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Mughal Empire

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Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire was an early modern empire that ruled most of the Indian subcontinent. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus River Basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India. The Mughal Empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur, a ruler from what is now Uzbekistan, who with the help of the neighbouring Safavid and Ottoman Empires defeated the sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, in the First Battle of Panipat and swept down the plains of North India. The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, Akbar. This imperial structure lasted until 1720, shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb, during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. Reduced subsequently to the region in and around Old Delhi by 1760, the empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Although the Mughal Empire was created and sustained by military warfare, it did not vigorously suppress the cultures and peoples it came to rule; rather, it equalised and placated them through new administrative practices, and diverse ruling elites, leading to more efficient, centralised, and standardised rule. The basis of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, implemented by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator, were paid in the well-regulated silver currency, and allowed peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion. The burgeoning European presence in the Indian Ocean and an increasing demand for Indian raw and finished products generated much wealth for the Mughal court. There was more conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite, resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture, especially during the reign of Shah Jahan. Among the Mughal UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South Asia are: Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Fort, Humayun's Tomb, Lahore Fort, Shalamar Gardens, and the Taj Mahal, which has been described as "the jewel of Muslim art in India, and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage".

Infobox

1690
4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi)
Status
Empire
Capital
mw- Agra (1526–1530; 1560–1571; 1598–1648)Delhi (1530–1540; 1639–1857)Fatehpur Sikri (1571–1585)Lahore (1586–1598)
Official languages
Persian
Common languages
See Languages of South Asia
Religion
mw- State religion Islam[a] (minority)Din-i Ilahi[b] Others Hinduism (majority) Sikhism
Government
Monarchy
• 1526–1530 (first)
Babur
• 1837–1857 (last)
Bahadur Shah II
• 1526–1540 (first)
Mir Khalifa
• 1794–1818 (last)
Daulat Rao Sindhia
• 1775–1797 (last)
Asaf-ud-Daula
Historical era
Early modern
• First Battle of Panipat
21 April 1526
• Mughal Interregnum
17 May 1540–22 June 1555
• Second Battle of Panipat
5 November 1556
• Mughal–Afghan Wars
21 April 1526–3 April 1752
• Deccan wars
1680–1707
• Nader Shah's invasion of India
1738–1740
• Siege of Delhi
21 September 1857
• Mughal Emperor exiled to British Burma
7 October 1858
• 1595
125,000,000
• 1700
158,400,000
Currency
Rupee, Taka, dam
Today part of
IndiaPakistanBangladeshAfghanistan

Tables

· Demographics › Population
1500
1500
Year
1500
Mughal Empire population
—
Total Indian population
100,000,000
% of South Asian population
—
World population
425,000,000
% of world population
—
1600
1600
Year
1600
Mughal Empire population
115,000,000
Total Indian population
130,000,000
% of South Asian population
89
World population
579,000,000
% of world population
20
1700
1700
Year
1700
Mughal Empire population
158,400,000
Total Indian population
160,000,000
% of South Asian population
99
World population
679,000,000
% of world population
23
Year
