Topzle Topzle

Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

Updated: Wikipedia source

Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is an ethnic and territorial conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the region of Nagorno-Karabakh, inhabited mostly by ethnic Armenians until 2023, and seven surrounding districts, inhabited mostly by Azerbaijanis until their expulsion during the 1990s. The Nagorno-Karabakh region was entirely claimed by and partially controlled by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, but was recognized internationally as part of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan gradually re-established control over Nagorno-Karabakh region and the seven surrounding districts. Throughout the Soviet period, Armenians in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast were heavily discriminated against. The Soviet Azerbaijani authorities suppressed Armenian culture and identity in Nagorno-Karabakh, pressured Armenians to leave the region, and encouraged Azerbaijanis to settle within it, although Armenians remained the majority population. Motivated by fears of cultural and physical erasure under government policies from Azerbaijan, the Karabakh Movement advocated for the reunification ("miatsum") of the enclave with Soviet Armenia. A referendum in 1988 was held to transfer the region to Soviet Armenia, citing self-determination laws in the Soviet constitution. This act was met with a series of pogroms against Armenians across Azerbaijan, before violence committed against both Armenians and Azerbaijanis occurred. The conflict escalated into a full-scale war in the early 1990s following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The war was won by Artsakh and Armenia, and led to occupation of regions around Soviet-era Nagorno-Karabakh. Azerbaijan and Turkey responded with a transportation and economic blockade of Armenia which persists to this day, while Artsakh was also blockaded until 2023. There were expulsions of ethnic Armenians from Azerbaijan and ethnic Azerbaijanis from Armenia and the Armenian-controlled areas. The ceasefire ending the war, signed in 1994 in Bishkek, was followed by two decades of relative stability, which significantly deteriorated in the 2010s. A four-day escalation in April 2016 resulted in hundreds of casualties but only minor changes to the front line. In late 2020, the large-scale Second Nagorno-Karabakh War resulted in thousands of casualties and a significant Azerbaijani victory. The hostilities subsided with a tripartite ceasefire agreement, under which Azerbaijan captured one-third of Nagorno-Karabakh and regained control over the occupied territories surrounding the region. Ceasefire violations in Nagorno-Karabakh and on the Armenian–Azerbaijani border continued following the 2020 war. Between 2022 and 2023, Azerbaijan escalated its blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh using a military checkpoint, sabotaging civilian infrastructure, and targeting agricultural workers. The ten-month-long military siege isolated the region from the outside world. In September 2023, Azerbaijan launched a large-scale military offensive, resulting in the flight of the entire population, the dissolution of Artsakh, and its incorporation into Azerbaijan. In August 2025, Azerbaijan and Armenia signed a US-brokered peace agreement in Washington D.C., aiming to end the conflict, reopen transport routes, and normalize relations.

Infobox

Date
20 February 1988 – present (37 years, 9 months and 3 weeks) Guerrilla warfare: 1988–1991 First Nagorno-Karabakh War: 1992–1994 Low-intensity conflict: 1994–2020 Second Nagorno-Karabakh War: 2020 Low-intensity conflict: 2020–2023 Azerbaijani offensive: 2023
Location
Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact, Armenia–Azerbaijan border
Status
Armenian victory: 1994 Blockade of Armenia (1989–ongoing) Political stalemate and cold war: 1994–2020 Arms race and militarization Azerbaijani victory: 2020 Border crisis: 2021–present Blockade of Artsakh: 2022–2023 Azerbaijani victory: 2023 Disbandment of the Artsakh Defence Army: 2023 Negotiations started between Artsakh and Azerbaijan on 21 September 2023 Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians (2023) Artsakh dissolved on 1 January 2024 Continued Armenian-Azerbaijani border crisis Armenia returned four villages captured during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War to Azerbaijan on 24 May 2024. Armenia–Azerbaijan peace agreement signed on 8 August 2025
Territorialchanges
Azerbaijan gained control over all of Nagorno-Karabakh

Tables

· Fatalities › 1994–2019
2008
2008
Year
2008
Armenia
N/A
Azerbaijan
N/A
Total
30 soldiers
2009
2009
Year
2009
Armenia
N/A
Azerbaijan
N/A
Total
19 soldiers
2010
2010
Year
2010
Armenia
7 soldiers
Azerbaijan
18 soldiers
Total
25 soldiers
2011
2011
Year
2011
Armenia
10 soldiers
Azerbaijan
4+ soldiers, 1 civilian
Total
14+ soldiers, 1 civilian
2012
2012
Year
2012
Armenia
14 soldiers
Azerbaijan
20 soldiers
Total
34 soldiers
2013
2013
Year
2013
Armenia
7 soldiers
Azerbaijan
12 soldiers
Total
19 soldiers
2014
2014
Year
2014
Armenia
27 soldiers, 6 civilians
Azerbaijan
37 soldiers, 2 civilians
Total
64 soldiers, 8 civilians
2015
2015
Year
2015
Armenia
42 soldiers, 5 civilians
Azerbaijan
64 soldiers
Total
77 soldiers, 5 civilians
2016
2016
Year
2016
Armenia
108–112 soldiers, 9 civilians
Azerbaijan
109 soldiers, 6 civilians
Total
217–221 soldiers, 15 civilians
2017
2017
Year
2017
Armenia
22 soldiers
Azerbaijan
19 soldiers
Total
41 soldiers
2018
2018
Year
2018
Armenia
5–7 soldiers
Azerbaijan
6 soldiers
Total
11–13 soldiers
2019
2019
Year
2019
Armenia
4 soldiers
Azerbaijan
6+ soldiers
Total
10+ soldiers
Year
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Total
2008
N/A
N/A
30 soldiers
2009
N/A
N/A
19 soldiers
2010
7 soldiers
18 soldiers
25 soldiers
2011
10 soldiers
4+ soldiers, 1 civilian
14+ soldiers, 1 civilian
2012
14 soldiers
20 soldiers
34 soldiers
2013
7 soldiers
12 soldiers
19 soldiers
2014
27 soldiers, 6 civilians
37 soldiers, 2 civilians
64 soldiers, 8 civilians
2015
42 soldiers, 5 civilians
64 soldiers
77 soldiers, 5 civilians
2016
108–112 soldiers, 9 civilians
109 soldiers, 6 civilians
217–221 soldiers, 15 civilians
2017
22 soldiers
19 soldiers
41 soldiers
2018
5–7 soldiers
6 soldiers
11–13 soldiers
2019
4 soldiers
6+ soldiers
10+ soldiers

References

  1. Formal dissolution on 1 January 2024
  2. Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) until 1991.
  3. Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Armenia) until 1990 (renamed Republic of Armenia)/1991 (declared independence
  4. "Throughout the Soviet period, Moscow supported the Azerbaijani authorities against Armenian secessionists." "Until the
  5. Armenia: 44,800 active servicemen (2019, IISS)Artsakh: 18,000–20,000 active servicemen (2008, ARAG)
  6. Also called the Karabakh conflict, Armenia–Azerbaijan conflict, or Armenian–Azerbaijani conflict. Usually referred to as
  7. According to the Constitution of the USSR, if a union republic voted to leave the Soviet Union, its autonomous republics
  8. According to the Caucasian Calendar for 1917, in 1916 Shusha had an Armenian population of 23,396, forming 53.3% of the
  9. These include, among others, President Mohammad Khatami in 2004, Chief of Staff of Iran's Armed Forces Mohammad Bagheri
  10. The political status of Abkhazia is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Georgia in 1992, Abkhazia i
  11. South Ossetia's status is disputed. It considers itself to be an independent state, but this is recognised by only a f
  12. Transnistria's political status is disputed. It considers itself to be an independent state, but this is not recognised
  13. Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei, Comoros, Djibouti, Gambia, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya,
  14. Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Serbia, Turkey, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
  15. The South Caucasus: Nationalism, Conflict and Minorities
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200823144616/https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/469cbfd90.pdf
  16. Ethnicity and Territory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions in Conflict
    https://books.google.com/books?id=QBWgBAAAQBAJ&dq=soviet+sided+azerbaijan+karabakh&pg=PA145
  17. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-09-21-mn-730-story.html
  18. Report no. 46, Department of East European Studies
    https://is.muni.cz/el/fss/jaro2019/POL587/um/Cornell_The_Nagorno-Karabakh_Conflict.pdf
  19. The Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies
    https://journals.openedition.org/pipss/1623
  20. The Journal of Soviet Military Studies
    https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13518049208430053
  21. Kommersant
    https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4537733
  22. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/article/armenian-azerbaijan-conflict.html
  23. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-armenia-azerbaijan-allies-analysis/analysis-russia-and-turkey-keep-powder-dry-in-nagorno-karabakh-conflict-idUSKBN27P0MN
  24. Eurasianet
    https://eurasianet.org/the-nagorno-karabakh-republic-the-life-and-death-of-an-unrecognized-state
  25. Foreign Policy Research Institute
    https://www.fpri.org/article/2024/01/a-frozen-conflict-boils-over-nagorno-karabakh-in-2023-and-future-implications/
  26. Social Europe
    https://www.socialeurope.eu/nagorno-karabakh-its-not-over-yet
  27. Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts
  28. Washington Post
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200724154403/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/05/how-the-crisis-over-nagorno-karabakh-could-get-worse-fast/
  29. "The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Visual Explainer"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200629210704/https://www.crisisgroup.org/content/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-visual-explainer
  30. Emerald Expert Briefings
    https://doi.org/10.1108%2FOXAN-DB223736
  31. Reuters
    https://archive.today/20200824143926/https://www.reuters.com/article/armenia-azerbaijan-karabakh/armenia-says-to-recognise-karabakh-in-case-of-war-idUKLDE6B917F20101210
  32. "The Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict hints at the future of war"
