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Muhammad

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Muhammad

Muhammad (c. 570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, military and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is believed by Muslims to be the Seal of the Prophets, and along with the Quran, his teachings and normative examples form the basis for Islamic religious belief. According to the traditional account, Muhammad was born in Mecca to the aristocratic Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, in c. 610, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (Islām) to God (Allāh) is the right way of life (dīn), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to other prophets in Islam. Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced persecution by Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijrah, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with minimal casualties. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam. The revelations (waḥy) that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses (āyah) of the Quran, upon which Islam is based, and are regarded by Muslims as the verbatim word of God and his final revelation. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices, found in transmitted reports, known as hadith, and in his biography (sīrah), are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law. Apart from Islam, Muhammad has received praise in Sikhism as an inspirational figure, in the Druze faith as one of the seven main prophets, and in the Baháʼí Faith as a Manifestation of God.

Infobox

Born
c. 570 CE (53 BH)Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia
Died
(632-06-08)8 June 632 CE (11 AH; aged 61–62)Medina, the first Islamic state
Resting place
Green Dome at the 24°28′03″N 39°36′41″E / 24.46750°N 39.61139°E / 24.46750; 39.61139 (Green Dome)
Spouse
See Wives of Muhammad
Children
See Children of Muhammad
Parents
mw- Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib (father) Amina bint Wahb (mother)
Known for
Establishing Islam Major prophet in Islam and the Druze faith Manifestation of God in Baháʼí Faith
Other names
Rasūl Allāh (lit. 'Messenger of God')See Names and titles of Muhammad
Relatives
Ahl al-Bayt (lit. 'People of the House')See Family tree of Muhammad
Personal(Ism)
Muḥammadمُحَمَّد‎
Patronymic(Nasab)
Ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim ibn ʿAbd Manāf ibn Quṣayy ibn Kilābٱبْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب بْن هَاشِم بْن عَبْد مَنَاف بْن قُصَيّ بْن كِلَاب‎
Teknonymic(Kunya)
Abū al-Qāsimأَبُو ٱلْقَاسِم‎
Epithet(Laqab)
Khātam al-Nabiyyīnخَاتَم ٱلنَّبِيِّين‎ lit. 'Seal of the Prophets'