Mughal Empire population
Total Indian population
% of South Asian population
World population
% of world population
1500
—
100,000,000
—
425,000,000
—
1600
115,000,000
130,000,000
89
579,000,000
20
1700
158,400,000
160,000,000
99
679,000,000
23
· Culture › Architecture
Taj Mahal in Agra, India Agra Fort in Agra, India Buland Darwaza in Agra, India Akbar's tomb in Sikandra, India Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani in Sikandra, India Humayun's Tomb in Delhi, India Jama Masjid in Delhi, India Red Fort in Delhi, India Sunder Nursery in Delhi, India Purana Qila in Delhi, India Sher Mandal in Delhi, India Pinjore Gardens in Pinjore, India Shalimar Bagh in Srinagar, India Nishat Bagh in Srinagar, India Chasma Shahi in Srinagar, India Pari Mahal in Srinagar, India Verinag Gardens in Srinagar, India Allahabad Fort in Prayagraj, India Shahi Bridge in Jaunpur, India Bibi Ka Maqbara in Aurangabad, India Kos Minar in Haryana, India Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah in Farrukhnagar, India
Taj Mahal in Agra, India Agra Fort in Agra, India Buland Darwaza in Agra, India Akbar's tomb in Sikandra, India Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani in Sikandra, India Humayun's Tomb in Delhi, India Jama Masjid in Delhi, India Red Fort in Delhi, India Sunder Nursery in Delhi, India Purana Qila in Delhi, India Sher Mandal in Delhi, India Pinjore Gardens in Pinjore, India Shalimar Bagh in Srinagar, India Nishat Bagh in Srinagar, India Chasma Shahi in Srinagar, India Pari Mahal in Srinagar, India Verinag Gardens in Srinagar, India Allahabad Fort in Prayagraj, India Shahi Bridge in Jaunpur, India Bibi Ka Maqbara in Aurangabad, India Kos Minar in Haryana, India Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah in Farrukhnagar, India
India
Taj Mahal in Agra, India Agra Fort in Agra, India Buland Darwaza in Agra, India Akbar's tomb in Sikandra, India Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani in Sikandra, India Humayun's Tomb in Delhi, India Jama Masjid in Delhi, India Red Fort in Delhi, India Sunder Nursery in Delhi, India Purana Qila in Delhi, India Sher Mandal in Delhi, India Pinjore Gardens in Pinjore, India Shalimar Bagh in Srinagar, India Nishat Bagh in Srinagar, India Chasma Shahi in Srinagar, India Pari Mahal in Srinagar, India Verinag Gardens in Srinagar, India Allahabad Fort in Prayagraj, India Shahi Bridge in Jaunpur, India Bibi Ka Maqbara in Aurangabad, India Kos Minar in Haryana, India Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah in Farrukhnagar, India
Pakistan
Badshahi Masjid in Lahore, Pakistan Shalimar Gardens in Lahore, Pakistan Lahore Fort in Lahore, Pakistan Shahi Hammam in Lahore, Pakistan Wazir Khan Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan Tomb of Jahangir in Lahore, Pakistan Tomb of Anarkali in Lahore, Pakistan Tomb of Nur Jahan in Lahore, Pakistan Tomb of Asif Khan in Lahore, Pakistan Begum Shahi Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan Akbari Sarai in Lahore, Pakistan Hiran Minar in Sheikhpura, Pakistan Mahabat Khan Mosque in Peshawar, Pakistan Shahi Eid Gah Mosque in Multan, Pakistan Mausoleum of Masum Shah in Sukkur, Pakistan Losar Baoli in Taxila, Pakistan Makli Necropolis in Thatta, Pakistan Shah Jahan Mosque in Thatta, Pakistan
Bangladesh
Mughal Eidgah in Dhaka, Bangladesh Lalbagh Fort in Dhaka, Bangladesh Shahi Eidgah in Sylhet, Bangladesh Mughal Tahakhana in Chapai Nawabganj, Bangladesh Sat Gambuj Mosque in Dhaka, Bangladesh Masjid-e-Siraj ud-Daulah in Chittagong, Bangladesh Allakuri Masjid in Dhaka, Bangladesh Chawkbazar Shahi Masjid in Dhaka, Bangladesh Laldighi Masjid in Rangpur, Bangladesh Khan Mohammad Mridha Masjid in Dhaka, Bangladesh Wali Khan Masjid in Chittagong, Bangladesh Shaista Khan Masjid, in Dhaka, Bangladesh Musa Khan Masjid, in Dhaka, Bangladesh Shahbaz Khan Masjid, in Dhaka, Bangladesh Kartalab