    https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/10/10/the-azerbaijan-armenia-conflict-hints-at-the-future-of-war
  33. "Caucasus war a result of US retreat from the world"
    https://asiatimes.com/2020/10/caucasus-war-a-result-of-us-retreat-from-the-world/
  34. "Armenia-Azerbaijan: Almost 100 killed in overnight clashes"
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62888891
  35. "Azerbaijan launches operation against Armenian forces in Nagorno-Karabakh"
    https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/19/asia/armenia-azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh-bombardment-intl/index.html
  36. Accord
    http://www.c-r.org/downloads/17_Nagorny_Karabakh.pdf
  37. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-nagorno-karabakh-20160419-story.html
  38. The Caucasus and Central Asia: Transitioning to Emerging Markets
    https://www.elibrary.imf.org/doc/IMF087/21239-9781484305140/21239-9781484305140/Other_formats/Source_PDF/21239-9781475588033.pdf
  39. opendemocracy.net
    https://archive.today/20200824135251/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opensecurity/armenia-and-azerbaijan-what-can-societies-do-when-political-judgement-e/
  40. Central Asian Survey
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713656168
  41. The Moscow Times
    https://archive.today/20200805210327/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2016/11/21/russias-answer-to-nagorno-karabakh-mutually-assured-destruction-a56224
  42. "Global Militarisation Index 2019"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210806002150/https://www.bicc.de/uploads/tx_bicctools/BICC_GMI_2019_EN.pdf
  43. de Waal, Thomas
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190328073010/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35954969
  44. Global News
    https://globalnews.ca/news/7452082/azerbaijan-armenia-update/
  45. eurasianet.org
    https://eurasianet.org/as-azerbaijan-pushes-advantage-against-armenia-russias-role-again-under-scrutiny
  46. Eurasianet
    https://eurasianet.org/armenia-and-azerbaijan-in-new-border-crisis
  47. "European Parliament resolution on prisoners of war in the aftermath of the most recent conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan (2021/2693(RSP))"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210526023348/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/RC-9-2021-0277_EN.html
  48. Macron, Emmanuel [@EmmanuelMacron]
    https://x.com/EmmanuelMacron/status/1392965873187659778
  49. "Нагорно-Карабахская республика прекратила существование"
    https://www.interfax.ru/world/938736
  50. Barron's
    https://www.barrons.com/news/azerbaijan-says-aims-for-peaceful-reintegration-of-karabakh-armenians-27913556
  51. "Armenian separatists in Karabakh surrender and agree to ceasefire with Azerbaijan"
    https://www.reuters.com/world/us-calls-azerbaijan-halt-karabakh-attack-russia-urges-return-ceasefire-2023-09-20/
  52. "Karabakh Separatists To Hold Integration Talks With Azerbaijan Thursday"
    https://www.barrons.com/news/karabakh-separatists-to-hold-integration-talks-with-azerbaijan-thursday-4ca8761a
  53. "Armenia returns four border villages to Azerbaijan as part of deal"
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/24/armenia-returns-four-border-villages-to-azerbaijan-as-part-of-deal
  54. Le monde
    https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/09/20/azerbaijan-halts-karabakh-operation-as-separatists-lay-down-arms_6138089_4.html
  55. www.aljazeera.com
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/9/armenia-pm-says-signed-painful-deal-to-end-nagorno-karabakh-war
  56. Post-Imperium: A Eurasian Story
    https://books.google.com/books?id=9QqVCwAAQBAJ&dq=karabakh+%22de+facto+united&pg=PA67
  57. CACI Analyst
    https://archive.today/20200805175615/https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13491-russian-loan-allows-armenia-to-upgrade-military-capabilities.html
  58. The Military Balance 2019
  59. Azerbaijan: Is War Over Nagornyy Karabakh a Realistic Option?
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160415152138/http://mercury.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/87342/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/a89cdf88-ead4-40f1-8fc1-dd35b766ff72/en/8_may.pdf
  60. sipri.org
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200826153836/https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/1994
  61. Chorbajian, Mutafian & Donabedian 1994, pp. 13–18 Unless otherwise stated, the statistics cited by the authors is from d
  62. The Military Balance 2019
  63. sipri.org
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200826154313/https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/1995
  64. de Waal 2003, p. 285. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Waal2003 (help)
  65. Winds of Change in Nagorno Karabakh Archived 6 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Euronews. 28 November 2009.
    http://www.euronews.net/2009/11/28/winds-of-change-in-nagorno-karabakh/
  66. Uppsala Conflict Data Program, Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh – civilians, viewed 3 May 2013
  67. Naharnet
    http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/150603
  68. See
  69. Europe Briefing N°60
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160520105841/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/caucasus/B60%20Armenia%20and%20Azerbaijan%20---%20Preventing%20War.pdf
  70. See here
  71. See here
  72. See here
  73. Conflict and Peace in Central Eurasia: Towards Explanations and Understandings
    https://books.google.com/books?id=juziBQAAQBAJ&dq=Karabakh+territorial+conflict&pg=PA159
  74. De Waal, Thomas
    https://archive.today/20200804143421/https://www.mei.edu/publications/new-old-dynamics-play-armenia-azerbaijan-conflict
  75. primeminister.am
    https://archive.today/20200805205942/https://www.primeminister.am/en/statements-and-messages/item/2019/12/23/Nikol-Pashinyan-meeting-Security-Council/
  76. nk.gov.az
    https://archive.today/20200817115852/https://nk.gov.az/en/page/69/
  77. Starovoytova 1997, p. 24.
  78. The Caucasian knot: the history & geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh
  79. Black garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war
  80. Small States, Russia and the West Polarity, Constellations and Heterogeneity in the Geopolitics of the Caucasus
    https://books.google.com/books?id=951ZEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1964
  81. "СОЮЗ СОВЕТСКИХ СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКИХ РЕСПУБЛИК. ЗАКОН О порядке решения вопросов, связанных с выходом союзной республики из СССР"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160912024819/https://docs.cntd.ru/document/902002993
  82. Starovoytova 1997, p. vi.
  83. The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: Historical and Political Perspectives
  84. Global Voices
    https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/19/armenia-and-azerbaijan-a-blockade-that-never-ended-and-a-peace-deal-hanging-by-a-thread/
  85. Journal of Strategic Studies
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402390.2022.2127093
  86. Freedom House
    https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2024/why-are-there-no-armenians-nagorno-karabakh
  87. Freedom House
    https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2024/why-are-there-no-armenians-nagorno-karabakh
  88. eurasianet.org
    https://eurasianet.org/nagorno-karabakh-authorities-warn-of-critical-situation-as-azerbaijan-bans-red-cross-vehicles
  89. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/azerbaijan-says-six-its-citizens-were-killed-by-land-mines-karabakh-2023-09-19/
  90. "Azerbaijan launches attack in Nagorno-Karabakh, announces 'evacuation' of Armenian population"
    https://www.politico.eu/article/azerbaijan-launch-anti-terror-operation-nagorno-karabakh-armenia/
  91. "Azerbaijan says it has begun 'anti-terrorist' operations in Nagorno-Karabakh"
    https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20230919-azerbaijan-says-it-has-begun-anti-terrorist-operations-in-nagorno-karabakh
  92. Коммерсантъ
    https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6239337
  93. www.bbc.com
    https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c39dzl1lzrgo
  94. www.nkr.am
    http://www.nkr.am/hy/azerbaijan-karabakh-conflict-history
  95. The Republic of Armenia: From London to Sèvres, February–August 1920
  96. Кавказский календарь на 1917 год
    https://web.archive.org/web/20211104233151/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322
  97. armenian.usc.edu
    https://armenian.usc.edu/qa-with-arsene-saparov-no-evidence-that-stalin-gave-karabakh-to-azerbaijan/
  98. ANI Armenian Research Center
    https://www.aniarc.am/2017/05/29/nagorno-karabakhs-petition-to-prime-minister-nikita-khrushchev-19-may-1964/
  99. Parts of a Circle I: The Road to War
  100. Saparov 2014, p. 116: "The solution proposed by the [Karabakh uezdy] conference was similar to previous suggestions, but
  101. Chorbajian, Mutafian & Donabedian 1994, pp. 138–140, 154: "The borders were to be drawn before 15 August by a mixed comm
  102. Armenia: A Very Brief History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Armenia&pg=PA
  103. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism
    https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sena.12420
  104. 'Tis Some Poor Fellow's Skull Post-Soviet Warfare in the Southern Caucasus
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Tis_Some_Poor_Fellow_s_Skull&pg=PA
  105. Northwestern Journal of Human Rights
    https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njihr/vol22/iss3/1
  106. Saparov 2014, p. 164: "...confirmation of the deliberate demographic change policy pursued by the Azerbaijani authoritie
  107. United States Institute of Peace
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150905002501/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/pwks19.pdf
  108. Central Asian Survey
    https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02634939108400741?journalCode=ccas20
  109. De Waal 2003, p. 18.
  110. The Referendum and Other Essays on Constitutional Politics
    https://books.google.com/books?id=nmyODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57
