Murder in United States law
Updated: 11/4/2025, 4:37:23 PM Wikipedia source
In the United States, the law for murder varies by jurisdiction. In many US jurisdictions there is a hierarchy of acts, known collectively as homicide, of which first-degree murder and felony murder are the most serious, followed by second-degree murder and, in a few states, third-degree murder, which in other states is divided into voluntary manslaughter, and involuntary manslaughter such as reckless homicide and negligent homicide, which are the least serious, and ending finally in justifiable homicide, which is not a crime. However, because there are at least 52 relevant jurisdictions, each with its own criminal code, this is a considerable simplification. Sentencing also varies widely depending upon the specific murder charge. "Life imprisonment" is a common penalty for first-degree murder, but its meaning varies widely. Capital punishment is a legal sentence in 27 states, and in the federal civilian and military legal systems, though eight of these states and the federal government have indefinitely suspended the practice. The United States is unusual in actually performing executions, with 34 states having performed executions since capital punishment was reinstated in 1976. The methods of execution have varied, but the most common method since 1976 has been lethal injection. In 2019 a total of 22 people were executed, and 2,652 people were on death row. The federal Unborn Victims of Violence Act, enacted in 2004 and codified at 18 U.S. Code § 1841, allows for a fetus to be treated as a victim in a crime. Subsection (c) of that statute specifically prohibits prosecutions related to consented abortions and medical treatments.
Tables
Degrees of murder in U.S. states and territories · Degrees
No
No
Jurisdiction
Federal
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
Murder
Murder
Jurisdiction
Alabama
1st degree
No
2nd degree
No
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Murder
No
No
Jurisdiction
Alaska
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
No
No
Jurisdiction
American Samoa
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
No
No
Jurisdiction
Arizona
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
Capital murder
Capital murder
Jurisdiction
Arkansas
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Capital murder
No
No
Jurisdiction
California
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
No
No
Jurisdiction
Colorado
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
Murder, Murder with special circumstances, Felony murder, Arson murder
Murder, Murder with special circumstances, Felony murder, Arson murder
Jurisdiction
Connecticut
1st degree
No
2nd degree
No
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Murder, Murder with special circumstances, Felony murder, Arson murder
No
No
Jurisdiction
Delaware
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
No
No
Jurisdiction
District of Columbia
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
No
No
Jurisdiction
Florida
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
Yes
Other named categories
No
Murder, Felony murder
Murder, Felony murder
Jurisdiction
Georgia
1st degree
No
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Murder, Felony murder
Murder, Aggravated murder
Murder, Aggravated murder
Jurisdiction
Guam
1st degree
No
2nd degree
No
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Murder, Aggravated murder
No
No
Jurisdiction
Hawaii
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
No
No
Jurisdiction
Idaho
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
No
No
Jurisdiction
Illinois
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
Murder
Murder
Jurisdiction
Indiana
1st degree
No
2nd degree
No
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Murder
No
No
Jurisdiction
Iowa
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
Capital murder
Capital murder
Jurisdiction
Kansas
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Capital murder
Murder
Murder
Jurisdiction
Kentucky
1st degree
No
2nd degree
No
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Murder
No
No
Jurisdiction
Louisiana
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
Murder, Felony murder
Murder, Felony murder
Jurisdiction
Maine
1st degree
No
2nd degree
No
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Murder, Felony murder
No
No
Jurisdiction
Maryland
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
No
No
Jurisdiction
Massachusetts
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
No
No
Jurisdiction
Michigan
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
No
No
Jurisdiction
Minnesota
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
Yes
Other named categories
No
Capital murder
Capital murder
Jurisdiction
Mississippi