Khan Masjid in Dhaka, Bangladesh Azimpur Masjid in Dhaka, Bangladesh Goaldi Masjid in Sonargaon, Bangladesh Atia Masjid in Tangail, Bangladesh Arifail Masjid in Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh Bazra Shahi Masjid in Noakhali, Bangladesh Masjid Kur in Khulna, Bangladesh Nayabad Masjid in Dinajpur, Bangladesh Ghayebi Dighi Masjid in Sylhet, Bangladesh Hussaini Dalan in Dhaka, Bangladesh Bara Katra in Dhaka, Bangladesh Hajiganj Fort in Narayanganj, Bangladesh Idrakpur Fort in Munshiganj, Bangladesh Choto Katra in Dhaka, Bangladesh Sonakanda Fort in Narayanganj, Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Bagh-e-Babur in Kabul, Afghanistan Shahjahani Mosque in Kabul, Afghanistan
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Taj Mahal in Agra, India Agra Fort in Agra, India Buland Darwaza in Agra, India Akbar's tomb in Sikandra, India Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani in Sikandra, India Humayun's Tomb in Delhi, India Jama Masjid in Delhi, India Red Fort in Delhi, India Sunder Nursery in Delhi, India Purana Qila in Delhi, India Sher Mandal in Delhi, India Pinjore Gardens in Pinjore, India Shalimar Bagh in Srinagar, India Nishat Bagh in Srinagar, India Chasma Shahi in Srinagar, India Pari Mahal in Srinagar, India Verinag Gardens in Srinagar, India Allahabad Fort in Prayagraj, India Shahi Bridge in Jaunpur, India Bibi Ka Maqbara in Aurangabad, India Kos Minar in Haryana, India Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah in Farrukhnagar, India
Badshahi Masjid in Lahore, Pakistan Shalimar Gardens in Lahore, Pakistan Lahore Fort in Lahore, Pakistan Shahi Hammam in Lahore, Pakistan Wazir Khan Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan Tomb of Jahangir in Lahore, Pakistan Tomb of Anarkali in Lahore, Pakistan Tomb of Nur Jahan in Lahore, Pakistan Tomb of Asif Khan in Lahore, Pakistan Begum Shahi Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan Akbari Sarai in Lahore, Pakistan Hiran Minar in Sheikhpura, Pakistan Mahabat Khan Mosque in Peshawar, Pakistan Shahi Eid Gah Mosque in Multan, Pakistan Mausoleum of Masum Shah in Sukkur, Pakistan Losar Baoli in Taxila, Pakistan Makli Necropolis in Thatta, Pakistan Shah Jahan Mosque in Thatta, Pakistan
Mughal Eidgah in Dhaka, Bangladesh Lalbagh Fort in Dhaka, Bangladesh Shahi Eidgah in Sylhet, Bangladesh Mughal Tahakhana in Chapai Nawabganj, Bangladesh Sat Gambuj Mosque in Dhaka, Bangladesh Masjid-e-Siraj ud-Daulah in Chittagong, Bangladesh Allakuri Masjid in Dhaka, Bangladesh Chawkbazar Shahi Masjid in Dhaka, Bangladesh Laldighi Masjid in Rangpur, Bangladesh Khan Mohammad Mridha Masjid in Dhaka, Bangladesh Wali Khan Masjid in Chittagong, Bangladesh Shaista Khan Masjid, in Dhaka, Bangladesh Musa Khan Masjid, in Dhaka, Bangladesh Shahbaz Khan Masjid, in Dhaka, Bangladesh Kartalab Khan Masjid in Dhaka, Bangladesh Azimpur Masjid in Dhaka, Bangladesh Goaldi Masjid in Sonargaon, Bangladesh Atia Masjid in Tangail, Bangladesh Arifail Masjid in Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh Bazra Shahi Masjid in Noakhali, Bangladesh Masjid Kur in Khulna, Bangladesh Nayabad Masjid in Dinajpur, Bangladesh Ghayebi Dighi Masjid in Sylhet, Bangladesh Hussaini Dalan in Dhaka, Bangladesh Bara Katra in Dhaka, Bangladesh Hajiganj Fort in Narayanganj, Bangladesh Idrakpur Fort in Munshiganj, Bangladesh Choto Katra in Dhaka, Bangladesh Sonakanda Fort in Narayanganj, Bangladesh
Bagh-e-Babur in Kabul, Afghanistan Shahjahani Mosque in Kabul, Afghanistan
· List of emperors
Baburبابر
1526
1526–1530
Baburبابر
Titular Name
Baburبابر
Birth Name
Zahir al-Din Muhammadظهیر الدین محمد
Birth
14 February 1483 Andijan, Uzbekistan
Reign
20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530
Death
26 December 1530 (aged 47) Agra, India
Humayunهمایوں
1530
1530–1540
1555–1556
Humayunهمایوں
Titular Name
Humayunهمایوں
Birth Name
