Topzle Topzle

Mount Rainier

Updated: Wikipedia source

Mount Rainier

Mount Rainier ( ray-NEER), also known as Tahoma, is a large active stratovolcano in the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest in the United States. The mountain is located in Mount Rainier National Park about 59 miles (95 km) south-southeast of Seattle. At 14,410 feet (4,390 m) it is the highest mountain in the U.S. state of Washington, the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States, and the tallest in the Cascade Volcanic Arc. Due to its high probability of an eruption in the near future and proximity to a major urban area, Mount Rainier is considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world, and it is on the Decade Volcano list. The large amount of glacial ice means that Mount Rainier could produce massive lahars that could threaten the entire Puyallup River valley and other river valleys draining Mount Rainier, including the Carbon, White, Nisqually, and Cowlitz (above Riffe Lake). According to the United States Geological Survey's 2008 report, "about 80,000 people and their homes are at risk in Mount Rainier's lahar-hazard zones." Between 1950 and 2018, 439,460 people climbed Mount Rainier. Approximately 84 people died in mountaineering accidents on Mount Rainier from 1947 to 2018.

Infobox

Elevation
14,410 feet (4,390 m) (1956)
Prominence
13,210 ft (4,030 m)
Isolation
731 mi (1,176 km)
Listing
mw- World most prominent peaks 21stNorth America prominent peaks 4thNorth America isolated peaks 7thU.S. highest major peaks 17thU.S. state high point 4thDecade Volcano
Coordinates
mw- 46°51′6″N 121°45′37″W / 46.85167°N 121.76028°W / 46.85167; -121.76028
Etymology
Peter Rainier
Country
United States
State
Washington
County
Pierce County
Protected area
Mount Rainier National Park
Parent range
Cascade Range
Topo map
USGS Mount Rainier West
Formed by
Subduction zone volcanism
Rock age
500,000 years
Mountain type
Stratovolcano
Volcanic arc
Cascade Volcanic Arc
First ascent
1870 by Hazard Stevens and P. B. Van Trump
Easiest route
rock/ice climb via Disappointment Cleaver

Tables

Month
Month
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
Month
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
Jan
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
Feb
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
Mar
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
Apr
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
May
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
Jun
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
Jul
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
Aug
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
Sep
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
Oct
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
Nov
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
Dec
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
1.2(−17.1)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
2.4(−16.4)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
4.1(−15.5)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
8.0(−13.3)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
16.7(−8.5)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
22.3(−5.4)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
31.2(−0.4)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
32.5(0.3)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
24.0(−4.4)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
15.4(−9.2)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
4.7(−15.2)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
0.2(−17.7)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
13.6(−10.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
−10.0(−23.3)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
−10.5(−23.6)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
−9.0(−22.8)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
−6.1(−21.2)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
0.7(−17.4)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
5.0(−15.0)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
11.2(−11.6)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
12.1(−11.1)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
7.8(−13.4)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
1.1(−17.2)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
−7.4(−21.9)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
−11.4(−24.1)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
−1.4(−18.5)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
Average precipitation inches (mm)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
14.09(358)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
11.49(292)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
11.38(289)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
6.73(171)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
3.62(92)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
3.08(78)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
1.13(29)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
1.30(33)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
3.01(76)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
