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Myanmar

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Myanmar

Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered by India and Bangladesh to the northwest, China to the northeast, Laos and Thailand to the east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to the south and southwest. The country's capital city is Naypyidaw, while its largest city is Yangon (formerly Rangoon). Early civilisations in the area included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Myanmar and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Myanmar. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley, and following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language and culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell to Mongol invasions, and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo dynasty, the country became the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia for a short period. The early 19th-century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Assam, the Lushai Hills, and Manipur as well. The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century, and the country became a British colony. After a brief Japanese occupation, Myanmar was reconquered by the Allies. On 4 January 1948, Myanmar declared independence under the terms of the Burma Independence Act 1947. Myanmar's post-independence history has been checkered by continuous unrest and conflict. A coup d'état in 1962 resulted in a military dictatorship under the Burma Socialist Programme Party. On 8 August 1988, the 8888 Uprising resulted in a transition to a multi-party system two years later, but the country's post-uprising military junta, led by members of the Tatmadaw, refused to cede power and continued to rule the country directly until 2011, when the junta was officially dissolved following the 2010 general election. A nominally civilian government was installed and longtime political prisoners like Aung San Suu Kyi were released, but the military retained power over key government operations. The 2015 Myanmar general election led to improved foreign relations and eased economic sanctions, although the country's treatment of its ethnic minorities, particularly the Rohingya genocide, continued to be a source of international tension and consternation. Following the 2020 Myanmar general election, in which Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a clear majority in both houses, the Tatmadaw again seized power in a 2021 coup d'état, which led to the rule of the National Defence and Security Council (NDSC) and its new military junta, the State Administration Council (SAC). The coup, which was widely condemned by the international community, led to continuous ongoing widespread protests in Myanmar and has been marked by violent political repression by the military, as well as the outbreak of a civil war. The military again arrested Aung San Suu Kyi in order to remove her from public life, and charged her with crimes ranging from corruption to violation of COVID-19 protocols; all of the charges against her are "politically motivated" according to independent observers. The SAC imposed a state of emergency from 2021 to 2025, after which it transferred power back to the NDSC. Myanmar is a member of the East Asia Summit, Non-Aligned Movement, ASEAN, and BIMSTEC, but it is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations despite once being part of the British Empire. Myanmar is a Dialogue Partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The country is very rich in natural resources, such as jade, gems, oil, natural gas, teak and other minerals, as well as endowed with renewable energy, having the highest solar power potential compared to other countries of the Great Mekong Subregion. However, Myanmar has long suffered from instability, factional violence, corruption, poor infrastructure, as well as a long history of colonial exploitation with little regard to human development. In 2013, its GDP (nominal) stood at US$56.7 billion and its GDP (PPP) at US$221.5 billion. The income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by cronies of the military junta. Myanmar is one of the least developed countries in the world. The country remains riven by ethnic strife among its myriad ethnic groups and has one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars. The United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systemic human rights violations in the country. Since 2021, more than 600,000 people have been displaced across Myanmar due to the civil war post-coup, with more than three million people in dire need of humanitarian assistance. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are over 1.3 million people counted as refugees and asylum seekers, and 3.5 million people displaced internally as of December 2024.

Infobox

Capital
Naypyidaw[b].mw- 21°00′N 96°00′E / 21.000°N 96.000°E / 21.000; 96.000
Largest city
Yangon[a]
Official language
Burmese
mw- Recognised regional languages
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li ChinKachinKarenKayahMonRakhineShan
Ethnic groups (2019)
68.78% Bamar6.69% Karen4.61% Rakhine4.51% Shan2.19% Mon2.09% Chin1.50% Kachin0.39% Karenni9.24% other
Religion (2014[c])
87 li 6.2% Christianity 4.91% Protestantism 1.29% Catholicism 4.3% Islam0.8% folk religion[d]0.5% Hinduism0.1% no religion0.2% other
Demonyms
BurmeseMyanmarMyanma
Government
Unitary assembly-independent republic under a military junta
• President
Vacant (Min Aung Hlaing serving Pro Tem On Duty)
• SSPC Chairman
Min Aung Hlaing
• SSPC Vice Chairman
Soe Win
• Prime Minister
Nyo Saw
Legislature
Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (dissolved)[e]
• Pagan era
23 December 849
• Taungoo era
16 October 1510
• Konbaung era
29 February 1752
• Colonial era
1 January 1886
• Independence from the United Kingdom
4 January 1948
• 1962 coup d'état
2 March 1962
• 1988 coup d'état
18 September 1988
• Current constitution
29 May 2008
• 2021 coup d'état
1 February 2021
• Total
$64.940 billion (87th)
• Water (%)
3.06
• 2022 estimate
55,770,232 (26th)
• Density
217/sq mi (83.8/km2) (127th)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$1,180 (164th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2017)
30.7 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.609medium (150th)
Currency
Kyat (K) (MMK)
Time zone
UTC 06:30 (MMT)
Calling code
95
ISO 3166 code
MM
Internet TLD
mm