Nasir al-Din Muhammadنصیر الدین محمد
Birth
6 March 1508 Kabul, Afghanistan
Reign
26 December 1530  – 17 May 1540 22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556 (10 years 3 months 25 days)
Death
27 January 1556 (aged 47) Delhi, India
Akbarاکبر
1556
1556–1605
Akbarاکبر
Titular Name
Akbarاکبر
Birth Name
Jalal al-Din Muhammadجلال الدین محمد
Birth
15 October 1542 Umerkot, Pakistan
Reign
11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605 (49 years 9 months 0 days)
Death
27 October 1605 (aged 63) Agra, India
Jahangirجهانگیر
1605
1605–1627
Jahangirجهانگیر
Titular Name
Jahangirجهانگیر
Birth Name
Nur al-Din Muhammad نور الدین محمد
Birth
31 August 1569 Agra, India
Reign
3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627 (21 years 11 months 23 days)
Death
28 October 1627 (aged 58) Bhimber, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
Shah Jahanشاہ جهان
1628
1628–1658
Shah Jahanشاہ جهان
Titular Name
Shah Jahanشاہ جهان
Birth Name
Shihab al-Din Muhammadشهاب الدین محمد
Birth
5 January 1592 Lahore, Pakistan
Reign
19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658 (30 years 8 months 25 days)
Death
22 January 1666 (aged 74) Agra, India
Aurangzeb اورنگزیب Alamgirعالمگیر
1658
1658–1707
Aurangzeb اورنگزیب Alamgirعالمگیر
Titular Name
Aurangzeb اورنگزیب Alamgirعالمگیر
Birth Name
Muhi al-Din Muhammad محی الدین محمد
Birth
3 November 1618 Gujarat, India
Reign
31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707 (48 years 7 months 0 days)
Death
3 March 1707 (aged 88) Ahmednagar, India
Azam Shahاعظم شاه
1707
1707–1707
Azam Shahاعظم شاه
Titular Name
Azam Shahاعظم شاه
Birth Name
Qutb al-Din Muhammadقطب الدين محمد
Birth
28 June 1653 Burhanpur, India
Reign
14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707
Death
20 June 1707 (aged 53) Agra, India
Bahadur Shahبهادر شاہ
1707
1707–1712
Bahadur Shahبهادر شاہ
Titular Name
Bahadur Shahبهادر شاہ
Birth Name
Qutb al-Din Muhammadقطب الدین محمد
Birth
14 October 1643 Burhanpur, India
Reign
19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712 (4 years, 253 days)
Death
27 February 1712 (aged 68) Lahore, Pakistan
Jahandar Shahجهاندار شاہ
1712
1712–1713
Jahandar Shahجهاندار شاہ
Titular Name
Jahandar Shahجهاندار شاہ
Birth Name
Muiz al-Din Muhammad معز الدین محمد
Birth
9 May 1661 Deccan, India
Reign
27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713 (0 years, 350 days)
Death
12 February 1713 (aged 51) Delhi, India
Farrukh Siyarفرخ سیر
1713
1713–1719
Farrukh Siyarفرخ سیر
Titular Name
Farrukh Siyarفرخ سیر
Birth Name
Muin al-Din Muhammad موئن الدین محمدPuppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha
Birth
20 August 1685 Aurangabad, India
Reign
11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719 (6 years, 48 days)
Death
19 April 1719 (aged 33) Delhi, India
Rafi ud-Darajatرفیع الدرجات
1719
1719–1719
Rafi ud-Darajatرفیع الدرجات
Titular Name
Rafi ud-Darajatرفیع الدرجات
Birth Name
Shams al-Din Muhammadشمس الدین محمدPuppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha
Birth
1 December 1699
Reign
28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719 (0 years, 98 days)
Death
6 June 1719 (aged 19) Agra, India
Shah Jahan IIشاہ جهان دوم
1719
1719–1719
Shah Jahan IIشاہ جهان دوم
Titular Name
Shah Jahan IIشاہ جهان دوم
Birth Name
Rafi al-Din Muhammad رفع الدين محمدPuppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha
Birth
5 January 1696
Reign
6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719 (0 years, 105 days)
Death
18 September 1719 (aged 23) Agra, India
Muhammad Shahمحمد شاه
1719
1719–1748
Muhammad Shahمحمد شاه
Titular Name
Muhammad Shahمحمد شاه
Birth Name
Nasir al-Din Muhammad نصیر الدین محمد
Birth
7 August 1702 Ghazni, Afghanistan
Reign
27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748 (28 years, 212 days)
Death
26 April 1748 (aged 45) Delhi, India
Ahmad Shah Bahadurاحمد شاہ بهادر
1748
1748–1754
Ahmad Shah Bahadurاحمد شاہ بهادر