  111. www.udel.edu
    https://www.udel.edu/faculty-staff/experts/stuart-kaufman/
  112. Modern hatreds: the symbolic politics of ethnic war
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1160511946
  113. De Waal 2003, pp. 18–19.
  114. Cheterian 2008, pp. 104–108. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCheterian2008 (help)
  115. Hakobyan, Tatul. "Ի՞նչ է կատարվել Կապանում. 1988-ի փետրվար" [What happened in Kapan? February 1988], ANI Armenian Resear
    https://www.aniarc.am/2020/02/23/what-happened-in-kapan-1988-karabakh-diary-tatul-hakobyan-book/
  116. Լրաբեր հասարակական գիտությունների
    https://arar.sci.am/dlibra/publication/408231/edition/377503
  117. de Waal 2013, pp. 11–12. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Waal2013 (help)
  118. Foreign Affairs
    http://www.cilicia.com/armo19e.html
  119. Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe
  120. The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications
    https://archive.org/details/armeniaazerbaija00croi
  121. At the time of the dissolution of the USSR, the United States government recognized as legitimate the pre-Molotov–Ribben
  122. Four UN Security Council resolutions, passed in 1993, called for the withdrawal of Armenian forces from the regions fall
  123. Using numbers provided by journalist Thomas de Waal for the area of each rayon, as well as the area of the Nagorno-Karab
  124. de Waal 2013, p. 327. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Waal2013 (help)
  125. Caucasus Survey
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23761199.2014.11417295
  126. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7278871.stm
  127. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7278483.stm
  128. undocs.org
    https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/62/243
  129. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
    http://www.rferl.org/content/Three_Azerbaijani_Soldiers_Killed_Near_NagornoKarabakh/1962175.html
  130. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
    https://www.rferl.org/a/OSCE_EU_Condemn_Karabakh_Armed_Incident/2079009.html
  131. Europe Briefing N°60
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160520105841/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/caucasus/B60%20Armenia%20and%20Azerbaijan%20---%20Preventing%20War.pdf
  132. "Azerbaijan goes beyond all permissible limits, two Artsakh servicemen killed"
    http://www.armeniansworld.com/azerbaijan-goes-beyond-all-permissible-limits-two-artsakh-servicemen-killed/
  133. ArmeniaDiaspora.com
    http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/24350911.html
  134. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
    http://www.rferl.org/content/armenia_army_deaths_down_in_2011/24458025.html
  135. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/04/nagorno-karabakh-clashes-azerbaijan-armenia
  136. Armenian Weekly
    http://armenianweekly.com/2015/02/04/karabagh/
  137. "Armenia Says Two Soldiers Killed In Fresh Border Skirmishes"
    http://www.rferl.org/content/armenia-says-two-soldiers-killed-in-fresh-border-skirmishes/25429458.html
  138. "Five more killed in clashes between Azeris, ethnic Armenians (Reuters, August 2, 2014)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141019121229/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/08/02/uk-armenia-azerbaijan-conflict-idUKKBN0G20EP20140802
  139. "Putin Mediates Azeri–Armenian Talks"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140813150917/http://www.eurasiareview.com/13082014-putin-mediates-azeri-armenian-talks/
  140. "Armenia vows 'grave consequences' after helicopter downed"
    https://news.yahoo.com/azerbaijan-shoots-down-armenian-military-helicopter-baku-132139074.html
  141. "Armenian helicopter shot down in Karabakh, 3 crew presumed dead"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141218170917/http://www.reporter.am/go/article/2014-11-12-armenian-helicopter-shot-down-in-karabakh-3-crew-presumed-dead
  142. Armenian Weekly
    http://armenianweekly.com/2016/01/14/attrition-war-escalates/
  143. PanArmenian.Net
    http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/199881/
  144. Yeni Şafak
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160404201814/http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/azerbaijani-soldier-killed-on-contact-line-with-armenia-ministry-2366778
  145. "Armenia and Azerbaijan collision course over Nagorno-Karabakh"
    https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/olesya-vartanyan-magdalena-grono/armenia-and-azerbaijan-collision-course-over-nagorno-karabakh
  146. "Karabakh War Casualty Update: Armenia puts April death toll at 92"
    https://www.armenianow.com/en/karabakh/2016/04/14/armenia-casualties-update-karabakh-april/951/
  147. Meydan TV
    https://www.meydan.tv/az/site/opinion/13405/
  148. PanArmenian.Net
    http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/209819/
  149. PanARMENIAN.Net
    http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/210323/
  150. "Минобороны Азербайджана назвало потери в боях"
    http://haqqin.az/news/67421
  151. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
    https://www.rferl.org/a/nagornoi-karabakh-armenian-soldier-killed-chilingarian-azerbaijan/28962611.html
  152. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
    https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh-halo-deminers-killed-car-mine/29132935.html
  153. BBC News
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200718004331/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53402476
  154. Deutsche Welle
    https://www.dw.com/de/armenien-und-aserbaidschan-bekriegen-sich-wieder/a-54198023
  155. russiamatters.org
    https://web.archive.org/web/20201005003822/https://www.russiamatters.org/analysis/armenia-azerbaijan-war-military-dimensions-conflict
  156. eurasianet.org
    https://eurasianet.org/as-fighting-rages-what-is-azerbaijans-goal
  157. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54314341
  158. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-armenia-azerbaijan-curfew-idUKKBN26I0OS
  159. "Turkey Vows Support for Azerbaijan in Escalating Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20201001034250/https://www.voanews.com/south-central-asia/turkey-vows-support-azerbaijan-escalating-nagorno-karabakh-conflict
  160. aljazeera.com
    https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/10/11/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-ushering-in-new-age-of-warfare
  161. "Armenia, Azerbaijan battle an online war over Nagorno-Karabakh"
    https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/10/15/karabakh-info-war
  162. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/29/uk-defence-secretary-hails-azerbaijans-use-of-drones-in-conflict
  163. france24.com
    https://www.france24.com/en/20200930-un-security-council-calls-for-immediate-end-to-fighting-in-nagorno-karabakh
  164. "Nagorno-Karabakh conflict unacceptable: EU"
    https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6991293/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-unacceptable-eu/
  165. "Путин выступил с заявлением о прекращении огня в Карабахе"
    https://ria.ru/20201110/karabakh-1583847112.html
  166. "Пашинян заявил о прекращении боевых действий в Карабахе"
    https://ria.ru/20201110/karabakh-1583845291.html
  167. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54885906
  168. Centre for European Policy Studies
    https://www.ceps.eu/ceps-publications/the-nagorny-karabakh-conflict-in-its-fourth-decade/
  169. "Azerbaijan: Armenian POWs Abused in Custody"
    https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/03/19/azerbaijan-armenian-pows-abused-custody
  170. Human Rights Watch
    https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/02/azerbaijan-armenian-prisoners-war-badly-mistreated
  171. Eurasianet
    https://eurasianet.org/armenian-soldiers-on-trial-in-azerbaijan
  172. media.un.org
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220503155508/https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1z/k1zrr42ylv
  173. www.aljazeera.com
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/12/the-human-cost-of-the-nagorno-karabakh-conflict
  174. primeminister.am
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220414071601/https://www.primeminister.am/en/statements-and-messages/item/2022/04/13/Nikol-Pashinyan-Speech/
  175. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/oct/13/trench-warfare-drones-and-cowering-civilians-on-the-ground-in-nagorno-karabakh
  176. armenpress.m
    https://www.armenpress.am/eng/news/1078446/
  177. On 21 October 2021, the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Azerbaijan published a list of dead servicemen. It said 2
    https://mod.gov.az/en/news/list-of-the-servicemen-fallen-shehids-in-the-patriotic-war-38076.html
  178. "SOHR exclusive | Death toll of mercenaries in Azerbaijan is higher than that in Libya, while Syrian fighters given varying payments"
    https://www.syriahr.com/en/194516/
  179. "Military experts from Armenia and Azerbaijan question official casualty figures"
    https://jam-news.net/karabakh-casualties-experts-opinion/
  180. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54418901
  181. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54407436
  182. Daily Sabah
    https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/diplomacy/armenia-hits-civilians-visiting-cemetery-in-azerbaijans-tartar
  183. "Perspectives | Suddenly a borderland: The new borderization between Armenia and Azerbaijan"
    https://eurasianet.org/perspectives-suddenly-a-borderland-the-new-borderization-between-armenia-and-azerbaijan
  184. openDemocracy
    https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/armenia-azerbaijan-peace-deal-nagorno-karabakh-border/
  185. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան
    https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32374139.html
  186. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան
    https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32098583.html
  187. CIVILNET
    https://www.civilnet.am/en/news/697545/azerbaijan-has-occupied-at-least-215-square-kilometers-of-armenian-territory-since-2020/
  188. www.freiheit.org
    https://www.freiheit.org/germany/circumventing-russia-can-south-caucasus-connect-west-east
  189. openDemocracy
    https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/armenia-azerbaijan-war-kapan-syunik-nagorno-karabakh/
  190. CIVILNET
    https://www.civilnet.am/en/news/656133/armenias-defense-ministry-concealed-azerbaijani-advances-near-syunik-village/
  191. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան
    https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32347394.html
  192. "Department Press Briefing – May 14, 2021"
    https://www.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-may-14-2021/
  193. Eurasianet
    https://eurasianet.org/armenian-and-azerbaijani-leaders-meet-for-the-fifth-time-in-brussels
  194. fundforpeace.org
    https://fundforpeace.org/2023/06/07/STATE-FRAGILITY-AND-THE-SHADOW-OF-GENOCIDE-IN-NAGORNO-KARABAKH-AND-ARMENIA-THE-SOUTH-CAUCASUS/#_ftn20
  195. www.europarl.europa.eu
    https://www.europarl.europa.eu/delegations/en/joint-statement-on-the-escalation-on-the/product-details/20211117DPU31721
  196. KarabakhSpace.eu
    https://karabakhspace.commonspace.eu/news/russia-once-again-alleges-ceasefire-violation-azerbaijan
  197. europarl.europa.eu
    https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/242369/20211117_AZ-AM%20border%20escalation_joint%20statement.pdf
  198. CIVILNET
    https://www.civilnet.am/news/609299/armenia-provides-lands-to-russian-border-guards-in-syunik/?lang=en
  199. OC Media
    https://oc-media.org/russian-troops-deployed-to-armenias-tavush-province/
  200. Eurasianet
    https://eurasianet.org/azerbaijani-forces-block-key-road-through-southern-armenia
  201. Eurasianet
    https://eurasianet.org/azerbaijans-blockade-of-southern-armenia-continues
  202. Eurasianet
    https://eurasianet.org/tension-again-spikes-between-armenia-and-azerbaijan
  203. intellinews.com
    https://intellinews.com/armenia-s-new-road-projects-no-simple-endeavour-230501/
  204. OC Media
    https://oc-media.org/eu-approves-2-year-monitoring-mission-to-armenia-azerbaijan-border/
