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Muammar Gaddafi

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Muammar Gaddafi

Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (c. 1942 – 20 October 2011) was a Libyan military officer, revolutionary, politician, and political theorist who ruled Libya from 1969 until his overthrow by Libyan rebel forces in 2011 during the first Libyan civil war. He came to power through a military coup, first becoming Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977, Secretary General of the General People's Congress from 1977 to 1979, and then the Brotherly Leader of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1979 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, Gaddafi later ruled according to his own Third International Theory. Born near Sirte, Italian Libya, to a poor Bedouin Arab family, Gaddafi became an Arab nationalist while at school in Sabha, later enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. He founded a revolutionary group known as the Free Officers movement which deposed the Western-backed Senussi monarchy of Idris in a 1969 coup. Gaddafi converted Libya into a republic governed by his Revolutionary Command Council. Ruling by decree, he deported Libya's Italian population and ejected its Western military bases. He strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments and unsuccessfully advocated pan-Arab political union. An Islamic modernist, he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and promoted Islamic socialism. He nationalized the oil industry and used the increasing state revenues to bolster the military, fund foreign revolutionaries, and implement social programs emphasizing housebuilding, healthcare and education projects. In 1973, he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of Basic People's Congresses, presented as a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year in The Green Book. In 1977, Gaddafi transformed Libya into a new socialist state called a Jamahiriya ("state of the masses"). He officially adopted a symbolic role in governance but remained head of both the military and the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing dissent. During the 1970s and 1980s, Libya's unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, support for foreign militants, and alleged responsibility for bombings of Pan Am Flight 103 and UTA Flight 772 left it increasingly isolated on the world stage. A particularly hostile relationship developed with Israel, the United States and the United Kingdom, resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations–imposed economic sanctions. From 1999, Gaddafi shunned pan-Arabism, and encouraged pan-Africanism and rapprochement with Western nations; he was Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010. Amid the 2011 Arab Spring, protests against widespread corruption and unemployment broke out in eastern Libya. The situation descended into civil war, in which NATO intervened militarily on the side of the anti-Gaddafist National Transitional Council (NTC). Gaddafi's government was overthrown; he retreated to Sirte only to be captured, tortured and killed by NTC militants. A highly divisive figure, Gaddafi dominated Libya's politics for four decades and was the subject of a pervasive cult of personality. He was decorated with various awards and praised for his anti-imperialist stance, support for Arab—and then African—unity, as well as for significant development to the country after the discovery of oil reserves. Conversely, many Libyans strongly opposed Gaddafi's social and economic reforms; he was accused of various human rights violations. He was condemned by many as a dictator whose authoritarian administration systematically violated human rights and financed terrorism in the region and abroad.

Infobox

Prime Minister
See list Mahmud Suleiman Maghribi Himself Abdessalam Jalloud
Preceded by
Jakaya Kikwete
Succeeded by
Bingu wa Mutharika
President
Himself (as Chairman of the RCC)
Born
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafic. 1942Qasr Abu Hadi, Libya
Died
20 October 2011(2011-10-20) (aged 68–69)Sirte, Libya
Manner of death
Assassination by gunshots
Resting place
In an unknown location in the Libyan Desert
Political party
mw- Arab Socialist Union (1971–1977)Independent (1977–2011)
Spouses
mw- Fathia Nuri (m. 1969; div. 1970) Safia Farkash (m. 1970)
Children
10 Sons (8) Muhammad Saif al-Islam Al-Saadi Mutassim (deceased) Hannibal Saif al-Arab (deceased) Khamis (deceased)(disputed) Milad (adopted) Daughters (2) Ayesha Hana (adopted)
Residence
Bab al-Azizia
Alma mater
University of Libya (dropped out)
Allegiance
Kingdom of Libya (1961–1969) Libyan Arab Republic (1969–1977) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)
Branch/service
Libyan Army
Years of service
1961–2011
Rank
Colonel
Commands
Libyan Armed Forces
Battles/wars
mw- li Yom Kippur War Egyptian–Libyan War Chadian–Libyan War Toyota War Uganda–Tanzania War First Liberian Civil War First Libyan Civil War 2011 military intervention in Libya
Party
mw- Arab Socialist Union (1971–1977)Independent (1977–2011)