7.61(193)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
12.89(327)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
13.60(345)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
89.93(2,284)
Average dew point °F (°C)
Average dew point °F (°C)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
Average dew point °F (°C)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
−4.8(−20.4)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
−8.7(−22.6)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
−9.0(−22.8)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
−7.6(−22.0)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
−2.0(−18.9)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
3.4(−15.9)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
8.1(−13.3)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
7.9(−13.4)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
5.3(−14.8)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
1.8(−16.8)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
−4.0(−20.0)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
−6.0(−21.1)
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
−1.3(−18.5)
Source: PRISM Climate Group
Source: PRISM Climate Group
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
Source: PRISM Climate Group
Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
1.2(−17.1)
2.4(−16.4)
4.1(−15.5)
8.0(−13.3)
16.7(−8.5)
22.3(−5.4)
31.2(−0.4)
32.5(0.3)
24.0(−4.4)
15.4(−9.2)
4.7(−15.2)
0.2(−17.7)
13.6(−10.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
−10.0(−23.3)
−10.5(−23.6)
−9.0(−22.8)
−6.1(−21.2)
0.7(−17.4)
5.0(−15.0)
11.2(−11.6)
12.1(−11.1)
7.8(−13.4)
1.1(−17.2)
−7.4(−21.9)
−11.4(−24.1)
−1.4(−18.5)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
14.09(358)
11.49(292)
11.38(289)
6.73(171)
3.62(92)
3.08(78)
1.13(29)
1.30(33)
3.01(76)
7.61(193)
12.89(327)
13.60(345)
89.93(2,284)
Average dew point °F (°C)
−4.8(−20.4)
−8.7(−22.6)
−9.0(−22.8)
−7.6(−22.0)
−2.0(−18.9)
3.4(−15.9)
8.1(−13.3)
7.9(−13.4)
5.3(−14.8)
1.8(−16.8)
−4.0(−20.0)
−6.0(−21.1)
−1.3(−18.5)
Source: PRISM Climate Group
Month
Month
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Month
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Jan
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Feb
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Mar
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Apr
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
May
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Jun
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Jul
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Aug
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Sep
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Oct
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Nov
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Dec
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Year
Record high °F (°C)
Record high °F (°C)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Record high °F (°C)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
47.9(8.8)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
48.5(9.2)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
48.0(8.9)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
60.1(15.6)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
53.9(12.2)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
66.5(19.2)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
66.8(19.3)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
68.6(20.3)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
64.3(17.9)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
57.0(13.9)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
51.3(10.7)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
47.7(8.7)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
68.6(20.3)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
23.2(−4.9)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
22.0(−5.6)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
22.8(−5.1)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
26.9(−2.8)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
35.1(1.7)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
40.5(4.7)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
48.0(8.9)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
50.0(10.0)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
42.1(5.6)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
34.8(1.6)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
26.2(−3.2)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
21.1(−6.1)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
32.7(0.4)
Daily mean °F (°C)
Daily mean °F (°C)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Daily mean °F (°C)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
17.7(−7.9)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
15.3(−9.3)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
16.4(−8.7)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
20.0(−6.7)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
28.4(−2.0)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
34.8(1.6)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
42.8(6.0)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