  205. OC Media
    https://oc-media.org/aliyev-ready-to-offer-amnesty-to-stepanakert-authorities-if-they-dissolve-government-and-parliament/
  206. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան
    https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32340623.html
  207. openDemocracy
    https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/armenia-azerbaijan-peace-deal-nagorno-karabakh-border/
  208. Caucasus Watch
    https://caucasuswatch.de/en/insights/treading-a-tightrope-on-the-armenian-border-reviewing-the-first-two-months-of-the-eus-new-mission-in-the-south-caucasus.html
  209. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան
    https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32433043.html
  210. www.intellinews.com
    https://www.intellinews.com/azerbaijan-president-uses-rare-interview-to-threaten-armenia-231641/
  211. English Jamnews
    https://jam-news.net/what-will-become-of-the-zangezur-corridor-comments-from-azerbaijan-and-armenia/
  212. Journal on World Affairs, UCLA
    https://journalonworldaffairs.org/2022/09/20/aliyev-a-challenge-against-armenian-sovereignty-and-the-rules-based-world-order/
  213. www.ips-journal.eu
    https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/foreign-and-security-policy/armenia-is-under-attack-6190/
  214. New Eastern Europe
    https://neweasterneurope.eu/2022/09/20/armenia-azerbaijan-pelosi-russia-ukraine/
  215. Eurasianet
    https://eurasianet.org/fighting-continues-on-armenia-azerbaijan-border
  216. Eurasianet
    https://eurasianet.org/attacks-on-armenia-highlight-ongoing-disputes-over-corridor-for-azerbaijan
  217. Caucasus Watch
    https://caucasuswatch.de/en/insights/treading-a-tightrope-on-the-armenian-border-reviewing-the-first-two-months-of-the-eus-new-mission-in-the-south-caucasus.html
  218. Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention
    https://www.lemkininstitute.com/armeniaproject/country-visit
  219. Eurasianet
    https://eurasianet.org/perspectives-suddenly-a-borderland-the-new-borderization-between-armenia-and-azerbaijan
  220. fundforpeace.org
    https://fundforpeace.org/2023/06/07/STATE-FRAGILITY-AND-THE-SHADOW-OF-GENOCIDE-IN-NAGORNO-KARABAKH-AND-ARMENIA-THE-SOUTH-CAUCASUS/#_ftn20
  221. panorama.am
    https://www.panorama.am/en/news/2021/05/14/Verishen-Akner-villages/2502339
  222. Eurasianet
    https://eurasianet.org/in-southern-armenia-warily-sizing-up-the-new-neighbors
  223. www.aljazeera.com
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/19/armenia-and-azerbaijans-new-old-border-war
  224. Caucasus Analytical Digest
    https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/579582
  225. OC Media
    https://oc-media.org/worst-fighting-since-end-of-second-nagorno-karabakh-war/
  226. BBC News Русская Служба
    https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-63975080
  227. Freedom House
    https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2023/war-deepens-regional-divide
  228. Lemkin Institute
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230331164920/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/red-flag-alerts-1/red-flag-alert-for-genocide---azerbaijan-update-6
  229. Reaction
    https://reaction.life/nagorno-karabakh-protestors-cause-crisis-in-russias-backyard/
  230. OSW Centre for Eastern Studies
    https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2023-03-06/undeclared-war-a-new-phase-azerbaijani-armenian-conflict
  231. European Parliament
    https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2022-0292-AM-047-054_EN.pdf
  232. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան
    https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32462417.html
  233. "Europe watches on as humanitarian crisis unfolds in Nagorno-Karabakh"
    https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-stalemate-humanitarian-crisis-nagorno-karabakh/
  234. news.yahoo.com
    https://news.yahoo.com/armenia-azerbaijan-tensions-rise-over-180523552.html
  235. "Lachin Corridor and Nagorno-Karabakh - Hansard - UK Parliament"
    https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2023-01-24/debates/B6665EA2-0487-4DD5-8FAD-52C81A74FC4D/LachinCorridorAndNagorno-Karabakh
  236. CIVILNET
    https://www.civilnet.am/en/news/686152/who-really-are-azerbaijans-environmental-activists-blockading-karabakh/
  237. rsf.org
    https://rsf.org/en/after-three-month-blockade-rsf-urges-azerbaijan-and-russian-peacekeepers-let-reporters-visit
  238. openDemocracy
    https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/nagorno-karabakh-blockade-azerbaijan-armenia-citizenship/
  239. MEYDAN.TV
    https://storage.googleapis.com/qurium/www.meydan.tv/az-article-musteqil-jurnalistler-susa-xankendi-yolundaki-aksiyaya-buraxilmadi.html
  240. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
    https://rm.coe.int/the-honouring-of-obligations-and-commitments-by-armenia-information-no/1680aaa677.
  241. Caucasus Watch
    https://caucasuswatch.de/en/insights/treading-a-tightrope-on-the-armenian-border-reviewing-the-first-two-months-of-the-eus-new-mission-in-the-south-caucasus.html
  242. schiff.house.gov
    https://schiff.house.gov/imo/media/doc/recognizing_the_republic_of_artsakhs_independence_and_condemning_azerbaijans_continued_aggression_against_armenia_and_artsakh.pdf
  243. OC Media
    https://oc-media.org/azerbaijan-breaches-line-of-contact-seizing-positions-in-nagorno-karabakh/
  244. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան
    https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32336569.html
  245. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան
    https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32343733.html
  246. OC Media
    https://oc-media.org/azerbaijani-eco-protest-ends-after-checkpoint-installed-on-lachin-corridor/
  247. Economist Intelligence Unit
    https://www.eiu.com/n/azerbaijan-sets-up-checkpoints-on-the-lachin-corridor/
  248. Atlas News
    https://web.archive.org/web/20231001103940/https://theatlasnews.co/conflict/2023/03/25/azerbaijan-makes-advances-in-artsakh-violating-ceasefire/
  249. English Jamnews
    https://jam-news.net/azerbaijan-takes-control-of-country-roads-in-karabakh/
  250. Lemkin Institute
    https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/statement-on-azerbaijan-s-noncompliance-with-february-22nd-icj-order-to-unblock-lachin-corridor
  251. hudoc.echr.coe.int
    https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=003-7528728-10337270&filename=Interim%20measures%20in%20the%20case%20Armenia%20v.%20Azerbaijan%20(no.%204).pdf
  252. Open Canada
    https://opencanada.org/time-for-canada-to-step-up-in-the-south-caucasus/
  253. www.crisisgroup.org
    https://www.crisisgroup.org/crisiswatch/june-alerts-and-may-trends-2023
  254. fundforpeace.org
    https://fundforpeace.org/2023/06/07/STATE-FRAGILITY-AND-THE-SHADOW-OF-GENOCIDE-IN-NAGORNO-KARABAKH-AND-ARMENIA-THE-SOUTH-CAUCASUS/#_ftn20
  255. eurasianet.org
    https://eurasianet.org/supplies-begin-to-run-low-as-nagorno-karabakh-blockade-continues
  256. openDemocracy
    https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan-armenia-roadblock/
  257. www.crisisgroup.org
    https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/caucasus/nagorno-karabakh-conflict/new-troubles-nagorno-karabakh-understanding-lachin-corridor-crisis
  258. Atlas News
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230227225402/https://theatlasnews.co/conflict/2023/01/09/artsakh-blockade-nearing-1-month-shortages-widespread/
  259. OC Media
    https://oc-media.org/nagorno-karabakh-reports-gas-cut-for-second-time-since-start-of-blockade/
  260. OC Media
    https://oc-media.org/food-and-festivities-in-short-supply-as-nagorno-karabakh-enters-new-year-under-blockade/
  261. English Jamnews
    https://jam-news.net/analysis-of-the-nagorno-karabakh-blockade/
  262. www.intellinews.com
    https://www.intellinews.com/hopelessness-grows-as-azerbaijan-s-blockade-of-nagorno-karabakh-enters-third-month-270518/
  263. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան
    https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32247853.html
  264. CIVILNET
    https://www.civilnet.am/en/news/742289/uncertainty-plagues-nagorno-karabakh-students-pursuing-higher-education/
  265. Center for Truth and Justice
    https://www.cftjustice.org/azerbaijans-blockade-of-120000-armenians-of-nagorno-karabakh-and-its-humanitarian-crisis/
  266. Council of Europe - Parliamentary Assembly
    https://pace.coe.int/en/files/32878#trace-1
  267. www.europarl.europa.eu
    https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/RC-9-2023-0075_EN.html
  268. International Association of Genocide Scholars
    https://genocidescholars.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/IAGS-EB-AB-Statement-on-Azeri-Blockade-of-Artsakh.pdf
  269. Lemkin Institute
    https://web.archive.org/web/20221222104640/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/red-flag-alerts-1/red-flag-alert-for-genocide----azerbaijan---update-5
  270. genocidewatch
    https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-emergency-azerbaijan-s-blockade-of-artsakh
  271. OC Media
    https://oc-media.org/energy-crisis-looms-in-nagorno-karabakh-as-reservoir-levels-fall/
  272. Eurasianet
    https://eurasianet.org/six-months-into-blockade-nagorno-karabakh-faces-energy-crisis-as-key-reservoir-dries-up
  273. Amnesty International
    https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/02/azerbaijan-blockade-of-lachin-corridor-putting-thousands-of-lives-in-peril-must-be-immediately-lifted/
  274. The Armenian Mirror-Spectator
    https://mirrorspectator.com/2023/01/10/armenias-electricity-supply-to-karabakh-disrupted/
  275. Hetq.am
    https://hetq.am/en/article/152001
  276. Trend.Az
    https://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/politics/3693367.html
  277. New Eastern Europe
    https://neweasterneurope.eu/2023/04/29/nagorno-karabakh-no-clear-path-out-of-the-crisis/
  278. English Jamnews
    https://jam-news.net/ongoing-blockade-in-nk/
  279. Genocide Watch
    https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-warning-azerbaijan-and-nagorno-karabakh-september-2022
  280. 120,000 people are under siege
    https://www.genocidewarning-nk.com/
  281. Lemkin Institute
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230227225601/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/red-flag-alerts-1/red-flag-alert-for-genocide---azerbaijan-update-4
  282. Troy Media
    https://troymedia.com/crime/world-stands-by-in-the-face-of-the-second-armenian-genocide/
  283. Illinois Holocaust Museum
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230504043106/https://www.ilholocaustmuseum.org/museum-statement-artsakh/
  284. The Armenian Mirror-Spectator
    https://mirrorspectator.com/2022/12/20/difficult-road-ahead-for-karabakh-and-armenia-2/
  285. POLITICO
    https://www.politico.eu/article/azerbaijan-armenia-activists-end-nagorno-karabakh-demonstration/
  286. Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty
    https://www.rferl.org/a/azerbaijan-armenia-karabakh-mine-explosions/32599318.html
  287. OC Media
    https://oc-media.org/live-updates-stepanakert-under-fire-as-war-breaks-out-in-nagorno-karabakh/
  288. France 24
    https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20230919-azerbaijan-says-it-has-begun-anti-terrorist-operations-in-nagorno-karabakh
  289. Armenpress
    https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1120051.html
  290. CNN.com
    https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/20/asia/nagorno-karabakh-russia-ceasefire-intl/index.html
  291. CNN
    https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/20/asia/nagorno-karabakh-russia-ceasefire-intl/index.html
  292. CIVILNET
    https://www.civilnet.am/en/news/751112/breaking-stepanakert-to-disband-army-in-ceasefire-deal/
  293. Meduza
    https://meduza.io/news/2023/09/21/mvd-nagornogo-karabaha-obvinilo-azerbaydzhan-v-narushenii-dogovora-o-prekraschenii-ognya
  294. Rheinische Post
    https://rp-online.de/politik/ausland/berg-karabach-aserbaidschan-soll-waffenruhe-gebrochen-haben_aid-98086627
  295. "The Great Return: Azerbaijan's Post-Conflict Revival Model"
    https://caspianpost.com/opinion/the-great-return-azerbaijan-s-post-conflict-revival-model
