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Nebraska (album)

Updated: 12/10/2025, 10:35:25 AM Wikipedia source

Nebraska is the sixth studio album by the American singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen, released on September 30, 1982, through Columbia Records. Springsteen recorded the songs unaccompanied on a four-track recorder in the bedroom of his home in Colts Neck, New Jersey. He had intended to rerecord the tracks with the E Street Band but decided to release them as they were, after deeming the full-band renditions to be unsatisfactory. The tape contained seventeen songs, of which ten were used for Nebraska; the others appeared in full-band renditions on the follow-up album Born in the U.S.A. (1984) or as B-sides. Living isolated in Colts Neck, Springsteen was influenced by folk music, American literature, and film when writing the lyrics. The short stories of Flannery O'Connor particularly inspired him to write about his childhood memories. The album contains a stark, lo-fi sound, as the tracks tell the stories of blue-collar workers who try to succeed in life but fail at every turn, while searching for a deliverance that never comes. Some of the lyrics are in the voice of outlaws and criminals, including the killer Charles Starkweather on the title track. The album's artwork is a 1975 photograph by David Michael Kennedy which depicts a black-top road under a cloudy sky through the windshield of a car. Nebraska stylistically stood apart from other releases in 1982. Commercially, it charted within the top 10 in Australia, Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The album was accompanied by two European singles—"Atlantic City" and "Open All Night"; the former supported by Springsteen's first music video. He did not do promotional work for the record, believing listeners should experience it for themselves. Critics praised the album as brave and artistically daring, considering it Springsteen's most personal record up to that point. Negative reviews felt that the songs stylistically merged, and their dark themes would appeal only to fans. The album appeared on several year-end lists. Retrospectively, critics regard Nebraska as a timeless record and one of Springsteen's finest works. The album has appeared on numerous lists of the greatest albums of all time. It is recognized as one of the first do it yourself (DIY) home recordings by a major artist and has had a significant influence on the indie rock and underground music scenes. Numerous artists have paid tribute to the album and have cited its impact on their music. A biographical film based on the album's creation, titled Springsteen: Deliver Me from Nowhere, was released on October 24, 2025. An expanded edition of the album, featuring Electric Nebraska, was released the same day.

Infobox

Released
September 30, 1982 (1982-09-30)
Recorded
December 17, 1981 – January 3, 1982 (except May 25, 1982, for "My Father's House")
Studio
Springsteen's home in Colts Neck, New Jersey
Genre
Folk
Length
41:02
Label
Columbia
Producer
Mike Batlan (engineer)[a]

Tables

Professional ratings · Critical reception
Review scores
Review scores
Initial reviews
Review scores
Source
Source
Initial reviews
Source
Initial reviews
Rating
Record Mirror
Record Mirror
Initial reviews
Record Mirror
Initial reviews
Rolling Stone
Rolling Stone
Initial reviews
Rolling Stone
Initial reviews
Smash Hits
Smash Hits
Initial reviews
Smash Hits
Initial reviews
6½/10
Sounds
Sounds
Initial reviews
Sounds
Initial reviews
The Village Voice
The Village Voice
Initial reviews
The Village Voice
Initial reviews
A−
Initial reviews
Review scores
Source
Rating
Record Mirror
Rolling Stone
Smash Hits
6½/10
Sounds
The Village Voice
A−
Professional ratings · Retrospective reviews
Review scores
Review scores
Retrospective reviews
Review scores
Source
Source
Retrospective reviews
Source
Retrospective reviews
Rating
AllMusic
AllMusic
Retrospective reviews
AllMusic
Retrospective reviews
Chicago Tribune
Chicago Tribune
Retrospective reviews
Chicago Tribune
Retrospective reviews
The Encyclopedia of Popular Music
The Encyclopedia of Popular Music
Retrospective reviews
The Encyclopedia of Popular Music
Retrospective reviews
MusicHound Rock
MusicHound Rock
Retrospective reviews
MusicHound Rock
Retrospective reviews
3.5/5
New Musical Express
New Musical Express
Retrospective reviews
New Musical Express
Retrospective reviews
7/10
Pitchfork
Pitchfork
Retrospective reviews
Pitchfork
Retrospective reviews
10/10
Q
Q
Retrospective reviews
Q
Retrospective reviews
The Rolling Stone Album Guide
The Rolling Stone Album Guide
Retrospective reviews
The Rolling Stone Album Guide
Retrospective reviews
Tom Hull
Tom Hull
Retrospective reviews
Tom Hull
Retrospective reviews
B+
Retrospective reviews
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic
Chicago Tribune
The Encyclopedia of Popular Music