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Capital murder
No
No
Jurisdiction
Missouri
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
Deliberate homicide, Mitigated deliberate homicide
Deliberate homicide, Mitigated deliberate homicide
Jurisdiction
Montana
1st degree
No
2nd degree
No
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Deliberate homicide, Mitigated deliberate homicide
No
No
Jurisdiction
Nebraska
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
No
No
Jurisdiction
Nevada
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
Capital murder
Capital murder
Jurisdiction
New Hampshire
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Capital murder
Murder
Murder
Jurisdiction
New Jersey
1st degree
No
2nd degree
No
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Murder
No
No
Jurisdiction
New Mexico
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
Aggravated murder
Aggravated murder
Jurisdiction
New York
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Aggravated murder
Murder of an unborn child
Murder of an unborn child
Jurisdiction
North Carolina
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Murder of an unborn child
Murder
Murder
Jurisdiction
North Dakota
1st degree
No
2nd degree
No
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Murder
No
No
Jurisdiction
Northern Mariana Islands
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
Murder, Aggravated murder
Murder, Aggravated murder
Jurisdiction
Ohio
1st degree
No
2nd degree
No
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Murder, Aggravated murder
No
No
Jurisdiction
Oklahoma
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
Aggravated murder
Aggravated murder
Jurisdiction
Oregon
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Aggravated murder
No
No
Jurisdiction
Pennsylvania
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
Yes
Other named categories
No
No
No
Jurisdiction
Puerto Rico
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
No
No
Jurisdiction
Rhode Island
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
Murder
Murder
Jurisdiction
South Carolina
1st degree
No
2nd degree
No
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Murder
No
No
Jurisdiction
South Dakota
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
No
No
Jurisdiction
Tennessee
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
Murder, Capital murder
Murder, Capital murder
Jurisdiction
Texas
1st degree
No
2nd degree
No
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Murder, Capital murder
Murder, Aggravated murder
Murder, Aggravated murder
Jurisdiction
Utah
1st degree
No
2nd degree
No
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Murder, Aggravated murder
No
No
Jurisdiction
Vermont
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
Capital murder
Capital murder
Jurisdiction
Virginia
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
Capital murder
No
No
Jurisdiction
Washington
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
No
No
Jurisdiction
West Virginia
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
First-degree intentional homicide, first-degree reckless homicide, felony murder
First-degree intentional homicide, first-degree reckless homicide, felony murder
Jurisdiction
Wisconsin
1st degree
No
2nd degree
No
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
First-degree intentional homicide, first-degree reckless homicide, felony murder
No
No
Jurisdiction
Wyoming
1st degree
Yes
2nd degree
Yes
3rd degree
No
Other named categories
No
| Jurisdiction | 1st degree | 2nd degree | 3rd degree | Other named categories | Source |
| Federal | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Alabama | No | No | No | Murder | |
| Alaska | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| American Samoa | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Arizona | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Arkansas | Yes | Yes | No | Capital murder | |
| California | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Colorado | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Connecticut | No | No | No | Murder, Murder with special circumstances, Felony murder, Arson murder | |
| Delaware | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| District of Columbia | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Florida | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | |
| Georgia | No | Yes | No | Murder, Felony murder | |
| Guam | No | No | No | Murder, Aggravated murder | |
| Hawaii | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Idaho | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Illinois | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Indiana | No | No | No | Murder | |
| Iowa | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Kansas | Yes | Yes | No | Capital murder | |