  296. De Waal 2003, p. 285.
  297. See
  298. (in Russian) Melik-Shahnazarov, Arsen. Нагорный Карабах: факты против лжи Archived 29 November 2010 at the Wayback Machi
    http://www.sumgait.info/caucasus-conflicts/nagorno-karabakh-facts/nagorno-karabakh-facts-14.htm
  299. "Investigation: Karabakh: Missing in Action – Alive or Dead?"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101103044222/http://iwpr.net/report-news/investigation-karabakh-missing-action-alive-or-dead
  300. "StephenMBland"
    http://www.stephenmbland.com/#!a-letter-from-stepanakert/c1owq
  301. "Названо число азербайджанских военнослужащих, погибших во время I Карабахской войны"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180724154005/http://ru.apa.az/nagornyj_karabakh/nazvano-chislo-azerbajdzhanskikh-voennosluzhashikh-pogibshikh-vo-vremya-i-karabakhskoj-vojny-eksklyuziv.html
  302. "Winds of Change in Nagorno Karabakh". Archived 6 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine Euronews. 28 November 2009.
    http://www.euronews.net/2009/11/28/winds-of-change-in-nagorno-karabakh/
  303. "Armenialiberty:Two Azeri Soldiers Killed In 'Armenian Truce Violation'- ecoi.net – European Country of Origin Information Network"
    http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/238240/361172_de.html
  304. "165 Armenian Servicemen Died in 2016 | Asbarez.com"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200201184941/http://asbarez.com/158971/165-armenian-servicemen-died-in-2016/
  305. "Serj Tankian calls on supporting families of killed Armenian soldiers"
    https://armenpress.am/eng/news/842900
  306. AZERNEWS
    http://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94826.html
  307. "Atəşkəs dövründən bəri erməni təxribatı nəticəsində həlak olan Azərbaycan hərbçilərinin və mülki şəxslərin sayı açıqlandı"
    https://news.milli.az/politics/886390.html
  308. Meydan TV
    https://www.meydan.tv/en/site/society/14539/
  309. 1in.am
    http://ru.1in.am/987.html
  310. Hurriyet Daily News
    http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=azerbaijani-child-killed-near-karabakh-ministry-says-2011-03-10
  311. "Military casualties in 2016"
    https://jam-news.net/military-casualties-in-2016/
  312. Caucasian Knot
    https://www.eng.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/42048/
  313. "Azeri military losses in 2017 – 59 servicemen – Nagorno Karabakh Observer"
    https://nkobserver.com/archives/2072
  314. armenpress.am
    https://armenpress.am/eng/news/981517.html
  315. www.turan.az
    https://web.archive.org/web/20201017172359/https://www.turan.az/ext/news/2019/1/free/Social/en/77801.htm
  316. Кавказский Узел
    https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/344537/
  317. Caucasian Knot
    https://www.eng.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/47886/
  318. ONA
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200927191515/https://ona.az/en/nagorno-karabakh/body-of-azerbaijan-soldier-killed-on-the-frontline-returned-from-neutral-zone-8735
  319. 1 killed (7 Jan.),[4] 1 killed (15 Feb.),[5] 1 killed (5 March),[6] 12 killed ( 12–16 July),[7] 1 killed (21 Sep.),[8] t
    https://www.eng.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/49626/
  320. 1 killed (10 March),[9] 1 killed (4 April),[10] 4 killed ( 12–16 July),[11] 1 killed (23 July),[12] 1 killed (27 July),[
    https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1008058.html
  321. AP NEWS
    https://apnews.com/article/851e96e2177b697c03f020161974c9e8
  322. By 21 October 2021, the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Azerbaijan (MN) published a list of 2,908 servicemen who
    https://mod.gov.az/en/news/list-of-the-servicemen-fallen-shehids-in-the-patriotic-war-38076.html
  323. azernews.az
    https://www.azernews.az/aggression/173628.html
  324. MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN
    https://mod.gov.az/en/news/list-of-the-servicemen-fallen-shehids-in-the-patriotic-war-38076.html
  325. By 27 September 2021, 84 civilians were confirmed killed in the conflict, 80 of which died in the Republic of Artsakh an
    https://news.am/eng/news/665057.html
  326. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54874162
  327. NEWSru
    https://news.ru/en/cis-countries/russian-citizen-dies-in-missile-attack-on-ganja/
  328. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-armenia-azerbaijan/nagorno-karabakh-ceasefire-under-severe-strain-after-new-fighting-idUSKBN27510X
  329. Azvision
    https://en.azvision.az/news/137035/azerbaijan-discloses-number-of-people-killed-in-mine-explosions.html
  330. BBC News Azərbaycanca
    https://www.bbc.com/azeri/azerbaijan-55285924
  331. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/armenia-azerbaijan-int-idUSKBN2920GE
  332. "First Russian soldier killed in Karabakh mission"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210924205505/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/first-russian-soldier-killed-in-karabakh-mission/
  333. 18 civilians were killed by landmines between November 2020, and July 2021,[21] of which six died in 2020,[22] leaving a
    https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2021/07/03/Azerbaijan-releases-15-captured-Armenian-soldiers
  334. www.aa.com.tr
    https://www.aa.com.tr/en/azerbaijan-front-line/azerbaijani-civilian-killed-by-armenian-landmine-blast/2095881
  335. menafn.com
    https://menafn.com/1101549090/Azerbaijani-soldier-killed-during-explosion-in-Aghdam-district
  336. AzerNews.az
    https://www.azernews.az/karabakh/178069.html
  337. Hetq.am
    https://hetq.am/en/article/140696
  338. www.aljazeera.com
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/25/azerbaijan-denies-firing-at-armenian-positions
  339. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/armenian-soldier-killed-by-azeri-sniper-fire-border-tass-2021-09-01/
  340. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
    https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-azerbaijan-border-clashes-deaths/31569486.html
  341. AP NEWS
    https://apnews.com/article/europe-russia-azerbaijan-armenia-075ddbe074af6033e6c3ebcca5dfc00a
  342. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան
    https://www.azatutyun.am/a/31277024.html
  343. The Armenian Weekly
    https://armenianweekly.com/2021/12/01/armenia-and-azerbaijan-agree-to-create-commission-to-demarcate-border/
  344. news.yahoo.com
    https://news.yahoo.com/azerbaijan-hands-over-10-more-141308516.html
  345. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
    https://www.rferl.org/a/azerbaijan-armenia-servicemen-captured-released/31691188.html
  346. ABC News
    https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/nagorno-karabakh-soldiers-killed-drone-attack-83677193
  347. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/19/azerbaijan-launches-anti-terrorist-campaign-in-disputed-nagorno-karabakh-region
  348. France 24
    https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230928-nagorno-karabakh-to-dissolve-ending-independence-dream
  349. AP News
    https://apnews.com/article/azerbaijan-armenia-nagorno-karabakh-5488386cb18c4333d00721365730cdf9
  350. Armenpress
    https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1120051.html
  351. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան
    https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32685339.html
  352. Reuters
    https://web.archive.org/web/20201007045614/https://br.reuters.com/article/us-nagorno-karabakh-idUSKCN0X41Y6
  353. "Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict: Why Caucasus flare-up risks wider war"
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54356336
  354. Financial Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20201001201922/https://www.ft.com/content/f9fc56fb-e4c4-4fb8-a743-bcdb1d862d2c
  355. "Putin, Macron call for Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire as deaths mount"
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/1/putin-macron-call-for-nagorno-karabakh-ceasefire-as-deaths-mount
  356. atlanticcouncil.org
    https://archive.today/20200809201010/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/commentary/transcript/russias-aims-and-priorities-in-nagornokarabakh-10-1-12-transcript/
  357. armenian.usc.edu
    https://archive.today/20200809200527/https://armenian.usc.edu/qa-with-gerard-toal-on-russias-foreign-interventions/
  358. gip.ge
    https://archive.today/20200804145105/http://gip.ge/russia-is-stacking-both-decks-in-armenia-and-azerbaijan/
  359. The American Interest
    https://archive.today/20200809200722/https://www.the-american-interest.com/2018/04/26/armenias-crisis-legitimacy/