44.4(6.9)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
36.7(2.6)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
29.2(−1.6)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
20.5(−6.4)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
15.1(−9.4)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
26.8(−2.9)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
12.6(−10.8)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
9.0(−12.8)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
10.8(−11.8)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
14.3(−9.8)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
23.1(−4.9)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
29.6(−1.3)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
38.5(3.6)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
39.7(4.3)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
31.9(−0.1)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
23.8(−4.6)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
14.8(−9.6)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
9.5(−12.5)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
21.5(−5.8)
Record low °F (°C)
Record low °F (°C)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Record low °F (°C)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
−11.2(−24.0)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
−11.6(−24.2)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
−4.3(−20.2)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
−6.2(−21.2)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
0.7(−17.4)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
4.0(−15.6)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
19.3(−7.1)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
23.8(−4.6)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
7.4(−13.7)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
0.5(−17.5)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
−3.8(−19.9)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
−14.4(−25.8)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
−14.4(−25.8)
Average relative humidity (%)
Average relative humidity (%)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Average relative humidity (%)
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
72.2
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
69.7
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
69.3
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
63.5
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
63.2
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
54.4
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
42.5
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
43.0
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
54.2
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
62.3
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
71.5
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
72.5
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
61.5
Source: NWAC
Source: NWAC
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Source: NWAC
Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
47.9(8.8)
48.5(9.2)
48.0(8.9)
60.1(15.6)
53.9(12.2)
66.5(19.2)
66.8(19.3)
68.6(20.3)
64.3(17.9)
57.0(13.9)
51.3(10.7)
47.7(8.7)
68.6(20.3)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
23.2(−4.9)
22.0(−5.6)
22.8(−5.1)
26.9(−2.8)
35.1(1.7)
40.5(4.7)
48.0(8.9)
50.0(10.0)
42.1(5.6)
34.8(1.6)
26.2(−3.2)
21.1(−6.1)
32.7(0.4)
Daily mean °F (°C)
17.7(−7.9)
15.3(−9.3)
16.4(−8.7)
20.0(−6.7)
28.4(−2.0)
34.8(1.6)
42.8(6.0)
44.4(6.9)
36.7(2.6)
29.2(−1.6)
20.5(−6.4)
15.1(−9.4)
26.8(−2.9)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
12.6(−10.8)
9.0(−12.8)
10.8(−11.8)
14.3(−9.8)
23.1(−4.9)
29.6(−1.3)
38.5(3.6)
39.7(4.3)
31.9(−0.1)
23.8(−4.6)
14.8(−9.6)
9.5(−12.5)
21.5(−5.8)
Record low °F (°C)
−11.2(−24.0)
−11.6(−24.2)
−4.3(−20.2)
−6.2(−21.2)
0.7(−17.4)
4.0(−15.6)
19.3(−7.1)
23.8(−4.6)
7.4(−13.7)
0.5(−17.5)
−3.8(−19.9)
−14.4(−25.8)
−14.4(−25.8)
Average relative humidity (%)
72.2
69.7
69.3
63.5
63.2
54.4
42.5
43.0
54.2
62.3
71.5
72.5
61.5
Source: NWAC

References

  1. Indigenous peoples around the mountain have names for it in their languages: Lushootseed: təqʷubəʔ and xʷaq̓ʷ Cowlitz: t
  2. Prior to around 2014, Mount Rainier's icecap at the Columbia Crest was the highest point on the mountain, and was survey
  3. Pronounced tuh-KWOH-buh
  4. The 1999 survey was based on the North American Vertical Datum of 1988, but the result was converted to NGVD29 by the or
  5. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research
    https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15230430.2025.2572898?scroll=top&needAccess=true#abstract
  6. "An Icon on the Horizon"
    https://www.nps.gov/mora/index.htm
  7. National Geographic
    https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/mount-rainier-washington-ice-cave-exploration-danger-discovery
  8. Peakbagger.com
    http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2296
  9. "Mount Rainier"
    https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mount-rainier
  10. "Puget Sound Geographical names"
    https://tulaliplushootseed.com/places/