| Kentucky | No | No | No | Murder | |
| Louisiana | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Maine | No | No | No | Murder, Felony murder | |
| Maryland | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Massachusetts | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Michigan | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Minnesota | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | |
| Mississippi | Yes | Yes | No | Capital murder | |
| Missouri | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Montana | No | No | No | Deliberate homicide, Mitigated deliberate homicide | |
| Nebraska | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Nevada | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| New Hampshire | Yes | Yes | No | Capital murder | |
| New Jersey | No | No | No | Murder | |
| New Mexico | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| New York | Yes | Yes | No | Aggravated murder | |
| North Carolina | Yes | Yes | No | Murder of an unborn child | |
| North Dakota | No | No | No | Murder | |
| Northern Mariana Islands | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Ohio | No | No | No | Murder, Aggravated murder | |
| Oklahoma | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Oregon | Yes | Yes | No | Aggravated murder | |
| Pennsylvania | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | |
| Puerto Rico | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Rhode Island | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| South Carolina | No | No | No | Murder | |
| South Dakota | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Tennessee | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Texas | No | No | No | Murder, Capital murder |
References
- AL Code § 13A-6-2.http://codes.findlaw.com/al/title-13a-criminal-code/al-code-sect-13a-6-2.html
- AK Statutes § 11.41.100. Murder in the first degree.http://codes.findlaw.com/ak/title-11-criminal-law/ak-st-sect-11-41-100.html
- AK Statutes § 11.41.110. Murder in the second degree.http://codes.findlaw.com/ak/title-11-criminal-law/ak-st-sect-11-41-110.html
- AS Code § 46.3502. Murder in the 1st degree.http://www.asbar.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7320:46.3502-Murder-in-the-1st-degree.&catid=749&Itemid=172
- AS Code § 46.3503. Murder in the 2nd degree.http://www.asbar.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7321:46.3503-Murder-in-the-2nd-degree.&catid=749&Itemid=172
- AZ Rev Stat § 13-1105. First-degree murder. Classification.https://www.azleg.gov/viewdocument/?docName=https://www.azleg.gov/ars/13/01105.htm
- AZ Rev Stat § 13-1104. Second-degree murder. Classification.https://www.azleg.gov/viewdocument/?docName=https://www.azleg.gov/ars/13/01104.htm
- AR Code § 5-10-102. Murder in the first degree.https://law.justia.com/codes/arkansas/2015/title-5/subtitle-2/chapter-10/section-5-10-102/index.html
- AR Code § 5-10-103. Murder in the second degree.https://law.justia.com/codes/arkansas/2015/title-5/subtitle-2/chapter-10/section-5-10-103/index.html
- AR Code § 5-10-103. Capital murder.https://law.justia.com/codes/arkansas/2015/title-5/subtitle-2/chapter-10/section-5-10-101/index.html
- CA Penal Code § 189.http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=189&lawCode=PEN
- CO Rev Stat § 18-3-102. Murder in the first degree.
- CO Rev Stat § 18-3-103. Murder in the second degree.
- CT Gen Stat § 53a-54a. Murder.
- CT Gen Stat § 53a-54b. Murder with special circumstances.
- CT Gen Stat § 53a-54c. Felony murder.
- CT Gen Stat § 53a-54d. Arson murder.
- DE Code § 634 Murder by abuse or neglect in the first degree; class A felony; § 636 Murder in the first degree; class A
- DE Code § 633 Murder by abuse or neglect in the second degree; class B felony; § 635 Murder in the second degree; class
- DC Code § 22–2101. Murder in the first degree — Purposeful killing; killing while perpetrating certain crimes; § 22–2102
- DC Code § 22–2103. Murder in the second degree.
- FL Statutes § 782.04(1)(a)
- FL Statutes § 782.04(2)
- FL Statutes § 782.04(4)
- GA Code § 16-5-1. Murder in the second degree
- GA Code § 16-5-1. Murder; felony murder.
- GU Code § 16.40. Murder Defined.
- GU Code § 16.30. Aggravated Murder Defined.
- HI Rev Stat § 707-701. Murder in the first degree.
- HI Rev Stat § 707-701.5. Murder in the second degree.
- ID Statutes § 18-4003. Degrees of murder.
- Sec. 9-1. First-degree Murder - Death penalties – Exceptions – Separate Hearings – Proof – Findings – Appellate procedur
- Sec. 9-2. Second-degree murder.
- IN Code § 35-42-1-1. Murder.
- IA Code § 707.2. Murder in the first degree.
- IA Code § 707.3. Murder in the second degree.
- KS Stat §21-5402. Murder in the first degree.
- KS Statutes §21-5401. Murder in the second degree.
- KS Stat §21-5401. Capital murder.
- KY Rev Stat § 507.020 (2017). Murder.