Tables

· Geography › Administrative divisions
1
1
No.
1
State/Region
Kachin State
Districts
6
Townships
18
Cities/Towns
32
Wards
172
Villagegroups
594
Villages
2547
2
2
No.
2
State/Region
Kayah State
Districts
4
Townships
7
Cities/Towns
10
Wards
44
Villagegroups
74
Villages
517
3
3
No.
3
State/Region
Kayin State
Districts
5
Townships
7
Cities/Towns
18
Wards
86
Villagegroups
376
Villages
2092
4
4
No.
4
State/Region
Chin State
Districts
4
Townships
9
Cities/Towns
18
Wards
66
Villagegroups
464
Villages
1347
5
5
No.
5
State/Region
Sagaing Region
Districts
10
Townships
37
Cities/Towns
50
Wards
271
Villagegroups
1755
Villages
5989
6
6
No.
6
State/Region
Tanintharyi Region
Districts
4
Townships
10
Cities/Towns
18
Wards
90
Villagegroups
267
Villages
1237
7
7
No.
7
State/Region
Bago Region
Districts
6
Townships
28
Cities/Towns
52
Wards
328
Villagegroups
1414
Villages
6487
8
8
No.
8
State/Region
Magway Region
Districts
7
Townships
25
Cities/Towns
32
Wards
199
Villagegroups
1538
Villages
4788
9
9
No.
9
State/Region
Mandalay Region
Districts
11
Townships
28
Cities/Towns
30
Wards
280
Villagegroups
1415
Villages
4799
10
10
No.
10
State/Region
Mon State
Districts
4
Townships
10
Cities/Towns
17
Wards
106
Villagegroups
366
Villages
1143
11
11
No.
11
State/Region
Rakhine State
Districts
7
Townships
17
Cities/Towns
26
Wards
171
Villagegroups
1045
Villages
3741
12
12
No.
12
State/Region
Yangon Region
Districts
14
Townships
45
Cities/Towns
21
Wards
743
Villagegroups
621
Villages
2143
13
13
No.
13
State/Region
Shan State
Districts
20
Townships
55
Cities/Towns
86
Wards
513
Villagegroups
1562
Villages
13773
14
14
No.
14
State/Region
Ayeyarwady Region
Districts
8
Townships
26
Cities/Towns
45
Wards
300
Villagegroups
1919
Villages
11864
15
15
No.
15
State/Region
Naypyidaw Union Territory
Districts
4
Townships
8
Cities/Towns
8
Wards
58
Villagegroups
187
Villages
796
No.
State/Region
Districts
Townships
Cities/Towns
Wards
Villagegroups
Villages
1
Kachin State
6
18
32
172
594
2547
2
Kayah State
4
7
10
44
74
517
3
Kayin State
5
7
18
86
376
2092
4
Chin State
4
9
18
66
464
1347
5
Sagaing Region
10
37
50
271
1755
5989
6
Tanintharyi Region
4
10
18
90
267
1237
7
Bago Region
6
28
52
328
1414
6487
8
Magway Region
7
25
32
199
1538
4788
9
Mandalay Region
11
28
30
280
1415
4799
10
Mon State
4
10
17
106
366
1143
11
Rakhine State
7
17
26
171
1045
3741
12
Yangon Region
14
45
21
743
621
2143
13
Shan State
20
55
86
513
1562
13773
14
Ayeyarwady Region
8
26
45
300
1919
11864
15
Naypyidaw Union Territory
4
8
8
58
187
796
Total
121
330
463
3427
13597
63268
· Demographics
Year
Year
Population
Year
Population
Million
1950
1950
Population
1950
Population
17.1
2000
2000
Population
2000
Population
46.1
2021
2021
Population
2021
Population
53.8
Population
Year
Million
1950
17.1
2000
46.1
2021
53.8

References

  1. Formerly known as "Rangoon"
  2. Officially spelled "Nay Pyi Taw"
  3. Based on the estimated overall population, including both the enumerated (50,279,900) and non-enumerated population (51,
  4. Cited as animism in data.
  5. The National Defence and Security Council serves as the temporary legislative body while the Hluttaw is dissolved.
  6. Burmese: မြန်မာ, MLCTS: Mranma, pronounced [mjəmà]
  7. Burmese: ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်, MLCTS: Pranyhtaungcu. Sa.ma.ta. Mranma Nuingngamtau; pronounced [pjìdàʊɴzṵ
  8. examples of two-syllable pronunciations: /ˌmjænˈmɑːr/, /ˈmjænmɑːr/, /ˌmjɑːnˈmɑːr/ ⓘ, or /ˈmjɑːnmɑːr/
  9. examples of three-syllable pronunciations: /ˈmiːənmɑːr/, /miˈænmɑːr/, /ˌmaɪənˈmɑːr/, /maɪˈɑːnmɑːr/, or /ˈmaɪænmɑːr/
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