Tables

· External links
Preceded byIdrisas King of Libya
Preceded byIdrisas King of Libya
Political offices
Preceded byIdrisas King of Libya
Political offices
Chairman of the RevolutionaryCommand Council of Libya 1969–1977
Political offices
Succeeded byHimselfas Secretary General of theGeneral People's Congress of Libya
Preceded byMahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi
Preceded byMahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi
Political offices
Preceded byMahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi
Political offices
Prime Minister of Libya 1970–1972
Political offices
Succeeded byAbdessalam Jalloud
Preceded byHimselfas Chairman of the RevolutionaryCommand Council of Libya
Preceded byHimselfas Chairman of the RevolutionaryCommand Council of Libya
Political offices
Preceded byHimselfas Chairman of the RevolutionaryCommand Council of Libya
Political offices
Secretary General of theGeneral People's Congress of Libya 1977–1979
Political offices
Succeeded byAbdul Ati al-Obeidi
New office
New office
Political offices
New office
Political offices
Brotherly Leader and Guideof the Revolution of Libya 1977–2011
Political offices
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Diplomatic posts
Diplomatic posts
Political offices
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byJakaya Kikwete
Preceded byJakaya Kikwete
Political offices
Preceded byJakaya Kikwete
Political offices
Chairperson of the African Union 2009–2010
Political offices
Succeeded byBingu wa Mutharika
Political offices
Preceded byIdrisas King of Libya
Chairman of the RevolutionaryCommand Council of Libya 1969–1977
Succeeded byHimselfas Secretary General of theGeneral People's Congress of Libya
Preceded byMahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi
Prime Minister of Libya 1970–1972
Succeeded byAbdessalam Jalloud
Preceded byHimselfas Chairman of the RevolutionaryCommand Council of Libya
Secretary General of theGeneral People's Congress of Libya 1977–1979
Succeeded byAbdul Ati al-Obeidi
New office
Brotherly Leader and Guideof the Revolution of Libya 1977–2011
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byJakaya Kikwete
Chairperson of the African Union 2009–2010
Succeeded byBingu wa Mutharika