  11. Native American Placenames of the United States
    https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&q=tacoma
  12. Cowlitz Indian Tribe
    https://dictionary.cowlitzsalish.org/#/E/mount%20rainier
  13. Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit: Yakama/Yakima Sahaptin Dictionary
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1299328956
  14. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/22/travel/respecting-mount-rainier.html
  15. The Seattle Times
    https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/climate-lab/mount-rainier-is-shrinking-and-now-has-a-new-summit/
  16. Newsweek
    https://www.newsweek.com/washingtons-tallest-mountain-shrinking-age-mount-rainier-1966278
  17. CVO
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120603153614/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/DecadeVolcanoes/framework.html
  18. "Volcanic Hazards at Mount Rainier"
    https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mount-rainier/science/volcanic-hazards-mount-rainier
  19. Fact Sheet 034-02
    https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3062/fs2008-3062.pdf
  20. High Altitude Medicine & Biology
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220711104944/https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/ham.2021.0085
  21. National Park Service
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220711103544/https://www.nps.gov/mora/planyourvisit/annual-climbing-statistics.htm
  22. "Puyallup Tribe seeks to restore Mount Rainier's original name through linguistic research"
    https://www.king5.com/article/news/community/facing-race/new-paper-analyzes-many-names-mount-rainier/281-a9d7b9de-d2d2-4afc-a258-9592082bfe17
  23. The Olympian
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97375155/puget-hits-the-shore/
  24. "Is it time to rename Mount Rainier to its former native name?"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141021035212/http://www.kplu.org/post/it-time-rename-mount-rainier-its-former-native-name
  25. Mount Rainier Nature Notes
    http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/mora/vol7/vol7-14e.htm
  26. National Park, City Playground: Mount Rainier in the Twentieth Century
  27. The canoe and the saddle: adventures among the northwestern rivers and forests, and Isthmiana
    http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mymhiwe&fileName=f891w56/mymhiwef891w56.db&recNum=121&itemLink=r?ammem/mymhiwe:@field(DOCID+@lit(mymhiwef891w56div7))%23f891w56122&linkText=1
  28. Meridian
    https://geonames.usgs.gov/docs/Proceedings%20of%20a%20Centennial%20Symposium.pdf
  29. The Seattle Times
  30. Recreation
    https://books.google.com/books?id=gX87AQAAMAAJ
  31. HistoryLink
    https://www.historylink.org/File/5345
  32. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Rainier
  33. Bruce Barcott
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090113034513/http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~bgoebel/members/bbarcott.htm
  34. "Image of the Day: Mount Rainier"
    https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/145548/mount-rainier
  35. The Oregonian
    https://www.oregonlive.com/travel/2017/04/a_10-mountain_view_on_top_of_m.html
  36. Vancouver Sun
    https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-vancouver-sun-mt-rainier-on-top-of/159617504/
  37. "Mount Rainier Glaciers and Glaciations"
    https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Rainier/Glaciers/description_rainier_glaciers.html
  38. Glaciers on Mount Rainier
    https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr92474
  39. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
    https://zenodo.org/record/1260041
  40. The News Tribune
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120905080031/http://www.thenewstribune.com/2007/10/08/174171/exploring-rainiers-summit-steam.html
  41. Science
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971Sci...173..320K
  42. The NSS Bulletin
    http://legacy.caves.org/pub/journal/PDF/V37/v37n3-Kiver.htm
  43. "Mount Rainier Glaciers"
    https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/nature/mount-rainier-glaciers.htm
  44. Geomorphic Evaluation and Channel Mitigation Zone Analysis: Puyallup, Carbon and White Rivers
    https://www.piercecountywa.gov/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/1158
  45. HistoryLink
    https://www.historylink.org/file/21095
  46. The Daily News
    https://tdn.com/lifestyles/come-along-for-a-tour-of-the-mighty-cowlitz-river/article_cbd20958-27ad-11e3-aeb0-001a4bcf887a.html
  47. Mount Rainier: Its Human History Associations
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070326002622/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/berkeley/rensch2/rensch2f.htm
  48. Geographic Names Information System
    https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1533577
  49. "Mount Rainier, Washington – Summary"
    https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/cvo/Historical/LewisClark/Info/summary_mount_rainier.shtml
  50. Point of Beginning Magazine
    https://archive.today/20121217170809/http://www.pobonline.com/Articles/Features/1fc6f0b5ba0f6010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____
