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Neglected tropical diseases

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Neglected tropical diseases

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of tropical infections that are common in low-income populations in developing regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. They are caused by a variety of pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasitic worms (helminths) and mites (acarines). These diseases are contrasted with the "big three" infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria), which generally receive greater treatment and research funding. In sub-Saharan Africa, the effect of neglected tropical diseases as a group is comparable to that of malaria and tuberculosis. NTD co-infection can also make HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis more deadly. Some treatments for NTDs are relatively inexpensive. For example, praziquantel for schistosomiasis costs about US $0.20 per child per year. Nevertheless, in 2010 it was estimated that control of neglected diseases would require funding of between US$2 billion and $3 billion over the subsequent five to seven years. Some pharmaceutical companies have committed to donating all the drug therapies required, and mass drug administration efforts (for example, mass deworming) have been successful in several countries. While preventive measures are often more accessible in the developed world, they are not universally available in poorer areas. Within developed countries, neglected tropical diseases affect the very poorest in society. In developed countries, the burdens of neglected tropical diseases are often overshadowed by other public health issues. However, many of the same issues put populations at risk in developed as well as developing nations. For example, other problems stemming from poverty, such as lack of adequate housing, can expose individuals to the vectors of these diseases. Twenty neglected tropical diseases are prioritized by the World Health Organization (WHO), though other organizations define NTDs differently. Chromoblastomycosis and other deep mycoses, scabies and other ectoparasites, and snakebite envenomation were added to the WHO list in 2017. These diseases are common in 149 countries, affecting more than 1.4 billion people (including more than 500 million children) and costing developing economies billions of dollars every year. They resulted in 142,000 deaths in 2013, down from 204,000 deaths in 1990.

