
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byAndrés Pastrana Arango
Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement 1998–1999
Succeeded byThabo Mbeki

References

  1. Mandela used the spelling Rolihlahla. Peter Mtuze notes that the orthography of Xhosa names has changed since the time o
  2. Collins English Dictionary
    https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/mandela
  3. Mandela 1994, p. 3; Boehmer 2008, p. 21; Smith 2010, p. 17; Sampson 2011, p. 3.
  4. See for example official website.
    http://www.mandela.gov.za/
  5. Long Walk to Freedom
    https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/16073610309486337
  6. Benson 1986, p. 16; Mandela 1994, p. 3; Smith 2010, p. 17; Meredith 2010, p. 2; Sampson 2011, p. 3.
  7. Mandela 1994, p. 4; Lodge 2006, p. 2; Smith 2010, p. 16.
  8. Meer 1988, p. 3; Guiloineau & Rowe 2002, p. 23; Meredith 2010, p. 1.
  9. Guiloineau & Rowe 2002, p. 26.
  10. Guiloineau & Rowe 2002, p. 26; Lodge 2006, p. 1; Mafela 2008, pp. 102–103.
  11. Smith 2010, p. 19.
  12. Mandela 1994, pp. 8–9; Smith 2010, pp. 21–22; Sampson 2011, p. 4.
  13. Mandela 1994, p. 17; Meredith 2010, p. 1.
  14. Benson 1986, p. 15; Mandela 1994, pp. 7–8; Smith 2010, pp. 16, 23–24; Meredith 2010, pp. 1, 3; Sampson 2011, p. 4.
  15. Mandela 1994, p. 19.
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  20. Mandela 1994, pp. 8, 20.
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  27. Mandela 1994, pp. 45–47; Smith 2010, pp. 27, 31; Meredith 2010, pp. 12–13; Sampson 2011, p. 15.
  28. Mandela 1994, pp. 48–50.
  29. Sampson 2011, p. 17.
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  51. Mandela 1994, pp. 122, 126–27; Smith 2010, p. 49; Meredith 2010, p. 34; Sampson 2011, p. 34.
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  53. Mandela 1994, pp. 122–123; Lodge 2006, pp. 27–28; Smith 2010, p. 48; Meredith 2010, p. 44; Sampson 2011, p. 37.
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  67. Benson 1986, pp. 36–37; Mandela 1994, pp. 162–165; Lodge 2006, p. 44; Smith 2010, pp. 72–73; Meredith 2010, pp. 78–79; S
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  134. The Guardian
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  144. The Washington Post
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  440. Meredith 2010, pp. xvii, 576; Sampson 2011, pp. 549–551.
  441. The Guardian
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  442. Nelson Mandela had illegitimate daughter, it is claimed, Telegraph UK, retrieved 17 September 2025
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/7930981/Nelson-Mandela-had-illegitimate-daughter-it-is-claimed.html
  443. The Star
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  444. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20839504
  445. Meredith 2010, p. 565.
  446. Barnard 2014, pp. 1, 2; Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014, p. 906.
  447. Barnard 2014, pp. 1, 2.
  448. Lodge 2006, p. 225.
  449. Suttner 2007, pp. 125–126.
  450. Meredith 2010, p. 599; Barnard 2014, p. 4.
  451. Boehmer 2008, p. 82; Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014, p. 918.
  452. Boehmer 2008, p. 16.
  453. Boehmer 2008, p. 1.
  454. "The world's most famous political prisoner"
    https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/12/6/the-worlds-most-famous-political-prisoner
  455. Los Angeles Times
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  456. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25256818
  457. Benson 1986, p. 13.
  458. Meredith 2010, p. xv.
  459. Sampson 2011, p. xxvi.
  460. Meredith 2010, p. 599.
  461. Freund 2014, p. 296.
  462. Mangcu 2013, p. 101.
  463. Sampson 2011, p. 582.
  464. Suttner 2016, p. 17.
  465. Barnard 2014, p. 2.
  466. Boehmer 2008, p. 173.
  467. Boehmer 2005, p. 46.
  468. Sampson 2011, p. 360.
  469. "US government considered Nelson Mandela a terrorist until 2008"
    https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/us-government-considered-nelson-mandela-terrorist-until-2008-f2D11708787
  470. Barnard 2014, p. 2; Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014, p. 918.
  471. Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014, p. 918.
  472. TimesLIVE
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  473. The Cape Times
  474. "President Honors Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom"
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  475. Time
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  476. "List of all Bharat Ratna award winners"
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  477. The Independent
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  478. "Statement on the Ataturk Award given to Nelson Mandela"
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  479. Spanish Official State Gazette
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  480. "Canada presents Nelson Mandela with the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee medal"
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  481. "Mandela to be honoured with Canadian citizenship"
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  482. "The Order of Merit"
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  483. "Madiba conferred freedom of Johannesburg"
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  484. "Long walk immortalised in bronze"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130724045736/http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=703:mandelastatue270808&catid=42:land_news&Itemid=110
  485. BBC News
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  486. BBC News
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  487. Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners from the United Nations General Assembly
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  488. "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 24 September 2018"
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  489. "Nelson Mandela International Day"
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  490. Lodge 2006, p. 8.
  491. Lodge 2006, p. vii.
  492. Lodge 2006, pp. vii, 13–14.
  493. Nelson 2014, p. 138.
  494. The Guardian
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  495. Bromley 2014, p. 41.
  496. Lukhele 2012, p. 289.
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