Tables

· Meccan years › Early life
Important dates and locations in the life of Muhammad
Important dates and locations in the life of Muhammad
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Important dates and locations in the life of Muhammad
Date
Date
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Date
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Age
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Event
c. 570
c. 570
Timeline of Muhammad's life
c. 570
Timeline of Muhammad's life
–
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Death of his father, Abdullah
c. 570
c. 570
Timeline of Muhammad's life
c. 570
Timeline of Muhammad's life
0
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Possible date of birth: 12 or 17 Rabi al Awal: in Mecca, Arabia
c. 577
c. 577
Timeline of Muhammad's life
c. 577
Timeline of Muhammad's life
6
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Death of his mother, Amina
c. 583
c. 583
Timeline of Muhammad's life
c. 583
Timeline of Muhammad's life
12–13
Timeline of Muhammad's life
His grandfather transfers him to Syria
c. 595
c. 595
Timeline of Muhammad's life
c. 595
Timeline of Muhammad's life
24–25
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Meets and marries Khadijah
c. 599
c. 599
Timeline of Muhammad's life
c. 599
Timeline of Muhammad's life
28–29
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Birth of Zainab, his first daughter, followed by: Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and Fatima Zahra
610
610
Timeline of Muhammad's life
610
Timeline of Muhammad's life
40
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Qur'anic revelation begins in the Cave of Hira on the Jabal an-Nour, the "Mountain of Light" near Mecca. At age 40, Angel Jebreel (Gabriel) was said to appear to Muhammad on the mountain and call him "the Prophet of Allah"
Begins in secret to gather followers in Mecca
Begins in secret to gather followers in Mecca
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Begins in secret to gather followers in Mecca
c. 613
c. 613
Timeline of Muhammad's life
c. 613
Timeline of Muhammad's life
43
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Begins spreading message of Islam publicly to all Meccans
c. 614
c. 614
Timeline of Muhammad's life
c. 614
Timeline of Muhammad's life
43–44
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Heavy persecution of Muslims begins
c. 615
c. 615
Timeline of Muhammad's life
c. 615
Timeline of Muhammad's life
44–45
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Emigration of a group of Muslims to Ethiopia
c. 616
c. 616
Timeline of Muhammad's life
c. 616
Timeline of Muhammad's life
45–46
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Banu Hashim clan boycott begins
619
619
Timeline of Muhammad's life
619
Timeline of Muhammad's life
49
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Banu Hashim clan boycott ends
The year of sorrows: Khadija (his wife) and Abu Talib (his uncle) die
The year of sorrows: Khadija (his wife) and Abu Talib (his uncle) die
Timeline of Muhammad's life
The year of sorrows: Khadija (his wife) and Abu Talib (his uncle) die
c. 620
c. 620
Timeline of Muhammad's life
c. 620
Timeline of Muhammad's life
49–50
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Isra and Mi'raj (reported ascension to heaven to meet God)
622
622
Timeline of Muhammad's life
622
Timeline of Muhammad's life
51–52
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Hijra, emigration to Medina (called Yathrib)
624
624
Timeline of Muhammad's life
624
Timeline of Muhammad's life
53–54
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Battle of Badr
625
625
Timeline of Muhammad's life
625
Timeline of Muhammad's life
54–55
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Battle of Uhud
627
627
Timeline of Muhammad's life
627
Timeline of Muhammad's life
56–57
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Battle of the Trench (also known as the siege of Medina)
628
628
Timeline of Muhammad's life
628
Timeline of Muhammad's life
57–58
Timeline of Muhammad's life
The Meccan tribe of Quraysh and the Muslim community in Medina sign a 10-year truce called the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
630
630
Timeline of Muhammad's life
630
Timeline of Muhammad's life
59–60
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Conquest of Mecca
632
632
Timeline of Muhammad's life
632
Timeline of Muhammad's life
61–62
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Farewell pilgrimage, event of Ghadir Khumm, and death, in what is now Saudi Arabia
This box: viewtalkedit
This box: viewtalkedit
Timeline of Muhammad's life
This box: viewtalkedit
Timeline of Muhammad's life
Important dates and locations in the life of Muhammad
Date
Age
Event
c. 570
–
Death of his father, Abdullah
c. 570
0
Possible date of birth: 12 or 17 Rabi al Awal: in Mecca, Arabia
c. 577
6
Death of his mother, Amina
c. 583
12–13
His grandfather transfers him to Syria
c. 595
24–25
Meets and marries Khadijah
c. 599
28–29
Birth of Zainab, his first daughter, followed by: Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and Fatima Zahra
610
40
Qur'anic revelation begins in the Cave of Hira on the Jabal an-Nour, the "Mountain of Light" near Mecca. At age 40, Angel Jebreel (Gabriel) was said to appear to Muhammad on the mountain and call him "the Prophet of Allah"
Begins in secret to gather followers in Mecca
c. 613
43
Begins spreading message of Islam publicly to all Meccans
c. 614
43–44
Heavy persecution of Muslims begins
c. 615
44–45
Emigration of a group of Muslims to Ethiopia
c. 616
45–46
Banu Hashim clan boycott begins
619
49
Banu Hashim clan boycott ends
The year of sorrows: Khadija (his wife) and Abu Talib (his uncle) die
c. 620
49–50
Isra and Mi'raj (reported ascension to heaven to meet God)
622
51–52
Hijra, emigration to Medina (called Yathrib)
624
53–54
Battle of Badr
625
54–55
Battle of Uhud
627
56–57
Battle of the Trench (also known as the siege of Medina)
628
57–58
The Meccan tribe of Quraysh and the Muslim community in Medina sign a 10-year truce called the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
630
59–60
Conquest of Mecca
632
61–62
Farewell pilgrimage, event of Ghadir Khumm, and death, in what is now Saudi Arabia
This box: viewtalkedit

References

  1. /muːˈhɑːməd/; Arabic: مُحَمَّد, romanized: Muḥammad, lit. 'praiseworthy'; [mʊˈħæm.mæd]
  2. He is referred to by many appellations, including Muhammad ibn Abd Allah, Messenger of God, Prophet Muhammad, God's Apos
  3. Goldman 1995, p. 63, gives 8 June 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) tradition
  4. According to Welch, Moussalli & Newby 2009, writing for the Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: "The Prophet of Is
  5. See also Quran 43:31 cited in EoI; Muhammad.
    https://quran.com/43?startingVerse=31
  6. The aforementioned Islamic histories recount that as Muhammad was reciting Sūra Al-Najm (Q.53), as revealed to him by th
  7. "Apart from this one-day lapse, which was excised from the text, the Quran is simply unrelenting, unaccommodating and ou
  8. "When the Quraish disbelieved me (concerning my night journey), I stood up in Al- Hijr (the unroofed portion of the Ka`b
  9. Quote:"The document is not a treaty in the European sense, but rather a unilateral proclamation, its purpose was purely
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