  360. Constructing International Security: Alliances, Deterrence, and Moral Hazard
  361. De Waal 2003, p. 206.
  362. De Waal 2003, p. 200.
  363. azatutyun.am
    https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29796641.html
  364. EurasiaNet
    https://eurasianet.org/armenia-azerbaijan-whos-the-big-defense-spender
  365. "Azerbaijan-Armenia Clashes Highlight Turkey-Russia Rift"
    https://www.voanews.com/a/europe_azerbaijan-armenia-clashes-highlight-turkey-russia-rift/6192936.html
  366. "Why Russia supports Armenia against Azerbaijan in the Caucasus conflict"
    https://archive.today/20200804144412/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/why-russia-supports-armenia-against-azerbaijan-in-the-caucasus-conflict-38321
  367. The Daily Beast
    https://archive.today/20200804143718/https://www.thedailybeast.com/in-nagorno-karabakh-a-bloody-new-war-with-putin-on-both-sides
  368. Reuters
    https://archive.today/20200804145249/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nagorno-karabakh-russia-arms/russia-says-wont-halt-arms-sales-to-arch-foes-armenia-and-azerbaijan-idUSKCN0X60DS
  369. "Azeri-Russian Arms Trade $4 Billion Amid Tension With Armenia"
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-08-13/azeri-russian-arms-trade-4-billion-amid-tension-with-armenia
  370. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան
    https://www.azatutyun.am/a/31717311.html
  371. OC Media
    https://oc-media.org/features/azerbaijans-neutrality-and-the-declaration-of-allied-interaction-with-russia/
  372. "Azerbaijan and Russia Sign Declaration on Allied Cooperation"
    https://jamestown.org/program/azerbaijan-and-russia-sign-declaration-on-allied-cooperation/
  373. ispionline.it
    https://archive.today/20200814115324/https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/russia-and-nagorno-karabakh-conflict-careful-balancing-19832
  374. Financial Times
    https://www.ft.com/content/d5488713-bd05-4895-abc3-e936a42664ba
  375. Tablet Magazine
    https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/israel-middle-east/articles/armenia-and-israel-armin-rosen
  376. EurasiaNet
    https://archive.today/20200804195952/https://eurasianet.org/coup-attempt-ripple-effect-azerbaijan-closes-tv-station
  377. The Irish Times
    https://archive.today/20200804200741/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/world-powers-call-for-azeri-armenian-ceasefire-1.2596954
  378. azertag.az
    https://archive.today/20200804200229/https://azertag.az/en/xeber/Ahmet_Davutoglu_Im_proud_of_Azerbaijans_rapid_development_that_I_see_each_time_I_visit_the_country-796798?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=293ce1bede71ef0ef0ccb3adb76a5108ab96db1e-1596571349-0-Adh0lh_9-NjvMym_wqyarLcIoycoO16w4BdZHdIiGEprMc_Fq-5NrHMC69dSBbB5xVpbv11hrrm_2lFHEIZGqgZCYvHXwha_q0sZ9MdpXXAu-n3JAQgyFgSVI_HYxglMqQYMruKeXFen8SEwqIvAUjBk7TXFly_OhdbLS9eJXENlv9g6pUAWTd11g0PotpftH92zckuPdZckH4AN7PgY9gZ_tyAySdYrzVmMP_KJQUCLUA7HcMqLf9ev9EJ03byzYXreJblJhwDPotCP6RoTdOcUeEM2SwoBGFm54HWN7VNflX4Si0_q1jrZXg1aRpz0LFDhmd3RrW4zCQ-TYcEGiHXlTNHDiJukMPfvyO-aemCSXFwHxFb7rJq_p5_WNb5mnGkijej1pnQGnFLLT8HaI7Itg_hVnmrNKqVpIFtBCsy0
  379. Cornell 1998, p. 51.
  380. The Right to Self-Determination in the South Caucasus: Nagorno Karabakh in Context
  381. "Nagorno-Karabakh clash: Turkey backs Azeris 'to the end' against Armenia"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200320224101/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35953358
  382. "Turkey reiterates support to Azerbaijan against Armenia"
    https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/turkey-reiterates-support-to-azerbaijan-against-armenia/1919117
  383. "Azerbaijan-Turkey Military Pact Signals Impatience with Minsk Talks – Analysts"
    https://archive.today/20200805092443/https://eurasianet.org/azerbaijan-turkey-military-pact-signals-impatience-with-minsk-talks-analysts
  384. aa.com.tr
    https://archive.today/20200805092129/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/azerbaijan-turkey-start-joint-military-exercises/913179
  385. The Armenian Weekly
    https://archive.today/20200805092128/https://armenianweekly.com/2020/07/29/armenia-vigilant-as-joint-turkish-azeri-military-exercises-begin/
  386. Daily Sabah
    https://archive.today/20200807183847/https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/columns/what-is-role-of-foreign-players-in-azerbaijan-armenia-conflict
  387. Hetq
    https://archive.today/20200809143015/https://hetq.am/en/article/10111
  388. Caucasus Survey
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23761199.2018.1499298
  389. "Feted in Baku, Turkey's Erdoğan rules out restoring ties with Armenia"
    https://archive.today/20200819175657/https://eurasianet.org/feted-in-baku-turkeys-erdogan-rules-out-restoring-ties-with-armenia
  390. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/11/world/europe/11armenia.html
  391. Emerging Europe
    https://emerging-europe.com/news/turkey-and-azerbaijans-shusha-declaration-adds-to-armenias-isolation/
  392. OC Media
    https://oc-media.org/features/the-shusha-declaration-strategic-realignment-or-business-as-usual/
  393. Eurasianet
    https://eurasianet.org/in-karabakh-turkish-and-azerbaijani-leaders-cement-alliance
  394. PBS NewsHour
    https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/turkey-says-its-ready-to-open-consulate-in-city-that-azerbaijan-took-from-armenian-forces
  395. Tehran Times
    https://archive.today/20200814120151/https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/433513/Ayatollah-Khamenei-Iran-Armenia-should-have-solid-amicable
  396. en.mfa.ir
    https://archive.today/20200809133637/https://en.mfa.ir/portal/newsview/579145/spokesman-urges-peaceful-settlement-of-karabakh-dispute
  397. en.irna.ir
    https://archive.today/20200809133847/https://en.irna.ir/news/82020736/Iran-calls-on-Azerbaijan-Armenia-to-exercise-self-restraint
  398. rferl.org
    https://archive.today/20200809121722/https://www.rferl.org/a/1342695.html
  399. en.irna.ir
    https://archive.today/20200809121913/https://en.irna.ir/news/83174652/General-Iran-Azerbaijan-borders-secure
  400. en.irna.ir
    https://archive.today/20200809121959/https://en.irna.ir/news/83855797/Vaezi-Preserving-territorial-integrity-of-countries-is-Iran-s
  401. en.irna.ir
    https://archive.today/20200809122559/https://en.irna.ir/news/82478097/Iran-s-policy-to-support-Azerbaijan-Republic-territorial-integrity
  402. en.irna.ir
    https://archive.today/20200730065516/https://en.irna.ir/news/83888319/Iran-Azerbaijan-keen-on-boosting-relations
  403. en.mfa.ir
    https://archive.today/20200809133638/https://en.mfa.ir/portal/newsview/591823/iranian-azeri-diplomats-hold-phone-talks
  404. Azerbaijan Since Independence
    https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&dq=iran+economic+armenia+karabakh&pg=PA321
  405. Foreign Affairs
    https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2013-01-15/tangle-caucasus#:~:text=Fearing%20Baku's%20intentions%20to%20fuel,in%20an%20inconclusive%20cease%2Dfire.
  406. Revista de Estudos Políticos
    https://periodicos.uff.br/revista_estudos_politicos/article/view/40296
  407. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/06/world/middleeast/iran-and-azerbaijan-wary-neighbors-find-less-to-agree-on.html
  408. Strategic Impact
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055051/http://cssas.unap.ro/en/pdf_periodicals/si37.swf
  409. Hot Spot: North America and Europe
    https://books.google.com/books?id=io6T82jEoK8C&dq=iran+support+armenia+karabakh&pg=PA185
  410. Helsinki Monitor
    https://brill.com/view/journals/hels/9/1/article-p5_1.xml?language=en
  411. The Right to Self-determination in the South Caucasus: Nagorno Karabakh in Context
    https://books.google.com/books?id=pDISeBcDMEcC&dq=iran+support+armenia+karabakh&pg=PA69
  412. Caucasian Regional Studies
    https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/its-not-about-ancient-hatreds-its-about-current-policies-islam-and-stability-caucasus
  413. "Iranian Official: We Helped Azerbaijan In Karabakh War"
    https://archive.today/20200806082425/https://eurasianet.org/iranian-official-we-helped-azerbaijan-in-karabakh-war
  414. regnum.ru
    https://archive.today/20190819233106/https://regnum.ru/news/polit/1402476.html
  415. Asbarez
    https://archive.today/20200806083119/http://asbarez.com/95788/top-iran-cleric-says-afghan-rebels-fought-for-azerbaijan/
  416. "Iranian embassy in Yerevan avoids commenting on weapons supply to Baku"
    https://archive.today/20200806083118/http://panarmenian.net/m/eng/news/69513
  417. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
    https://www.rferl.org/a/protests-erupt-in-iran-backing-azerbaijan-in-nagorno-karabakh-conflict/30870217.html
  418. Deutsche Welle
    https://www.dw.com/en/iran-fears-spillover-from-nagorno-karabakh/a-55250556
  419. Asia Times
    https://asiatimes.com/2020/10/iran-on-edge-as-azeri-minority-backs-karabakh-war/
  420. Irredentism: Ethnic Conflict and International Politics
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0hLzXEO-fAQC&dq=United+States+supported+Azerbaijan%27s+territorial&pg=PA147
  421. Survival
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00396338.1998.9688528
  422. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ygsAAAAAMBAJ&dq=pro-azeri%20Karabakh&pg=PA37
  423. Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal
    https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/drlj/vol7/iss2/6/
  424. georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160922175429/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020128-20.html
  425. EurasiaNet
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200715161149/https://eurasianet.org/azerbaijan-has-advantage-over-armenia-us-military-aid
  426. armenian.usc.edu
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200714181348/https://armenian.usc.edu/us-allocates-100-million-in-security-aid-to-azerbaijan/
  427. anca.org
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200811144238/https://anca.org/assets/pdf/misc/US_assistance_to_NKR.pdf
  428. "U.S. ends funding for Karabakh demining"
    https://archive.today/20200811143505/https://eurasianet.org/us-ends-funding-for-karabakh-demining
  429. jamestown.org
    https://archive.today/20200811143142/https://jamestown.org/program/us-azerbaijani-relations-cooling/
  430. sipri.org
    https://archive.today/20200807110215/https://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/eu_arms_embargoes/azerbaijan
  431. sipri.org
    https://archive.today/20200814115723/https://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/un_arms_embargoes/nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan-non-mandatory/non-mandatory-un-arms-embargo-on-nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan
  432. azatutyun.am
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200724082733/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/25080110.html
  433. Notes de l'Ifri
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190107232905/https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/rolland_china_eastern_europe_south_caucasus.pdf
  434. The Times of India
    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-pips-russia-and-poland-for-40m-armenia-defence-deal/articleshow/74432148.cms
  435. The Diplomat
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200628223309/https://thediplomat.com/2020/03/india-wins-defense-deal-with-armenia-in-bid-to-chasten-turkey/
  436. "Tajikistan Buying Guns; Ukraine Selling Weapons to Both Armenia and Azerbaijan"
    https://archive.today/20200807105459/https://eurasianet.org/tajikistan-buying-guns-ukraine-selling-weapons-to-both-armenia-and-azerbaijan
  437. razm.info
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170417073840/https://razm.info/77118
  438. azatutyun.am
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200724093041/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/30741775.html
  439. The Armenian Times
    https://archive.today/20200807113316/https://www.armtimes.com/hy/article/190045
  440. "Armenia's MOD spokesman replied to my FB post saying "the info is not necessarily 100% correct, but it is very close to the reality""
    https://archive.today/20200807113834/https://twitter.com/atanessi/status/1225422110383890433
  441. "Jordan denies reports it sent arms to Armenia"
    https://archive.today/20200807111205/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/jordan-denies-reports-it-sent-arms-to-armenia/1925624
  442. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10576109408435961
  443. balcanicaucaso.org
    https://archive.today/20200825112946/https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/Nagorno-Karabakh/Karabakh-statements-and-arms-deals-139345
  444. "Report: Azerbaijan Gets 85 Percent Of Its Weapons From Russia"
    https://archive.today/20200823102332/https://eurasianet.org/report-azerbaijan-gets-85-percent-of-its-weapons-from-russia
  445. sipri.org
    https://archive.today/20200814113957/https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2020/usa-and-france-dramatically-increase-major-arms-exports-saudi-arabia-largest-arms-importer-says
  446. Mideast Security and Policy Studies No. 110
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141103080836/http://besacenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/MSPS110-web.pdf
  447. jamestown.org
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200724100739/https://jamestown.org/program/azerbaijan-shows-off-polonez-lora-missiles-from-belarus-israel/
  448. The Globe and Mail
    https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-canada-issued-permits-for-export-of-target-acquisition-gear-to-turkey/
  449. The Globe and Mail
    https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-canadian-made-targeting-gear-used-in-air-strikes-against-armenians/
  450. History on the Move: Views, Interviews and Essays on Armenian Issues
    https://books.google.com/books?id=KGciVUhpzXUC&pg=PA173
  451. Vestnik Kavkaza
    https://archive.today/20200804150617/https://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/We-sell-weapons-to-Armenia-and-Azerbaijan-to-save-military-industry-Serbian-president-says.html
  452. occrp.org
    https://archive.today/20200807110113/https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/10703-czech-weapons-end-up-in-azerbaijan-despite-embargo
  453. Forbes
    https://archive.today/20200807110408/https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddawkins/2019/10/18/meet-27-year-old-arms-dealer-michal-strnad-the-czech-industrialist-with-more-tanks-than-the-army/%231097b9a668f2
