-
Health monitoring contributes to conservation by studying the health of butterflies in all or various stages of its life
-
Habitat restoration contributes to conservation by planting larval food plants, nectaring plants and overwinter plants n
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Policy contributes to the conservation by coordination of efforts across governmental and non-governmental organizations
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Reserves protect habitat for the butterfly.
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Education contributes to the conservation of the monarch by raising awareness and participation in conservation activiti
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Censuses of the monarch provide information regarding the migration routes, relative population comparisons between diff
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Grants are given (G) and received (R) to help foster new conservation programs and to fund research.
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Research provides information regarding the butterfly and its migration.
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Citizen science participation involves activities by lay-persons to promote conservation.
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Tagging and then recapturing monarchs provides information useful to provide information on migration.
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Regulations exit to protect the butterfly and its habitat.
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Economic development promotes the development of alternative sources of income around Mexican overwintering sites to pre
-
Repository is the accumulated data produced by scientists and citizen scientists.
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Available to public indicates whether this data are shared freely to the public.
-
Danaus plexippus
https://images.peabody.yale.edu/lepsoc/jls/2010s/2015/2015-69-2-091.pdf -
Pyle 1981, pp. 712–713.
-
www.fws.gov
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A Field Guide to the Butterflies of North America, East of the Great Plains
https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetobutt00alex -
Brower 1977, p. 41.
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"The Monarchs' Arrival in Mexico and Mexican Traditions"
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Day of the Dead
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Pyle 2014, p. 7.
-
Pyle 2014, p. 15.
-
Urquhart 1960, p. 290–296, 305, 306, 310.
-
Brower 1977, p. 43.
-
Turiguía: Michoacán
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"Historic Rendezvous of Those Who Located Monarch Butterfly Roosting Sites Draws Crowd of 200"
http://texasbutterflyranch.com/2014/03/28/almost-200-gather-for-historic-rendezvous-of-monarch-butterfly-roosting-site-founders/ -
Brower 1977, p. 54.
-
Journey North
https://journeynorth.org/monarchs/featured/image-monarch-monarch-butterfly-sanctuary-map -
Roundtable Discussions and Priority Actions
https://doi.org/10.5558%2Ftfc79242-2 -
Atlas Obscura
https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/joya-redonda-monarch-butterfly-sanctuary-atlautla-mexico -
"2001 Season Summary"
http://monarchwatch.org/read/seasum.htm -
Journal of Insect Behavior
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JIBeh..23..405M -
The Insects; Structure and Function, 4th Edition. R.F. Chapman, Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-521-57048-4, p
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Brower 1977, p. 52.
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Oberhauser, Batalden & Howard 2009, p. 9.
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PBS Nova Series
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/journey-butterflies.html -
Journal of Insect Physiology
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JInsP..52..113K -
Mol. Biol. Evol
https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a025819 -
The Insects; Structure and Function, 4th Edition. R.F. Chapman, Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-521-57048-4, p
-
Tauber, M.J., Tauber, C.A., Masaki, S. (1986) Seasonal Adaptations of Insects. Oxford University Press, 414 pp.
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Brower et al. 1995, p. 542.
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Epicuticular Wax Secretion in Diapause and Non-diapause Pupae of the Bertha Army worm, Author: HEGDEKAR, B. M., Source:
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The Insects; Structure and Function, 4th Edition. R.F. Chapman, Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-521-57048-4, pp
-
Herman, 1981, Biological Bulletin Vol 160, No1, pp 89-106
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Annual Review of Entomology
https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.en.31.010186.001323 -
Stenotarsus rotundus
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992EEApp..63..203Y -
Science News
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/348485/description/Chill_turns_monarchs_north -
MonarchNet News – A Citizen Science Newsletter
-
Pyle 2014, p. x.
-
Journal of Insect Conservation
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JICon..13..279H -
International Journal of Zoology
https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2012%2F149026 -
Urquhart 1960, p. 88, 305–306.
-
Pyle 2010, pp. 15, 16 290.