  51. The Olympian
    https://www.theolympian.com/outdoors/article25261372.html
  52. thankyou.kuow.org
    https://thankyou.kuow.org/stories/mount-rainier-shrinking-just-a-little-new-study-finds
  53. Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada
    https://archive.org/details/volcanoesofnorth0000unse/page/158
  54. History and Hazards of Mount Rainier, Washington
  55. Open-File Report 93-111
    https://wa.water.usgs.gov/pubs/fs/fs_landslide.html
  56. Seattle Weekly
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070321215903/http://www.seattleweekly.com/2005-10-19/news/the-super-flood.php
  57. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper
    https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Rainier/Publications/PP677/osceola_mudflow.html
  58. "SoilWeb: An Online Soil Survey Browser | California Soil Resource Lab"
    https://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/gmap/
  59. Fire Mountains of the West
  60. Global Volcanism Program
    https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=321030
  61. "Mount Rainier Volcano"
    https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Rainier/description_rainier.html
  62. National Geographic Ultimate Explorer
    https://web.archive.org/web/20091212083711/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/09/0924_030925_mtrainiereruption.html
  63. Wired
    https://www.wired.com/2015/05/volcanoes-cascades-quiet-lately/
  64. "Scientists eye Cascade range volcanoes"
    http://www.bendbulletin.com/localstate/1809613-151/next-round-of-volcano-research-could-include-south
  65. pubs.usgs.gov
    https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs092-02/
  66. KUOW
    http://kuow.org/post/what-will-happen-when-mount-rainier-erupts
  67. IAVCEI conference on volcanic hazard in densely populated regions
    https://web.archive.org/web/19970722201431/http://www.geophys.washington.edu/SEIS/PNSN/RAINIER/decadevolc.html
  68. Tacoma News Tribune
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120317153808/http://wwwb.tribnet.com/projects/lahar/lahar.asp
  69. Geological Survey Professional Paper
    https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Rainier/Publications/PP1547/framework.html
  70. Open-File Report 98-428
    https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Rainier/Hazards/OFR98-428/OFR98-428.html
  71. "Loss Estimation Pilot Program for Lahar Hazards from Mount Rainier, Washington"
    https://www.dnr.wa.gov/publications/ger_ic113_mt_rainier_lahar_hazards.pdf
  72. Mount Rainier Debris-Flow Maps available from USGS
    https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Rainier/Publications/debris_flow_maps.html
  73. www.usgs.gov
    https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mount-rainier/monitoring-lahars-mount-rainier
  74. Critical Areas, Stormwater, and Clearing and Grading Ordinances
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110705165824/http://your.kingcounty.gov/ddes/cao/Manual/II-Volcanic.pdf
  75. Global Volcanism Program
    https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=351020
  76. "Paths of Destruction: The Hidden Threat at Mount Rainier"
    http://www.geotimes.org/apr04/feature_MountRainier.html
  77. "Why Mount Rainier is the US volcano that troubles scientists most"
    https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/23/science/mount-rainier-volcanic-eruption-lahar-scn/index.html
  78. "Regional Lahar Evacuation Drill"
    https://laharexercise.com/
  79. "Mount Rainier Seismicity Information"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100617004625/http://www.ess.washington.edu/SEIS/PNSN/RAINIER/
  80. "Mount Rainier Swarm Report"
    https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Rainier/CurrentActivity/rainier_earthquake_and_swarm_20090920.html
  81. The Seattle Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111020042034/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2016531929_apwarainierquakes.html
  82. MyNorthwest.com
    https://www.kiro7.com/news/local/swarm-earthquakes-detected-mount-rainier/6SUYT6HV55HAXMGLHXEA4JFZ64/?%3F
  83. "Monitoring stations detect small magnitude earthquakes at Mount Rainier"
    https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/cvo/news/monitoring-stations-detect-small-magnitude-earthquakes-mount-rainier
  84. gsa.confex.com
    https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2017AM/webprogram/Paper299694.html
  85. National Resource Report 2017/1472
    https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2242142
  86. Geology
    http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article/39/7/639/130596/Wholeedifice-ice-volume-change-AD-1970-to-20072008
  87. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/12/climate/mount-rainier-glaciers-climate-change.html
  88. NBC News
    https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/three-mount-rainiers-glaciers-melted-away-rcna89123
  89. The Seattle Times
    http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/science/rainier-melting-unleashes-glacial-outbursts-of-debris/
  90. The Great Northwest
  91. "Mowich" is the Chinook Jargon word for "deer".