  454. a1plus.am
    https://archive.today/20200807110609/https://a1plus.am/en/article/173028
  455. HRW 1994, p. 106.
  456. HRW 1994, p. 110.
  457. The Christian Science Monitor
    https://archive.today/20200812102846/https://www.csmonitor.com/1993/1116/16071.html
  458. Chorbajian, Mutafian & Donabedian 1994, p. 34: "Alpaslan Turkesh, founder of the Turkish fascist Grey Wolves, acknowledg
  459. vesti.az
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100918061524/http://www.vesti.az/news.php?id=53312
  460. Taarnby 2008, p. 9.
  461. De Waal 2003, p. 179.
  462. eurasianet.org
    https://archive.today/20200819093922/https://eurasianet.org/chechen-fighters-death-reveals-conflicted-feelings-in-azerbaijan
  463. Taarnby 2008, p. 6.
  464. HRW 1994, p. 81.
  465. Taarnby 2008, pp. 5–6.
  466. Taarnby 2008, p. 7.
  467. Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&pg=PA616
  468. newsarmenia.am
    https://archive.today/20200817160852/https://newsarmenia.am/news/nagorno_karabakh/karabah-20110530-42463816/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=c6b237ae5c330cf09a224e0b7a5e919436d25baa-1597680533-0-AdtgoP2-yAcvS_xd1CB7-PkBeKiQJX3IiOoXBPT7jW9b4__upR-aN84b9TBu_HZt_uH7DchO2YK5WMU7XhGCqC3f1UE1DnSXYFoba2CDmNvQoU_OnwOWBBqT653t0mA38C3prPXm6hfdPpCwSBZDp42d9r8AidVFcIhxcoKS7FkD7GPjbQBz9F2RkfoN0Zh5Kkdohng3d-8S-T9aQmFaIcB3yC8xI0MBz2tUYy6ExahPs6NKVwJaS_Sd8-v5eStd2gSkCtn1MB_lzrsao90izX3zFAw8GmuxEBK4PXJAG_uYlnVKGJXb-2ZpIFhOe1OBMd8-znpjpV5o0T1mFG4T68M
  469. tta.am
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170708055134/http://tta.am/%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%B2-%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE/
  470. "В карабахском селе открылся памятник погибшим в войне кубанским казакам [A monument to the Kuban Cossacks who died in the war was opened in the Karabakh village]"
    https://archive.today/20200817160304/https://regnum.ru/news/polit/1410060.html
  471. "Президент Южной Осетии: В борьбе за свободу и независимость народу Карабаха помогали волонтеры-осетины [President of South Ossetia: Ossetian volunteers helped the people of Karabakh in the struggle for freedom and independence]"
    https://archive.today/20200817140128/http://www.panarmenian.net/rus/news/219928/
  472. osinform.org
    https://archive.today/20200817144907/http://osinform.org/55747-osetinskie-hroniki-nagornogo-karabaha.html
  473. "I put together a list, so far I am at 12 names exactly, though I am pretty sure its not an exhaustive list"
    https://archive.today/20200824112916/https://twitter.com/emil_sanamyan/status/810560578179702784
  474. theanalyticon.com
    https://archive.today/20200824112857/http://theanalyticon.com/?p=933&lang=en
  475. Rieff, David
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170312161759/http://www.princeton.edu/~amimages/rieff.html
  476. Connections: The Quarterly Journal
    http://connections-qj.org/article/rising-wind-caucasus-emerging-hub-terrorism-smuggling-and-trafficking
  477. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14683857.2012.686013
  478. nkr.am
    https://archive.today/20200824124856/http://www.nkr.am/en/news/2016-04-07/804
  479. old.mfaapsny.org
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200809130657/http://old.mfaapsny.org/en/information/?ID=4240
  480. mfa-rso.su
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200724090011/http://www.mfa-rso.su/en/node/1688
  481. mid.gospmr.org
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160409172824/http://mid.gospmr.org/en/NJh
  482. Greece and Turkey after the End of the Cold War
  483. Caucasus Chronicles: Nation-building and Diplomacy in Armenia, 1993–1994
  484. Hetq
    https://hetq.am/en/article/67014
  485. pio.gov.cy
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200715123322/https://www.pio.gov.cy/en/press-releases-article.html?id=14759
  486. Caucasus Chronicles: Nation-building and Diplomacy in Armenia, 1993–1994
  487. "From the Archives: How France Influenced UN's Karabakh Resolution"
    https://archive.today/20200816072652/https://armenian.usc.edu/from-the-archives-how-france-influenced-1993-un-resolution-on-karabakh/
  488. mofa.gov.pk
    http://mofa.gov.pk/pakistan-condemns-armenian-attack-on-tovuz-district-in-azerbaijan/
  489. Daily Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160123185504/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/14-Mar-2015/pakistan-will-continue-supporting-azerbaijan-on-nagorno-karabakh
  490. The Express Tribune
    https://archive.today/20200809082221/https://tribune.com.pk/article/97102/why-is-pakistan-the-only-country-that-does-not-recognise-armenia
  491. pio.mfa.gov.ct.tr
    https://archive.today/20200811124507/https://pio.mfa.gov.ct.tr/en/prime-minister-tatar-stressed-support-of-the-turkish-cypriot-people-for-azerbaijan/
  492. oic-oci.org
    https://archive.today/20200807103751/https://www.oic-oci.org/topic/?t_id=23655&t_ref=14098&lan=en
  493. turkkon.org
    https://archive.today/20200807104301/https://www.turkkon.org/en/haberler/turkic-council-secretary-general-on-the-armenia-azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh-conflict_2032
  494. azertag.az
    https://archive.today/20200809104246/https://azertag.az/en/xeber/President_Mirziyoyev_Uzbekistan_supports_Azerbaijan_039s_fair_stance_on_Nagorno_Karabakh_conflict-1104674
  495. kfcris.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200809105610/http://kfcris.com/pdf/91ba14ab13aea57468aee2d0cd58c0bd5d89e0ee3e6cf.pdf
  496. azatutyun.am
    https://archive.today/20200825113850/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/24417280.html
  497. azatutyun.am
    https://www.azatutyun.am/a/30726133.html
  498. The Security of the Caspian Sea Region
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200825103327/https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/files/books/SIPRI01Chufrin/SIPRI01Chufrin15.pdf
  499. mfa.gov.md
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200724092851/https://mfa.gov.md/en/content/republic-moldova-confirms-its-support-sovereignty-and-territorial-integrity-azerbaijan
  500. "Secretariat expresses deep condolences to the families of the perished Azerbaijani militaries, as well as solidarity with the people of the Republic of Azerbaijan"
    https://archive.today/20200805110115/https://twitter.com/GUAMSecretariat/status/1283340328003678210
  501. dailybrief.oxan.com
    https://dailybrief.oxan.com/Analysis/DB199385/Baku-seeks-to-widen-its-contacts-in-Balkans
  502. Jamestown
    https://archive.today/20200825110057/https://jamestown.org/program/azerbaijani-serbian-relations-booming-thanks-to-mutual-interests/
  503. Hürriyet Daily News
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160313124713/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=serbia-8216supports-azerbaijans-position-on-conflict8217-2011-05-05
  504. osw.waw.pl
    https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2016-06-29/apathy-to-nationalist-mobilisation-politics-makes-a-comeback
  505. Belarus Digest
    https://archive.today/20200811090836/https://belarusdigest.com/story/why-belarus-sides-with-azerbaijan-not-armenia/
  506. Turkish Policy Quarterly
    https://archive.today/20200811094236/http://turkishpolicy.com/article/842/the-four-day-war-changing-paradigms-in-the-nagorno-karabakh-conflict
  507. president.az
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160817042648/https://en.president.az/articles/2550
  508. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200825103958/http://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/SVANTE-E.-CORNELL.pdf
  509. Central Asia and the Caucasus
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210928233442/https://www.ca-c.org/online/2012/journal_eng/cac-03/cacE-03-12.pdf
  510. rferl.org
    https://archive.today/20200812165016/https://www.rferl.org/a/Azerbaijan_Withdraws_Draft_Karabakh_Resolution_From_UN/2154542.html
  511. Jamestown
    https://archive.today/20200812164715/https://jamestown.org/program/azerbaijan-trapped-between-palestinians-and-israel-takes-a-pragmatic-position/
  512. un.org
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200601021639/https://www.un.org/press/en/2008/ga10693.doc.htm
  513. osce.org
    https://archive.today/20200812171034/https://www.osce.org/mg/49564
  514. Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
    https://www.occrp.org/en/azerbaijanilaundromat/bakus-man-in-america
  515. Blankspot
    https://blankspot.se/svante-cornells-dealings-in-azerbaijan-despite-funding-from-mfa-of-sweden/
  516. Network Rai
    https://www.rai.it/dl/docs/1481650085978caviar_democracyOKOK.pdf
  517. New Eastern Europe
    https://neweasterneurope.eu/2020/11/16/the-difference-between-armenian-and-azerbaijani-lobbying-activities-in-europe/
  518. English
    https://english.atlatszo.hu/2020/11/05/hungarian-businessman-connected-to-the-azerbaijani-laundromat-makes-a-fortune-in-the-ventilator-business/
  519. The Budapest Beacon
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210612140019/https://budapestbeacon.com/big-push-hungary-ep-comprehensive-inquiry-azeri-laundromat/
  520. "Azeri guruló dollárok Budapesten a baltás gyilkos kiadása idején | atlatszo.hu"