- LA Rev Stat § 30. First degree murder.https://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78397
- LA Rev Stat § 30.1. Second degree murder.https://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78398
- 17-A ME Rev Stat §201. Murder.
- 17-A ME Rev Stat §202. Felony murder.
- MD Code § 2-201. Murder in the first degree
- MD Code § 2-204. Murder in the second degree (Amendment effective October 1, 2017.)
- MI Compiled Laws § 750.316 First degree murder; penalty; definitions.http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(yetobfkbpiuymf1ks05d2tmr))/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&objectName=mcl-750-316
- MI Compiled Laws § 750.317 Second degree murder; penalty.http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(yetobfkbpiuymf1ks05d2tmr))/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&objectName=mcl-750-317
- MN Statutes § 609.185. Murder in the first degree.https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=609.185
- MN Statutes § 609.19 Murder in the second degree.https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=609.19
- MN Statutes § 609.195 Murder in the third degree.https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=609.195
- MS Code § 97-3-19(1)(a), (1)(c), (1)(d).https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2016/title-97/chapter-3/section-97-3-19/
- MS Code § 97-3-19(1)(b).
- MS Code § 97-3-19(2).
- MO Rev Stat § 565.020 (2016). First degree murder, penalty — person under eighteen years of age, penalty.http://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=565.020&bid=33575&hl=
- MO Rev Stat § 565.021 (2016). Second degree murder, penalty.http://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=565.021&bid=29265&hl=
- MT Code § 45-5-102 (2017). Deliberate homicide.http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/title_0450/chapter_0050/part_0010/section_0020/0450-0050-0010-0020.html
- MT Code § 45-5-103 (2017). Mitigated deliberate homicide.http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/title_0450/chapter_0050/part_0010/section_0030/0450-0050-0010-0030.html
- NE Rev Stat § 28-303 (2017). Murder in the first degree; penalty.https://law.justia.com/codes/nebraska/2017/chapter-28/statute-28-303/
- NE Rev Stat § 28-304 (2017). Murder in the second degree; penalty.https://law.justia.com/codes/nebraska/2017/chapter-28/statute-28-304/
- NV Rev Stat § 200.030. Degrees of murder; penalties.https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Nrs/NRS-200.html#NRS200Sec030
- NH Statutes § 630:1-a. First Degree Murder.http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/LXII/630/630-1.htm
- NH Statutes § 630:1-b. Second Degree Murder.http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/LXII/630/630-1-b.htm
- NH Statutes § 630:1. Capital Murder.http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/LXII/630/630-1.htm
- NJ Statutes § 2C:11-3. Murder.http://njlaw.rutgers.edu/collections/njstats/showsect.php?title=2c&chapter=11§ion=3&actn=getsect
- NM Statutes § 30-2-1(A).https://law.justia.com/codes/new-mexico/2016/chapter-30/article-2/section-30-2-1/
- NM Statutes § 30-2-1(B).
- NY PEN § 125.27. Murder in the first degree.https://law.justia.com/codes/new-york/2016/pen/part-3/title-h/article-125/125.27/index.html
- NY PEN § 125.25. Murder in the second degree.https://law.justia.com/codes/new-york/2016/pen/part-3/title-h/article-125/125.25/index.html
- NY PEN § 125.26. Aggravated murder.https://law.justia.com/codes/new-york/2016/pen/part-3/title-h/article-125/125.26/index.html
- NC Gen Stat § 14-17. Murder in the first and second degree defined; punishment.https://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/BySection/Chapter_14/GS_14-17.pdf
- NC Gen Stat § 14-23.2. Murder of an unborn child; penalty.https://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/BySection/Chapter_14/GS_14-23.2.pdf
- ND Code § 12.1-16-01. Murder.http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t12-1c16.pdf#nameddest=12p1-16-01
- MP Code § 1101(a). First Degree Murder.http://www.cnmilaw.org/pdf/cmc_section/T6/1101.pdf
- MP Code § 1101(b). Second Degree Murder.