MusicHound Rock
3.5/5
New Musical Express
7/10
Pitchfork
10/10
Q
The Rolling Stone Album Guide
Tom Hull
B+
Professional ratings · Reissues
Aggregate scores
Aggregate scores
Expanded Edition
Aggregate scores
Source
Source
Expanded Edition
Source
Expanded Edition
Rating
Metacritic
Metacritic
Expanded Edition
Metacritic
Expanded Edition
84/100
Review scores
Review scores
Expanded Edition
Review scores
Source
Source
Expanded Edition
Source
Expanded Edition
Rating
Clash
Clash
Expanded Edition
Clash
Expanded Edition
8/10
The Guardian
The Guardian
Expanded Edition
The Guardian
Expanded Edition
Pitchfork
Pitchfork
Expanded Edition
Pitchfork
Expanded Edition
8.8/10
Rolling Stone
Rolling Stone
Expanded Edition
Rolling Stone
Expanded Edition
Uncut
Uncut
Expanded Edition
Uncut
Expanded Edition
Expanded Edition
Aggregate scores
Source
Rating
Metacritic
84/100
Review scores
Source
Rating
Clash
8/10
The Guardian
Pitchfork
8.8/10
Rolling Stone
Uncut
mw- 1982 weekly chart performance · Charts › Weekly charts
Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)
Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)
Chart (1982)
Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)
Peakposition
8
Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)
Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)
Chart (1982)
Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)
Peakposition
3
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
Chart (1982)
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
Peakposition
7
French Albums (SNEP)
French Albums (SNEP)
Chart (1982)
French Albums (SNEP)
Peakposition
18
Japanese Oricon LPs Chart
Japanese Oricon LPs Chart
Chart (1982)
Japanese Oricon LPs Chart
Peakposition
10
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)
Chart (1982)
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)
Peakposition
3
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)
Chart (1982)
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)
Peakposition
3
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)
Chart (1982)
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)
Peakposition
2
UK Albums Chart
UK Albums Chart
Chart (1982)
UK Albums Chart
Peakposition
3
US Billboard Top LPs & Tape
US Billboard Top LPs & Tape
Chart (1982)
US Billboard Top LPs & Tape
Peakposition
3
West German Media Control Albums (Gfk)
West German Media Control Albums (Gfk)
Chart (1982)
West German Media Control Albums (Gfk)
Peakposition
37
Chart (1982)
Peakposition
Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)
8
Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)
3
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
7
French Albums (SNEP)
18
Japanese Oricon LPs Chart
10
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)
3
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)
3
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)
2
UK Albums Chart
3
US Billboard Top LPs & Tape
3
West German Media Control Albums (Gfk)
37
2019 weekly chart performance · Charts › Weekly charts
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
Chart (2019)
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
Position
73
Chart (2019)
Position
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
73
2025 weekly chart performance · Charts › Weekly charts
Australian Albums (ARIA)
Australian Albums (ARIA)
Chart (2025)
Australian Albums (ARIA)
Peakposition
21
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
Chart (2025)
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
Peakposition
4
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)
Chart (2025)
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)
Peakposition
3
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)
Chart (2025)
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)
Peakposition
3
Canadian Albums (Billboard)
Canadian Albums (Billboard)
Chart (2025)
Canadian Albums (Billboard)
Peakposition
86
Croatian International Albums (HDU)
Croatian International Albums (HDU)
Chart (2025)
Croatian International Albums (HDU)
Peakposition
16
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)
Chart (2025)
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)
Peakposition
17
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
Chart (2025)
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
Peakposition
3
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)
Chart (2025)
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)
Peakposition
16
French Albums (SNEP)
French Albums (SNEP)
Chart (2025)
French Albums (SNEP)
Peakposition
21
French Rock & Metal Albums (SNEP)
French Rock & Metal Albums (SNEP)
Chart (2025)
French Rock & Metal Albums (SNEP)
Peakposition
1
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
Chart (2025)
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
Peakposition
3
German Rock & Metal Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