Titular Name
Ahmad Shah Bahadurاحمد شاہ بهادر
Birth Name
Mujahid al-Din Muhammad مجاهد الدین محمد
Birth
23 December 1725 Delhi, India
Reign
29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754 (6 years, 37 days)
Death
1 January 1775 (aged 49) Delhi, India
Alamgir IIعالمگیر دوم
1754
1754–1759
Alamgir IIعالمگیر دوم
Titular Name
Alamgir IIعالمگیر دوم
Birth Name
Aziz al-Din Muhammad عزیز اُلدین محمد
Birth
6 June 1699 Burhanpur, India
Reign
3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759 (5 years, 180 days)
Death
29 November 1759 (aged 60) Kotla Fateh Shah, India
Shah Jahan IIIشاه جهان سوم
1759
1759–1760
Shah Jahan IIIشاه جهان سوم
Titular Name
Shah Jahan IIIشاه جهان سوم
Birth Name
Muhi al-Millat محی الملت
Birth
1711
Reign
10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760 (282 days)
Death
1772 (aged 60–61)
Shah Alam IIشاه عالم دوم
1760
1760–1788
Shah Alam IIشاه عالم دوم
Titular Name
Shah Alam IIشاه عالم دوم
Birth Name
Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar جلال الدین علی گوهر
Birth
25 June 1728 Delhi, India
Reign
10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788 (27 years, 301 days)
Death
19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India
Jahan Shahجهان شاه
1788
1788–1788
Jahan Shahجهان شاه
Titular Name
Jahan Shahجهان شاه
Birth Name
Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جهان شاہ Puppet King Under Ghulam Qadir Rogilla
Birth
1749 Delhi, India
Reign
31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788 (63 days)
Death
1790 (aged 40–41) Delhi, India
Shah Alam IIشاه عالم دوم
1788
1788–1806
Shah Alam IIشاه عالم دوم
Titular Name
Shah Alam IIشاه عالم دوم
Birth Name
Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar جلال الدین علی گوهرPuppet monarch under the Maratha Confederacy
Birth
25 June 1728 Delhi, India
Reign
16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806 (18 years, 339 days)
Death
19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India
Akbar Shah IIاکبر شاه دوم
1806
1806–1837
Akbar Shah IIاکبر شاه دوم
Titular Name
Akbar Shah IIاکبر شاه دوم
Birth Name
Muin al-Din Muhammad میرزا اکبرPuppet King under the East India Company
Birth
22 April 1760 Mukundpur, India
Reign
19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837 (30 years, 321 days)
Death
28 September 1837 (aged 77) Delhi, India
Bahadur Shah II Zafarبهادر شاه ظفر
1837
1837–1857
Bahadur Shah II Zafarبهادر شاه ظفر
Titular Name
Bahadur Shah II Zafarبهادر شاه ظفر
Birth Name
Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammad ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد
Birth
24 October 1775 Delhi, India
Reign
28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857 (19 years, 360 days)
Death
7 November 1862 (aged 87) Rangoon, Myanmar
Portrait
Titular Name
Birth Name
Birth
Reign
Death
1
Baburبابر
Zahir al-Din Muhammadظهیر الدین محمد
14 February 1483 Andijan, Uzbekistan
20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530
26 December 1530 (aged 47) Agra, India
2
Humayunهمایوں
Nasir al-Din Muhammadنصیر الدین محمد
6 March 1508 Kabul, Afghanistan
26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540 22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556 (10 years 3 months 25 days)
27 January 1556 (aged 47) Delhi, India
3
Akbarاکبر
Jalal al-Din Muhammadجلال الدین محمد
15 October 1542 Umerkot, Pakistan
11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605 (49 years 9 months 0 days)
27 October 1605 (aged 63) Agra, India
4
Jahangirجهانگیر
Nur al-Din Muhammad نور الدین محمد
31 August 1569 Agra, India
3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627 (21 years 11 months 23 days)
28 October 1627 (aged 58) Bhimber, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
5
Shah Jahanشاہ جهان
Shihab al-Din Muhammadشهاب الدین محمد
5 January 1592 Lahore, Pakistan
19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658 (30 years 8 months 25 days)