- OH Revised Code § 2903.02.
- OH Revised Code § 2903.01.
- OK Stat § 21-701.7. Murder in the first degree.https://law.justia.com/codes/oklahoma/2017/title-21/section-21-701.7/
- OK Stat § 21-701.8. Murder in the second degree.https://law.justia.com/codes/oklahoma/2017/title-21/section-21-701.8/
- Oregon Revised Statuteshttps://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_163.107
- Oregon Revised Statuteshttps://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_163.115
- Oregon Revised Statuteshttps://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_163.095
- 18 PA Cons Stat § 2502(a). Murder of the first degree.
- 18 PA Cons Stat § 2502(b). Murder of the first degree.
- 18 PA Cons Stat § 2502(c). Murder of the first degree.
- P.R. Laws tit. 33, § 4734
- P.R. Laws tit. 33, § 4734
- RI Gen L § 11-23-1 (2013). Murder.http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/Statutes/TITLE11/11-23/11-23-1.HTM
- SC Code § 16-3-10.
- SD Codified Laws § 22-16-4. Homicide as murder in the first degree.http://www.sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=22-16-4
- SD Codified Laws § 22-16-7. Homicide as murder in the second degree.http://www.sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=22-16-7
- TN Code § 39-13-202. First degree murder.https://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/2016/title-39/chapter-13/part-2/section-39-13-202/index.html
- TN Code § 39-13-202. Second degree murder.https://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/2016/title-39/chapter-13/part-2/section-39-13-210/index.html
- TX Penal Code § 19.02. Murder.
- TX Penal Code § 19.03. Capital Murder.
- UT Criminal Code § 203. Murder.https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title76/Chapter5/76-5-S203.html?v=C76-5-S203_1800010118000101
- UT Criminal Code § 202. Aggravated murder.https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title76/Chapter5/76-5-S202.html?v=C76-5-S202_2017050920170509
- VT Statutes § 2301. Murder-Degrees defined.https://law.justia.com/codes/vermont/2017/title-13/chapter-53/section-2301/
- VA Code § 18.2-32. First and second degree murder defined; punishmenthttps://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title18.2/chapter4/section18.2-32/
- VA Code § 18.2-31. Capital murder defined; punishment.https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title18.2/chapter4/section18.2-31/
- WA Rev Code § 9A.32.030. Murder in the first degreehttp://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=9A.32.030
- WA Rev Code § 9A.32.050. Murder in the second degreehttp://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=9A.32.050
- WV Code § 61-2-1. First and second degree murder defined; allegations in indictment for homicide.
- WI Stat § 940.01. First-degree intentional homicide.
- WI Stat § 940.02. First-degree reckless homicide.
- WI Stat § 940.03. Felony murder.
- WY Code § 6-2-101. Murder in the first degree; penalty.https://law.justia.com/codes/wyoming/2016/title-6/chapter-2/article-1/section-6-2-101/index.html
- WY Code § 6-2-104. Murder in the second degree; penalty.https://law.justia.com/codes/wyoming/2016/title-6/chapter-2/article-1/section-6-2-104/index.html
- Felony Murderhttps://books.google.com/books?id=_KHNXJg47b8C&q=felony+murder
- U.S. Census Bureauhttps://www.census.gov/library/publications/2006/compendia/statab/126ed.html
- Bureau of Justice Statisticshttps://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=896
- The New York Timeshttps://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/28/us/nebraska-abolishes-death-penalty.html
- "State by State"https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/state-by-state
- Amnesty Internationalhttps://www.amnesty.org.uk/files/amnesty_death_penalty_report_2014_final.pdf
- Death Penalty Information Centerhttp://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions-year
- "2019"https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions/2019
- "The Death Penalty in 2019: Year End Report"https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/dpic-reports/dpic-year-end-reports/the-death-penalty-in-2019-year-end-report
- Legal Information Institutehttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1841
- Legal Information Institutehttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18
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