  92. Mount Rainier National Park
    https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/historyculture/archaeology.htm
  93. Archaeology in Washington
    https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/historyculture/upload/AIW-Burtchard2007_acess.pdf
  94. Wonderland: an administrative history of Mount Rainier National Park
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45308935
  95. Mount Rainier, its human history associations
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1042816617
  96. Mountain fever: historic conquests of Rainier
    https://archive.org/details/mountainfeverhis0000hain
  97. University of Oregon Libraries Historic Photograph Collections
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080704085932/http://libweb.uoregon.edu/speccoll/photo/fhstevens.html
  98. First Lady of Mount Rainier
  99. National Park Service
    https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/historyculture/mount-rainier-history.htm
  100. U.S. National Park Service
    https://www.nps.gov/articles/longmire-designing-a-national-park-style.htm
  101. NPS History
    http://npshistory.com/publications/mora/short_history.pdf
  102. Nature Notes
    http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/mora/vol2/vol2-3a.htm#2
  103. "John Muir and Mount Rainier"
    http://content.lib.washington.edu/warnerweb/essay.html
  104. "U.S. Code: Title 16 Chapter 1 Subchapter XI § 91"
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/91-
  105. "U.S. Code: Title 16 Chapter 1 Subchapter XI § 92"
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/92-
  106. HistoryLink
    https://www.historylink.org/File/2067
  107. "Mount Rainier – Living Safely With a Volcano in Your Backyard"
    https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3062/
  108. stamp-collecting-world.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20171024095535/http://www.stamp-collecting-world.com/usstamps_1934.html
  109. "Washington State Quarter"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120227061245/http://www.arts.wa.gov/projects/quarter.shtml
  110. The Seattle Times
    http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003663136_quarters12m.html
  111. The Seattle Times
    https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/6-climbers-dead-on-mount-rainier/
  112. "Annual Climbing Statistics"
    https://www.nps.gov/mora/planyourvisit/annual-climbing-statistics.htm
  113. University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130730053825/http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fwastate&CISOPTR=561&CISOBOX=1&REC=9
  114. "Mt. Rainier Climbing Pass FAQs"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170208164827/https://www.nps.gov/mora/planyourvisit/climbing-pass-faqs.htm
  115. "Disappointment Cleaver-Ingraham Glacier"
    https://www.nps.gov/mora/planyourvisit/upload/Disappointment-Cleaver-Routebrief-2017_FINAL.pdf
  116. National Park Service
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180802040922/https://www.nps.gov/mora/planyourvisit/things-to-know-before-you-climb.htm
  117. The Seattle Times
    http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/liberty-ridge-is-risky-deadly-mount-rainier-route/
  118. Mount Rainier: A Climbers Guide
  119. Mountain Fever: Historic Conquests of Rainier
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41619403
  120. Seattle Post-Intelligencer
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110711141451/http://www.sarinfo.bc.ca/RainierIcefall.htm
  121. HistoryLink
    https://www.historylink.org/File/7820
  122. The Seattle Times
    http://blogs.seattletimes.com/today/2014/08/bodies-of-3-missing-climbers-recovered-from-mount-rainier/
  123. The Seattle Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140904111905/http://blogs.seattletimes.com/today/2014/08/bodies-of-3-mount-rainier-climbers-identified/
  124. "Backcountry Skiing Guide to Mount Rainier, Washington"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110716082021/http://www.skiingthebackcountry.com/ski_guide/UNITED-STATES/WASHINGTON/CASCADES-CENTRAL/MOUNT-RAINIER
  125. prism.oregonstate.edu
    http://prism.oregonstate.edu/explorer/
  126. "Weather Data Area Page – Mt Rainier"
    https://nwac.us/data-portal/location/mt-rainier/
  127. U.S. National Park Service
    https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/management/what-s-special.htm
  128. Mount Rainier National Park
    https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/nature/carnivores.htm
  129. Department of Natural Resources
    https://www.dnr.wa.gov/publications/amp_nh_pera6.pdf
  130. Mount Rainier National Park
    https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/nature/animals.htm
  131. Mount Rainier National Park
    https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/nature/plants.htm
  132. Los Angeles Times
    http://www.latimes.com/travel/la-tr-d-mt-rainier-main-20150322-story.html
  133. Wildflower Wonders: The 50 Best Wildflower Sites in the World
  134. Mount Rainier National Park
    https://www.nps.gov/mora/planyourvisit/paradise.htm
  135. Nature Notes
    http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/mora/vol2/vol2-4c.htm#5
  136. Mount Rainier National Park
    https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/nature/fish.htm
Image
Source:
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.