German Rock & Metal Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
Chart (2025)
German Rock & Metal Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
Peakposition
1
Greek Albums (IFPI)
Greek Albums (IFPI)
Chart (2025)
Greek Albums (IFPI)
Peakposition
60
Italian Albums (FIMI)
Italian Albums (FIMI)
Chart (2025)
Italian Albums (FIMI)
Peakposition
4
Irish Albums (OCC)
Irish Albums (OCC)
Chart (2025)
Irish Albums (OCC)
Peakposition
35
Japanese Albums (Oricon)
Japanese Albums (Oricon)
Chart (2025)
Japanese Albums (Oricon)
Peakposition
31
Japanese Rock Albums (Oricon)
Japanese Rock Albums (Oricon)
Chart (2025)
Japanese Rock Albums (Oricon)
Peakposition
6
Japanese Top Albums Sales (Billboard Japan)
Japanese Top Albums Sales (Billboard Japan)
Chart (2025)
Japanese Top Albums Sales (Billboard Japan)
Peakposition
32
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)
Chart (2025)
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)
Peakposition
28
Portuguese Albums (AFP)
Portuguese Albums (AFP)
Chart (2025)
Portuguese Albums (AFP)
Peakposition
100
Scottish Albums (OCC)
Scottish Albums (OCC)
Chart (2025)
Scottish Albums (OCC)
Peakposition
4
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)
Chart (2025)
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)
Peakposition
1
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
Chart (2025)
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
Peakposition
3
UK Albums (OCC)
UK Albums (OCC)
Chart (2025)
UK Albums (OCC)
Peakposition
14
UK Americana Albums (OCC)
UK Americana Albums (OCC)
Chart (2025)
UK Americana Albums (OCC)
Peakposition
1
US Billboard 200
US Billboard 200
Chart (2025)
US Billboard 200
Peakposition
26
US Americana/Folk Albums (Billboard)
US Americana/Folk Albums (Billboard)
Chart (2025)
US Americana/Folk Albums (Billboard)
Peakposition
3
US Top Rock & Alternative Albums (Billboard)
US Top Rock & Alternative Albums (Billboard)
Chart (2025)
US Top Rock & Alternative Albums (Billboard)
Peakposition
6
Chart (2025)
Peakposition
Australian Albums (ARIA)
21
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
4
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)
3
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)
3
Canadian Albums (Billboard)
86
Croatian International Albums (HDU)
16
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)
17
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
3
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)
16
French Albums (SNEP)
21
French Rock & Metal Albums (SNEP)
1
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
3
German Rock & Metal Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
1
Greek Albums (IFPI)
60
Italian Albums (FIMI)
4
Irish Albums (OCC)
35
Japanese Albums (Oricon)
31
Japanese Rock Albums (Oricon)
6
Japanese Top Albums Sales (Billboard Japan)
32
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)
28
Portuguese Albums (AFP)
100
Scottish Albums (OCC)
4
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)
1
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
3
UK Albums (OCC)
14
UK Americana Albums (OCC)
1
US Billboard 200
26
US Americana/Folk Albums (Billboard)
3
US Top Rock & Alternative Albums (Billboard)
6
Year-end chart performance · Charts › Year-end charts
Canadian Albums (RPM)
Canadian Albums (RPM)
Chart (1982)
Canadian Albums (RPM)
Position
32
UK Albums Chart
UK Albums Chart
Chart (1982)
UK Albums Chart
Position
88
Chart (1982)
Position
Canadian Albums (RPM)
32
UK Albums Chart
88
Sales certifications · Certifications
Australia (ARIA)
Australia (ARIA)
Region
Australia (ARIA)
Certification
Platinum
Certified units/sales
70,000^
Canada (Music Canada)
Canada (Music Canada)
Region
Canada (Music Canada)
Certification
Gold
Certified units/sales
50,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)
United Kingdom (BPI)
Region
United Kingdom (BPI)
Certification
Gold
Certified units/sales
100,000^
United States (RIAA)
United States (RIAA)
Region
United States (RIAA)
Certification
Platinum
Certified units/sales
1,000,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Region
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
Platinum
70,000^
Canada (Music Canada)
Gold
50,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)
Gold
100,000^
United States (RIAA)
Platinum
1,000,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.

References

  1. Nebraska's LP sleeve does not list an official producer, instead crediting Mike Batlan as the recording engineer. Speaki
  2. Springsteen had recently performed Guthrie's "This Land Is Your Land" throughout the River Tour.
  3. Attributed to multiple references:
  4. Some commentators state the entire tape was recorded on January 3, 1982, although others place the recording between Dec
  5. The boombox had fallen into a river while on a boating trip. The machine died but unexpectedly restarted a week later.