    https://atlatszo.hu/2017/09/05/azeri-gurulo-dollarok-budapesten-a-baltas-gyilkos-kiadasa-idejen/
  521. 444
    https://444.hu/2017/09/05/akkor-erkeztek-azeri-dollarmilliok-egy-budapesti-szamlara-amikor-az-orszag-kiadta-a-baltas-gyilkost
  522. Hungarian Spectrum
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210711101751/https://hungarianspectrum.org/2017/09/06/the-azerbaijan-laundromat-and-orbans-hungary/
  523. eurasianet.org
    https://eurasianet.org/report-7-million-payment-tied-to-hungarys-extradition-of-azerbaijani-axe-murderer
  524. English
    https://english.atlatszo.hu/2017/11/17/atlatszo-is-joining-forces-with-hungarian-mep-to-urge-a-comprehensive-inquiry-into-the-azerbaijani-laundromat/
  525. www.civicsolidarity.org
    https://www.civicsolidarity.org/article/1544/pace-independent-external-investigation-body-released-report-allegations-corruption
  526. the Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/law/2018/apr/22/council-of-europe-members-suspected-of-corruption-inquiry-reveals
  527. "REPORT of the Independent Investigation Body on the allegations of corruption within the Parliamentary Assembly"
    http://assembly.coe.int/Communication/IBAC/IBAC-GIAC-Report-EN.pdf
  528. "Allegations of corruption within the Assembly: committee deprives four members of certain rights"
    https://pace.coe.int/en/news/7066
  529. "Committee deprives fourteen former members of the right to access Council of Europe premises"
    https://pace.coe.int/en/news/7142
  530. eu-ocs.com
    https://eu-ocs.com/council-of-europe-expels-14-members-accused-of-corruption-in-azerbaijan-case/
  531. Deutsche Welle
    https://www.dw.com/en/azerbaijani-laundromat-brings-german-ex-politician-into-spotlight/a-40379377
  532. Cis Collective Peacekeeping Forces
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep07026.5
  533. "The Bishkek Protocol: Bishkek, 5 May 1994"
    https://www.peaceagreements.org/viewmasterdocument/310
  534. peacemaker.un.org
    https://peacemaker.un.org/armeniaazerbaijan-bishkekprotocol94
  535. jamestown.org
    https://archive.today/20200811141329/https://jamestown.org/program/armenian-azerbaijani-border-clashes-the-russian-dimension-and-beyond/
  536. azatutyun.am
    https://archive.today/20200811141711/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/27626496.html
  537. rferl.org
    https://archive.today/20200811141937/https://www.rferl.org/a/1099187.html
  538. Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus
    https://books.google.com/books?id=G_qQAgAAQBAJ&dq=osce%27s+choice+of+france+as+finland%27s+successor+perceived+france+pro-armenian&pg=PA102
  539. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200811141036/https://isdp.eu/content/uploads/images/stories/isdp-main-pdf/1997_cornell_undeclared-war.pdf
  540. Dagens Nyheter
    https://www.dn.se/arkiv/nyheter/chef-for-ud-finansierat-institut-har-nara-koppling-till-diktatur/
  541. "Nagorno Karabakh Leader Makes Unprecedented Visit to Washington"
    https://archive.today/20200816085800/https://eurasianet.org/nagorno-karabakh-leader-makes-unprecedented-visit-to-washington
  542. azatutyun.am
    https://archive.today/20200816090157/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29609466.html
  543. RIA Novosti
    https://ria.ru/20201110/karabakh-1583847338.html
  544. Baku Research Institute
    https://bakuresearchinstitute.org/en/violence-and-politics-in-armenia-azerbaijan-relations/
  545. Journal of Strategic Studies
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402390.2022.2127093
  546. Ahval
    https://ahvalnews.com/nagorno-karabakh/cold-winter-peace-nagorno-karabakh
  547. Foreign Policy
    https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/24/armenia-azerbaijan-war-nagorno-karabakh-aftermath/
  548. Alternative
    https://doi.org/10.55528%2F18292828-2022.4-42
  549. Democratic Governance and Non-State Actors
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230117600_4
  550. A Manual of International Dispute Resolution
    https://dx.doi.org/10.14217/9781848598799-9-en
  551. Mic
    https://www.mic.com/articles/20180/a-monument-to-former-president-of-azerbaijan-now-source-of-conflict-in-mexico-city
  552. Hyperallergic
    http://hyperallergic.com/614619/why-armenian-cultural-heritage-threatens-azerbaijans-claims-to-nagorno-karabakh/
  553. Self-Determination and Secession in International Law
    https://academic.oup.com/book/3811/chapter-abstract/145283746?login=false
  554. Civilnet
    https://www.civilnet.am/en/news/474786/millions-of-dollars-of-infrastructure-lost-in-the-karabakh-war/
  555. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
    https://www.unhcr.org/am/wp-content/uploads/sites/123/2022/02/2020-11-12_Armenia-Protection-Monitoring-Report.pdf
  556. Caucasus Watch
    https://caucasuswatch.de/en/insights/treading-a-tightrope-on-the-armenian-border-reviewing-the-first-two-months-of-the-eus-new-mission-in-the-south-caucasus.html
  557. dw.com
    https://www.dw.com/en/armenia-growing-fears-of-another-war-with-azerbaijan/a-65156669
  558. Caucasus Watch
    https://caucasuswatch.de/en/insights/treading-a-tightrope-on-the-armenian-border-reviewing-the-first-two-months-of-the-eus-new-mission-in-the-south-caucasus.html
  559. www.europarl.europa.eu
    https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2023-0036_EN.html
  560. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան
    https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32229358.html
  561. POLITICO
    https://www.politico.eu/article/eropean-union-putins-turf-new-armenia-monitoring-mission/
  562. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-66863702
  563. "Azerbaijan Says Russian Peacekeepers Have Completed Withdrawal"
    https://www.thedefensepost.com/2024/06/12/azerbaijan-russian-peacekeepers-withdrawal/
  564. AP News
    https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-white-house-armenia-azerbaijan-069379e9c4a058c96af38afbf4684829
  565. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2025/08/08/politics/strategic-armenia-azerbaijan-corridor-named-after-trump
  566. "Nagorno-Karabakh: The Volatile Core of the South Caucasus"
    https://geohistory.today/nagorno-karabakh/
  567. assembly.coe.int
    https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID=7753&lang=EN
  568. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան
    https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32296669.html
  569. The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention
    https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/a-peace-to-end-all-peace%3F--statement-on-the-international-actors-sponsoring-so-called-peace-negotiations-between-armenia-and-azerbaijan-
  570. www.wilsoncenter.org
    https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/kennan-cable-no-81-whats-stake-nagorno-karabakh-us-interests-and-risk-ethnic-cleansing
  571. Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention
    https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/a-peace-to-end-all-peace%3F--statement-on-the-international-actors-sponsoring-so-called-peace-negotiations-between-armenia-and-azerbaijan-
  572. eurasianet.org
    https://eurasianet.org/azerbaijan-quiet-as-karabakh-negotiations-progress
  573. New Statesman
    https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2023/06/fear-loathing-in-armenia-azerbaijan
  574. Eurasianet
    https://eurasianet.org/more-false-starts-in-azerbaijan-karabakh-talks
  575. Eurasianet
    https://eurasianet.org/azerbaijani-president-gives-ultimatum-to-karabakh-authorities
  576. OC Media
    https://oc-media.org/nagorno-karabakh-claims-azerbaijan-offered-integration-or-tougher-measures/
  577. openDemocracy
    https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/nagorno-karabakh-blockade-azerbaijan-armenia-citizenship/
  578. www.wilsoncenter.org
    https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/kennan-cable-no-81-whats-stake-nagorno-karabakh-us-interests-and-risk-ethnic-cleansing
  579. New Statesman
    https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2023/06/fear-loathing-in-armenia-azerbaijan
  580. www.intellinews.com
    https://www.intellinews.com/karabakh-blockade-reaches-critical-point-as-food-supplies-run-low-286173/
  581. Der Spiegel
    https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/blockade-in-the-southern-caucasus-there-is-every-reason-to-expect-more-violence-this-year-a-639a972e-cc4e-477d-99f2-766beb2fcbea
  582. CIVILNET
    https://www.civilnet.am/en/news/746065/in-other-news-reaching-the-breaking-point/
  583. www.intellinews.com
    https://www.intellinews.com/karabakh-blockade-reaches-critical-point-as-food-supplies-run-low-286173/
  584. Tablet Magazine
    https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/israel-middle-east/articles/armenia-and-israel-armin-rosen
  585. Eurasianet
    https://eurasianet.org/azerbaijan-arrests-nagorno-karabakh-resident-during-medical-evacuation-for-war-crime
  586. OC Media
    https://oc-media.org/azerbaijan-arrests-nagorno-karabakh-resident-for-war-crimes/
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.