Infobox

Specialty
Infectious disease

Tables

· List of diseases
Buruli ulcerChagas diseaseDengue & Chikungunya*DracunculiasisEchinococcosisYawsFascioliasisAfrican trypanosomiasisLeishmaniasisLeprosyLymphatic filariasisOnchocerciasisRabiesSchistosomiasisSoil-transmitted helminthiasisCysticercosisTrachomaScabies and other ectoparasitesSnakebite envenomingMycetoma and deep mycoses
Buruli ulcerChagas diseaseDengue & Chikungunya*DracunculiasisEchinococcosisYawsFascioliasisAfrican trypanosomiasisLeishmaniasisLeprosyLymphatic filariasisOnchocerciasisRabiesSchistosomiasisSoil-transmitted helminthiasisCysticercosisTrachomaScabies and other ectoparasitesSnakebite envenomingMycetoma and deep mycoses
WHO/CDC
Buruli ulcerChagas diseaseDengue & Chikungunya*DracunculiasisEchinococcosisYawsFascioliasisAfrican trypanosomiasisLeishmaniasisLeprosyLymphatic filariasisOnchocerciasisRabiesSchistosomiasisSoil-transmitted helminthiasisCysticercosisTrachomaScabies and other ectoparasitesSnakebite envenomingMycetoma and deep mycoses
PLOSMajor NTDs
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Only WHO
Only WHO
WHO/CDC
Only WHO
WHO/CDC
PLOSMajor NTDs
Buruli ulcerChagas diseaseDengue & Chikungunya*DracunculiasisEchinococcosisYawsFascioliasisAfrican trypanosomiasisLeishmaniasisLeprosyLymphatic filariasisOnchocerciasisRabiesSchistosomiasisSoil-transmitted helminthiasisCysticercosisTrachomaScabies and other ectoparasitesSnakebite envenomingMycetoma and deep mycoses
mw- hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output inline dl,.mw-parser-output inline ol,.mw-parser-output inline ul,.mw-parser-output dl dl,.mw-parser-output dl ol,.mw-parser-output dl ul,.mw-parser-output ol dl,.mw-parser-output ol ol,.mw- .mw- hlist dd:last-child ,.mw- hlist dd dd:first-child ,.mw-parser-output dd dt:first-child ,.mw-parser-output dd li:first-child ,.mw-parser-output dt dd:first-child ,.mw-parser-output dt dt:first-child ,.mw-parser-output dt li:first-child ,.mw-parser-output li dd:first-child ,.mw- hlist dd dd:last-child ,.mw-parser-output dd dt:last-child ,.mw-parser-output dd li:last-child ,.mw-parser-output dt dd:last-child ,.mw-parser-output dt dt:last-child ,.mw-parser-output dt li:last-child ,.mw-parser-output li dd:last-child ,.mw- .mw- hlist dd ol>li:first-child ,.mw- Entamoeba histolytica and Naegleria fowleri (both pathogenic amoeba)BabesiosisBalantidiasisChagas diseaseGiardiasisHuman African TrypanosomiasisLeishmaniasisPlasmodium vivax and other non-P. falciparum malarias Helminth infections: DracunculiasisEchinococcosisFood-borne TrematodiasesLoiasisLymphatic FilariasisOnchocerciasisOther food-borne helminthiases (Trichinosis, Anisakiasis, Gnathostomiasis)SchistosomiasisSoil-transmitted helminthiases (Ascariasis, Hookworm Diseases, Trichuriasis, Strongyloidiasis)Taeniasis and CysticercosisToxocariasis and Baylisascaris (caustive agents of VLM). Viral infections: Arboviral infections (Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, Japanese encephalitis, Jungle yellow fever and others)Enterovirus 71 and related virusesHTLV-1, HTLV-2 and other non-HIV retrovirus infectionsRabiesRift Valley feverViral hemorrhagic fevers Bacterial infections: BartonellosisAtypical mycobacteria (including Mycobacterium bovis and Buruli ulcer)Cholera and other enteric bacteria (Shigella, Salmonella, E. coli)LeprosyLeptospirosisMelioidosisNomaRelapsing feverTrachomaYaws, Bejel and PintaQ fever Fungal infections: MycetomaParacoccidioidomycosisChromoblastomycosisOther deep tissue mycoses Ectoparasites: ScabiesMyiasis Non-infectious diseases caused by toxin exposure: PodoconiosisSnakebite envenoming
Only WHO
Neglected Tropical Diseases Worldwide Burden[32][33] · List of diseases
Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis
Disease
Schistosomiasis
DALYs (million)
4.5
Deaths/Yr
280,000
Global Prevalence (million)
207
Population at Risk (million)
780
Hookworm
Hookworm
Disease
Hookworm
DALYs (million)
22.1
Deaths/Yr
65,000
Global Prevalence (million)
576
Population at Risk (million)
3200
Ascariasis
Ascariasis
Disease
Ascariasis
DALYs (million)
10.5
Deaths/Yr
60,000
Global Prevalence (million)
807
Population at Risk (million)
4200
Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis
Disease
Leishmaniasis
DALYs (million)
2.1
Deaths/Yr
51,000
Global Prevalence (million)
12
Population at Risk (million)
350
Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosomiasis
Disease
Trypanosomiasis
DALYs (million)
1.5
Deaths/Yr
48,000
Global Prevalence (million)
0.3
Population at Risk (million)
60
Chagas disease
Chagas disease
Disease
Chagas disease
DALYs (million)
0.7
Deaths/Yr
14,000
Global Prevalence (million)
8
Population at Risk (million)
25
Trichuriasis
Trichuriasis
Disease
Trichuriasis
DALYs (million)
6.4
Deaths/Yr
10,000
Global Prevalence (million)
604
Population at Risk (million)
3200
Leprosy
Leprosy
Disease
Leprosy
DALYs (million)
0.2
Deaths/Yr
6,000
Global Prevalence (million)
0.4
Population at Risk (million)
Not Determined
Lymphatic filariasis
Lymphatic filariasis
Disease
Lymphatic filariasis
DALYs (million)
5.8
Deaths/Yr
0
Global Prevalence (million)
120
Population at Risk (million)
1300
Trachoma
Trachoma
Disease
Trachoma
DALYs (million)
2.3
Deaths/Yr
0
Global Prevalence (million)
84
Population at Risk (million)
590
Onchocerciasis
Onchocerciasis
Disease
Onchocerciasis
DALYs (million)
0.5
Deaths/Yr
0
Global Prevalence (million)
37
Population at Risk (million)
90
Cryptococcosis
Cryptococcosis
Disease
Cryptococcosis
DALYs (million)
12
Deaths/Yr
400,000
Global Prevalence (million)
1
Population at Risk (million)
8
Disease
DALYs (million)
Deaths/Yr
Global Prevalence (million)
Population at Risk (million)
Schistosomiasis
4.5
280,000
207
780
Hookworm
22.1
65,000
576
3200
Ascariasis
10.5
60,000
807
4200
Leishmaniasis
2.1
51,000
12
350
Trypanosomiasis
1.5
48,000
0.3
60
Chagas disease
0.7
14,000
8
25
Trichuriasis
6.4
10,000
604
3200
Leprosy
0.2
6,000
0.4
Not Determined
Lymphatic filariasis
5.8
0
120
1300
Trachoma
2.3
0
84
590
Onchocerciasis
0.5
0
37
90
Cryptococcosis
12
400,000
1
8

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