  6. "Bye Bye Johnny" was a Chuck Berry cover. According to Warren Zanes, "Bye Bye Johnny" appeared on the tape, with a handw
  7. Heylin states in the liner notes to the 2003 compilation album The Essential Bruce Springsteen that "The Big Payback" wa
  8. Springsteen and the E Street Band previously recorded The River at the Power Station.
  9. Originally titled "Come On (Let's Go Tonight)", "Johnny Bye-Bye" was an Elvis Presley tribute that was a partial rewrite
  10. According to Zanes, Plotkin credits Landau with the idea of releasing the demos, Landau credits Springsteen, while Van Z
  11. Attributed to multiple references:
  12. See specific sources for attribution. Minimalist:; folk:; heartland rock:; lo-fi; country:
  13. See specific sources for attribution. Stark:; bleak:; haunting:; somber: depressing,; brutal:
  14. Attributed to multiple references:
  15. This line is fictional. Springsteen took the quote from another killer in O'Connor's short story "A Good Man Is Hard to
  16. Attributed to multiple references:
  17. Attributed to multiple references:
  18. The cover is one of a small number of Springsteen's studio album covers to not feature his face, alongside Greetings fro
  19. Springsteen taped a new version of "The Losin' Kind" during the 1983 Los Angeles home sessions, which remains unreleased
  20. Attributed to multiple references:
  21. Attributed to multiple references:
  22. Attributed to multiple references:
  23. Attributed to multiple references:
  24. Attributed to multiple references:
  25. Nebraska
  26. Zanes 2023, p. 198.
  27. Gaar 2016, p. 198.
  28. Nebraska
    http://www.allmusic.com/album/nebraska-mw0000650804
  29. Ultimate Classic Rock
    https://ultimateclassicrock.com/bruce-springsteen-the-river/
  30. Zanes 2023, pp. 70–71.
  31. Zanes 2023, pp. 77–78.
  32. Zanes 2023, p. 83.
  33. Gaar 2016, p. 80.
  34. Margotin & Guesdon 2020, p. 222.
  35. Zanes 2023, p. 85.
  36. Carlin 2012, p. 285.
  37. Nebraska
    https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/bruce-springsteen-nebraska/
  38. PopMatters
    https://www.popmatters.com/153907-nebraska-heart-of-darkness-2495891331.html
  39. Springsteen 2003, p. 136.
  40. Hyden 2024, p. 78.
  41. Margotin & Guesdon 2020, pp. 190, 192.
  42. Flannery O'Connor Review
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/26671133
  43. Marsh 1987, p. 97.
  44. Marsh 1987, p. 94.
  45. Himes 2005, p. 61.
  46. Kirkpatrick 2007, p. 84.
  47. Springsteen 2003, p. 138.
  48. Kirkpatrick 2007, p. 83.
  49. Carlin 2012, pp. 291–293.
  50. Himes 2005, p. 11.
  51. Dolan 2012, p. 190.
  52. Springsteen 2016, p. 299.
  53. Nebraska
    https://www.classicrockreview.com/2012/04/1982-bruce-springsteen-nebraska/
  54. Heart Of Darkness
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/8994760/Heart-Of-Darkness-Bruce-Springsteens-Nebraska-by-David-Burke-review.html