References

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  2. English pronunciation: /ˈmoʊəmɑːr ɡəˈdæfi/ MOH-ə-mar gə-DAF-ee or /ɡəˈdɑːfi/ gə-DAH-fee; Arabic: مُعمّر محمد أبو منيار ا
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  401. "Ratifica ed esecuzione del Trattato di amicizia, partenariato e cooperazione tra la Repubblica italiana e la Grande Giamahiria araba libica popolare socialista, fatto a Bengasi il 30 August 2008"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090618082911/http://www.senato.it/parlam/leggi/09007l.htm
  402. "Gaddafi to Rome for Historic Visit"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090616155752/http://www.ansa.it/site/notizie/awnplus/english/news/2009-06-09_109379246.html
  403. La Repubblica
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000538/http://www.repubblica.it/2008/05/sezioni/esteri/libia-italia/accordo-firmato/accordo-firmato.html
  404. Kawczynski 2011, p. 176.
  405. The Atlantic
    https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/08/watch-qaddafi-warn-laughing-arab-leaders-their-end-near/338775/
  406. www.aljazeera.com
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/3/29/gaddafi-condemns-arab-leaders
  407. MercoPress
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  408. St. John 2012, p. 276.
  409. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/24/world/24nations.html
  410. St. John 2012, p. 274.
  411. BBC News
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  412. euronews
    https://www.euronews.com/2018/03/20/sarkozy-in-libya-case-what-does-it-all-mean-
  413. France 24
    https://www.france24.com/en/20180320-france-libya-sarkozy-gaddafi-relations-haunt-2007-campaign-financing-case-custody
  414. France 24
    https://www.france24.com/en/20140128-france-sarkozy-gaddafi-campaign-funds-libya-television
  415. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-aug-13-op-3534-story.html
  416. www.aljazeera.com
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/8/3/austria-investigates-haider-links
  417. www.telegraph.co.uk
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1343369/Gaddafi-backs-friend-Haider.html
  418. St. John 2012, p. 250.
  419. Vandewalle 2008a, p. 224.
  420. St. John 2008, pp. 101–102.
  421. Kamel 2016, p. 697.
  422. Kawczynski 2011, p. 180; St. John 2012, p. 248.
  423. St. John 2012, p. 248.
  424. Vandewalle 2008a, p. 228; St. John 2012, pp. 249–250.
  425. St. John 2012, pp. 263–264.
  426. Cooley 1983, pp. 467–489; Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 156; Sacerdoti & Acconci 2011, pp. 312–313.
  427. GFRAS
    https://www.g-fras.org/es/world-wide-extension-study/africa/northern-africa/libya.html
  428. CNNMoney
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111027213334/https://money.cnn.com/2011/10/25/news/international/libya_oil/index.htm
  429. The African Exponent
    https://www.africanexponent.com/post/ten-reasons-libya-under-gaddafi-was-a-great-place-to-live-2746
  430. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/eu-africa-summit-idUKLDE6AS18N20101129
  431. Vandewalle 2008a, p. 231.
  432. St. John 2012, p. 257.
  433. Vandewalle 2008a, p. 225; St. John 2012, pp. 249–269.
  434. Kawczynski 2011, pp. 216, 227–228.
  435. St. John 2012, p. 278.
  436. St. John 2012, pp. 282–283.
  437. Kawczynski 2011, p. 231; St. John 2012, pp. 279–281.
  438. Kawczynski 2011, p. 242.
  439. Kawczynski 2011, pp. 242–243.
  440. St. John 2012, p. 283.
  441. St. John 2012, p. 284; Vandewalle 2008a, p. 236.
  442. Vandewalle 2008a, p. 236.
  443. St. John 2012, p. 284.
  444. St. John 2012, p. 286; Human Rights Watch 2012, p. 16.
  445. Human Rights Watch 2012, pp. 17–18.
  446. Sacerdoti & Acconci 2011, pp. 61–62; St. John 2012, p. 284; Human Rights Watch 2012, p. 16.
  447. Vandewalle 2008a, p. 236; Human Rights Watch 2012, p. 16.
  448. Human Rights Watch 2012, p. 16.
  449. Vandewalle 2008a, p. 236; St. John 2012, p. 284.
  450. The Washington Post
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  451. Castro 2011, pp. 308–309.
  452. Kawczynski 2011, p. 257; St. John 2012, p. 286.
  453. The Independent
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  454. St. John 2012, p. 285.
  455. St. John 2012, p. 286.
  456. Pargeter 2012, p. 8.
  457. www.aljazeera.com
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/9/6/large-libyan-armoured-convoy-arrives-in-niger
  458. Human Rights Watch 2012, p. 20.
  459. Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/10/17/hunted-a-first-hand-account-of-gaddafis-desperate-last-days/
  460. France 24
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  461. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-libya-syria-television-idUKTRE78F1IW20110916
  462. Asharq Al-Awsat
    https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/theaawsat/news-middle-east/gaddafi-threatened-to-wipe-my-hometown-off-the-map-jailed-libyan-official
  463. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15029062
  464. Human Rights Watch 2012, pp. 21–22.
  465. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/23/world/africa/in-his-last-days-qaddafi-wearied-of-fugitives-life.html
  466. Agenzia Nova
    https://www.agenzianova.com/en/news/libya-Gaddafi%27s-last-message-tonight-I-will-die-as-a-martyr-be-proud-of-me/
  467. Human Rights Watch 2012, p. 23.
  468. The African Exponent
    https://www.africanexponent.com/post/9311-last-audio-message-muammar-gaddafis-sent-to-his-family-surfaces
  469. Face2Face Africa
    https://face2faceafrica.com/article/listen-to-gaddafis-last-audio-recording-addressed-to-his-family-hours-before-he-was-killed
  470. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15516678
  471. The Atlantic
    https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/qaddafis-frantic-last-days-get-reexamined/336120/
  472. Human Rights Watch 2012, pp. 24–25.
  473. Human Rights Watch 2012, pp. 26–27.
  474. "GlobalPost: Qaddafi Apparently Sodomized After Capture"
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  475. The Irish Times
    https://www.irishtimes.com/news/gadafy-s-killers-will-be-tried-claims-ntc-1.632918
  476. Time