22 January 1666 (aged 74) Agra, India
6
Aurangzeb اورنگزیب Alamgirعالمگیر
Muhi al-Din Muhammad محی الدین محمد
3 November 1618 Gujarat, India
31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707 (48 years 7 months 0 days)
3 March 1707 (aged 88) Ahmednagar, India
7
Azam Shahاعظم شاه
Qutb al-Din Muhammadقطب الدين محمد
28 June 1653 Burhanpur, India
14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707
20 June 1707 (aged 53) Agra, India
8
Bahadur Shahبهادر شاہ
Qutb al-Din Muhammadقطب الدین محمد
14 October 1643 Burhanpur, India
19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712 (4 years, 253 days)
27 February 1712 (aged 68) Lahore, Pakistan
9
Jahandar Shahجهاندار شاہ
Muiz al-Din Muhammad معز الدین محمد
9 May 1661 Deccan, India
27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713 (0 years, 350 days)
12 February 1713 (aged 51) Delhi, India
10
Farrukh Siyarفرخ سیر
Muin al-Din Muhammad موئن الدین محمدPuppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha
20 August 1685 Aurangabad, India
11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719 (6 years, 48 days)
19 April 1719 (aged 33) Delhi, India
11
Rafi ud-Darajatرفیع الدرجات
Shams al-Din Muhammadشمس الدین محمدPuppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha
1 December 1699
28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719 (0 years, 98 days)
6 June 1719 (aged 19) Agra, India
12
Shah Jahan IIشاہ جهان دوم
Rafi al-Din Muhammad رفع الدين محمدPuppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha
5 January 1696
6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719 (0 years, 105 days)
18 September 1719 (aged 23) Agra, India
13
Muhammad Shahمحمد شاه
Nasir al-Din Muhammad نصیر الدین محمد
7 August 1702 Ghazni, Afghanistan
27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748 (28 years, 212 days)
26 April 1748 (aged 45) Delhi, India
14
Ahmad Shah Bahadurاحمد شاہ بهادر
Mujahid al-Din Muhammad مجاهد الدین محمد
23 December 1725 Delhi, India
29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754 (6 years, 37 days)
1 January 1775 (aged 49) Delhi, India
15
Alamgir IIعالمگیر دوم
Aziz al-Din Muhammad عزیز اُلدین محمد
6 June 1699 Burhanpur, India
3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759 (5 years, 180 days)
29 November 1759 (aged 60) Kotla Fateh Shah, India
16
Shah Jahan IIIشاه جهان سوم
Muhi al-Millat محی الملت
1711
10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760 (282 days)
1772 (aged 60–61)
17
Shah Alam IIشاه عالم دوم
Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar جلال الدین علی گوهر
25 June 1728 Delhi, India
10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788 (27 years, 301 days)
19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India
18
Jahan Shahجهان شاه
Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جهان شاہ Puppet King Under Ghulam Qadir Rogilla
1749 Delhi, India
31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788 (63 days)
1790 (aged 40–41) Delhi, India
17
Shah Alam IIشاه عالم دوم
Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar جلال الدین علی گوهرPuppet monarch under the Maratha Confederacy
25 June 1728 Delhi, India
16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806 (18 years, 339 days)
19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India
19
Akbar Shah IIاکبر شاه دوم
Muin al-Din Muhammad میرزا اکبرPuppet King under the East India Company
22 April 1760 Mukundpur, India
19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837 (30 years, 321 days)
28 September 1837 (aged 77) Delhi, India
20
Bahadur Shah II Zafarبهادر شاه ظفر
Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammad ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد
24 October 1775 Delhi, India
28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857 (19 years, 360 days)
7 November 1862 (aged 87) Rangoon, Myanmar

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