  55. Zanes 2023, p. 150.
  56. Zanes 2023, p. 19.
  57. Dolan 2012, pp. 190–191.
  58. Margotin & Guesdon 2020, p. 192.
  59. Kirkpatrick 2007, pp. 81–82.
  60. Carlin 2012, p. 293.
  61. Zanes 2023, p. 145.
  62. Margotin & Guesdon 2020, p. 194.
  63. Zanes 2023, p. 151.
  64. Zanes 2023, p. 156.
  65. Margotin & Guesdon 2020, pp. 198–217.
  66. Carlin 2012, p. 294.
  67. Ultimate Classic Rock
    https://ultimateclassicrock.com/bruce-springsteen-nebraska-recording/
  68. Sandford 1999, p. 193.
  69. Margotin & Guesdon 2020, p. 195.
  70. Heylin 2012, p. 309.
  71. Himes 2005, p. 26.
  72. Dolan 2012, p. 191.
  73. Zanes 2023, pp. 155–158.
  74. Springsteen 2003, p. 135.
  75. Kirkpatrick 2007, pp. 102, 104.
  76. Zanes 2023, p. 164.
  77. Heylin 2013, pp. 242–243.
  78. Zanes 2023, pp. 164–166.
  79. Himes 2005, p. 27.
  80. Kirkpatrick 2007, p. 82.
  81. Heylin 2012, p. 484.
  82. Margotin & Guesdon 2020, pp. 218–219.
  83. Margotin & Guesdon 2020, p. 216.
  84. Heylin 2012, p. 490.
  85. Gaar 2016, pp. 74–80.
  86. Zanes 2023, p. 168.
  87. Himes 2005, p. 31.
  88. Marsh 1987, pp. 113–115.
  89. Dolan 2012, p. 196.
  90. Zanes 2023, pp. 173–174.
  91. Carlin 2012, p. 295.
  92. Margotin & Guesdon 2020, p. 259.
  93. Heylin 2013, pp. 220, 222.
  94. Hyden 2024, p. 12.
  95. Zanes 2023, pp. 169–171.
  96. Himes 2005, p. 49.
  97. Marsh 1987, pp. 115–118.
  98. Margotin & Guesdon 2020, p. 196.
  99. Heylin 2013, p. 257.
  100. Zanes 2023, pp. 176–179.
  101. Marsh 1987, pp. 119–120.
  102. Himes 2005, pp. 83–84.
  103. Gaar 2016, p. 82.
  104. Margotin & Guesdon 2020, pp. 192–193.
  105. Nebraska
    https://consequence.net/2013/07/dusting-em-off-bruce-springsteen-nebraska/
  106. Zanes 2023, p. 185.
  107. Hyden 2024, p. 80.
  108. Rolling Stone
    https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/the-rolling-stone-interview-bruce-springsteen-on-born-in-the-u-s-a-184690/
  109. Rolling Stone
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100613031107/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/17386/113564
  110. Rolling Stone
    https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/bruce-springsteen-electric-nebraska-exists-1235367684/
  111. Rolling Stone
    https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/bruce-springsteen-electric-nebraska-box-set-1235421364/
  112. Bruce Springsteen Official Website
    https://brucespringsteen.net/news/2025/nebraska-82-expanded-edition-release-update/
  113. Carlin 2012, p. 296.
  114. Zanes 2023, pp. 192–194.
  115. Heylin 2013, p. 258.
  116. Nebraska
    https://tascam.com/us/support/news/481
  117. Springsteen 2003, pp. 138–139.
  118. Nebraska
    https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/bruce-springsteen-nebraska-columbia
  119. Margotin & Guesdon 2020, pp. 142–144.
  120. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/26/arts/bruce-springsteen-fashions-a-compelling-austere-message.html
  121. The Daily Telegraph
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/bruce-springsteen-albums-ranked-worst-best/
  122. Nebraska
    https://www.punknews.org/review/11066/bruce-springsteen-nebraska
  123. Nebraska
    https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/nebraska-19821028
  124. Billboard
    https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/80s/1982/BB-1982-10-02.pdf
  125. Marsh 1987, pp. 128–129.
  126. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/30/arts/heartland-rock-bruce-s-children.html?pagewanted=all
  127. Pitchfork
    https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/the-200-best-albums-of-the-1980s/
  128. Nebraska
    https://www.loudersound.com/features/how-bruce-springsteen-battled-the-black-sludge-of-depression-to-make-his-brutal-lo-fi-masterpiece-nebraska
  129. Cashbox
  130. Sounds
  131. American Studies Journal
    https://thestacks.libaac.de/server/api/core/bitstreams/31e1c78a-cc11-4f58-8f5a-44172005ab17/content
  132. Ultimate Classic Rock
    https://ultimateclassicrock.com/bruce-springteen-albums-ranked/
  133. Spin
    https://www.spin.com/2022/11/best-bruce-springsteen-albums/
  134. Hyden 2024, p. 76.
  135. Sandford 1999, p. 197.
  136. Nebraska
  137. The Ringer
    https://www.theringer.com/music/2022/12/14/23508016/bruce-springsteen-nebraska-40-year-anniversary
  138. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1982/10/03/springsteen-hounded-by-the-blight/9d86c44c-28da-4ea5-b4c1-4b049fc5b493/
  139. Time
    https://time.com/archive/6882786/music-against-the-american-grain/
  140. "'Atlantic City' – Bruce Springsteen"
    https://www.allmusic.com/song/atlantic-city-mt0010255758
  141. "'Reason to Believe' – Bruce Springsteen"
    https://www.allmusic.com/song/reason-to-believe-mt0010255766
  142. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/may/30/bruce-springsteen-albums-ranked/
  143. Marsh 2004, p. 378.
  144. Hyden 2024, p. 73.
  145. Hyden 2024, p. 74.
  146. Hilburn 1985, p. 176.
  147. "'Johnny 99' – Bruce Springsteen"
    https://www.allmusic.com/song/johnny-99-mt0010255760
  148. Kirkpatrick 2007, p. 86.
  149. The Boston Phoenix
    https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1982-10-05_11_40/page/6/mode/1up
  150. Dolan 2012, p. 188.
  151. Margotin & Guesdon 2020, p. 198.
  152. Heylin 2013, p. 235.
  153. Margotin & Guesdon 2020, pp. 201–202.
  154. Kirkpatrick 2007, p. 87.
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