    https://time.com/6280869/vladimir-putin-russia-assassination/
  477. Human Rights Watch 2012, pp. 28–29.
  478. "Report: Libyan Militias Executed Dozens, Possibly Including Gadhafi"
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  479. Karniel, Lavie-Dinur & Azran 2015, pp. 171, 176.
  480. Human Rights Watch 2012, p. 44.
  481. "Muammar Gaddafi 'Buried in Desert Grave at Dawn'"
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  482. Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 87.
  483. Harris 1986, p. 43.
  484. Harris 1986, p. 43; Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 18.
  485. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/29/books/review/what-did-qaddafis-green-book-really-say.html
  486. Qaddafi, M., Jouve, E., & Parfitt, A. (2005). My Vision. John Blake.
  487. St. John 1987, p. 28.
  488. Harris 1986, p. 57.
  489. St. John 1983, p. 473; St. John 1987, p. 21; St. John 2008, p. 92.
  490. St. John 1987, p. 26.
  491. St. John 1983, p. 474; St. John 1987, pp. 26–27.
  492. Harris 1986, p. 59; St. John 1987, pp. 19, 49.
  493. St. John 1987, p. 58.
  494. Hinnebusch 1984, p. 63.
  495. Haynes 1990, p. 59; Pargeter 2012, p. 3.
  496. Harris 1986, p. 54.
  497. St. John 1987, p. 34.
  498. St. John 1987, p. 29.
  499. Zoubir 2009, p. 402.
  500. Haynes 1990, p. 60.
  501. Harris 1986, p. 54; Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 18.
  502. Blundy & Lycett 1987, pp. 19, 197.
  503. St. John 1983, p. 478.
  504. Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 25.
  505. St. John 2008, p. 100.
  506. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/opinion/22qaddafi.html
  507. Karniel, Lavie-Dinur & Azran 2015, p. 177.
  508. St. John 1987, p. 30.
  509. St. John 1983, p. 473.
  510. Bearman 1986, p. 161.
  511. St. John 1983, p. 476; Bearman 1986, p. 161; St. John 1987, p. 30.
  512. First 1974, p. 25.
  513. Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 19.
  514. The Times of India
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  515. Bearman 1986, p. 164.
  516. Harris 1986, pp. 45, 50.
  517. Harris 1986, pp. 33, 53.
  518. Bearman 1986, p. 157.
  519. First 1974, p. 255; St. John 1983, p. 482; Harris 1986, p. 48.
  520. Hinnebusch 1984, p. 69.
  521. St. John 1983, p. 484.
  522. Bearman 1986, p. xvii.
  523. Bearman 1986, p. 104.
  524. Bearman 1986, p. 105.
  525. Bearman 1986, pp. 104–105.
  526. Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 98.
  527. Hajjar 1982.
  528. Bearman 1986, p. 158.
  529. Bearman 1986, p. 159.
  530. Bearman 1986, p. 160.
  531. Bearman 1986, p. 284.
  532. Harris 1986, p. 48.
  533. St. John 1987, p. 145; Vandewalle 2006, p. 6.
  534. Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 22.
  535. Bearman 1986, p. 285.
  536. Pargeter 2012, p. 2.
  537. Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 24.
  538. Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 1.
  539. Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 32.
  540. "Moammar Gadhafi Won't Stay in Bedford Tent After All"
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  541. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/29/nyregion/29libya.html
  542. The Sydney Morning Herald
    https://www.smh.com.au/world/when-in-rome-gaddafi-will-do-as-the-bedouins-20090610-c3ln.html
  543. Harris 1986, p. 51.
  544. Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 21.
  545. Harris 1986, pp. 53–54; Blundy & Lycett 1987, pp. 22–23.
  546. Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 112.
  547. The Times
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  548. Cojean 2013.
  549. The Independent
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  550. Salon
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  551. Business Standard India
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  552. "Gadhafi's Ukrainian Nurse Talks About Life with 'Daddy'"
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  553. Harris 1986, p. 53; Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 22.
  554. Al Arabiya News
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  555. "The Gaddafi Family Tree"
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  556. Pargeter 2012, p. 6.
  557. "Gaddafi cousin arrested in Egypt"
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  558. NPR
    https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2011/10/25/141694091/gadhafis-final-weeks-as-told-by-a-top-security-official
  559. The Washington Post
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  560. The Washington Post
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  561. Vandewalle 2006, p. 5.
  562. Hinnebusch 1984, p. 59.
  563. Hinnebusch 1984, p. 62.
  564. Bearman 1986, p. 283; Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 20.
  565. Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 20.
  566. Hinnebusch 1984, p. 61; Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 20.
  567. First 1974, pp. 22–23.
  568. Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 16.
  569. Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 17.
  570. Bianco 1975, p. 7.
  571. Kawczynski 2011, p. 191.
  572. First 1974, p. 23.
  573. Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 19; Kawczynski 2011, pp. 196–200.
  574. Kawczynski 2011, pp. 202–203, 209.
  575. Zoubir 2009, p. 409.
  576. Castro 2011, p. 309.
  577. Haynes 1990, p. 58; Boyd-Judson 2005, p. 91.
  578. USA Today
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  579. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/23/world/africa/many-in-sub-saharan-africa-mourn-qaddafis-death.html
  580. Libya Herald
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131205013514/http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/10/20/on-the-first-anniversary-of-qaddafis-death-is-libya-better-off-a-year-on/
  581. Libya Herald
    https://www.libyaherald.com/2013/01/09/gnc-officially-renames-libya-the-state-of-libya-until-the-new-constitution/
  582. The New York Times
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  583. alaraby
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