-
Journey North
https://journeynorth.org/tm/monarch/TagRecoveryVAWinter2006.html -
Brower 1977, p. 44.
-
Pyle 2014, p. 3.
-
Nature
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4331202 -
"2001 Season Summary"
http://monarchwatch.org/read/seasum.htm -
Oberhauser, Batalden & Howard 2009, p. 10.
-
Monarch Joint Venture. 2016. Potential risks of growing exotic (non-native) milkweeds for monarchs. This 'potential' ri
http://monarchjointventure.org/images/uploads/documents/Oe_fact_sheet.pdf -
"Monarch Migration Studies"
http://www.swallowtailfarms.com/pages/educationalproducts_mms.html -
Oberhauser & Solensky 2004, p. 79.
-
"Butterfly Conservation: Secrets of Painted Lady migration unveiled"
https://web.archive.org/web/20121031021232/http://www.birdguides.com/webzine/article.asp?a=3493 -
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49079-2 -
University of Florida Book of Insect Records
http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/walker/Ufbir/chapters/chapter_11.shtml -
Danaus plexippus
https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2009%2F705780 -
PLOS ONE
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405115 -
Evolution
https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.2009.00946.x -
PLOS ONE
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4659535 -
Yang et al. 2015. Intra-population variation in the natal origins and wing morphology of overwintering western monarch b
-
Animal Migration
https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fami-2014-0001 -
Journal of Insect Behavior
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JIBeh..23..405M -
Biology Letters
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817264 -
Monarch Science
https://akdavis6.wixsite.com/monarchscience/single-post/2015/09/02/The-mystery-of-the-missing-missus-or-Mrs-monarchs -
Oberhauser, Batalden & Howard 2009, p. 5.
-
Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
-
"Eastern monarch butterfly population nearly doubles in 2025"
https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/eastern-monarch-butterfly-population-nearly-doubles-in-2025 -
"Eastern monarch butterfly population shows signs of recovery"
https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/eastern-monarch-butterfly-population-shows-signs-of-recovery -
"Troubling news for monarch butterfly populations"
https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/troubling-news-for-monarch-butterfly-populations -
Davis 2011, pp. 1–5.
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Insect Conservation and Diversity
https://doi.org/10.1111%2FJ.1752-4598.2011.00176.x -
Urquhart 1960, p. 279.
-
Pyle 2014, p. 22.
-
"Southwest Monarch Study"
http://www.swmonarchs.org/index.php -
"Monarch Monitoring Project"
https://web.archive.org/web/20141018045021/http://www.njaudubon.org/SectionCapeMayBirdObservatory/SeasonalWatches/MonarchMonitoringProject.aspx -
"United Using Planes to Track Butterflies and Birds"
https://gizmodo.com/united-is-using-its-planes-to-track-butterflies-and-bir-1597991201 -
"Tracking with isotopes"
http://whyfiles.org/083isotope/2.html# -
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC28060 -
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229949500 -
"Rincon Biologist Volunteers for Annual Monarch Butterfly Event"
http://www.rinconconsultants.com/about-us/blog/bid/75379/Rincon-Biologist-Volunteers-for-Annual-Monarch-Butterfly-Event -
"Parks Canada – Point Pelee National Park – Monarch Migration"
http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/on/pelee/natcul/natcul5.aspx -
"The Xerces Society Western Monarch Thanksgiving Count"
http://www.xerces.org/butterfly-conservation/western-monarch-thanksgiving-count/ -
"Monarch Monitoring Project"
http://www.monarchmonitoringproject.com/ -
Oberhauser, Batalden & Howard 2009, pp. 30–31.
-
"An Evaluation of Three Methods of Counting Migrating Monarch Butterflies in Varying Wind Conditions"
https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/Monarch_Butterfly/documents/Eval_Three_Methods_Counting_Mig_Monarch.pdf -
Oberhauser, Batalden & Howard 2009, pp. 29–30.
-
Oberhauser, Batalden & Howard 2009, p. 26.
-
Halpern 2002, Kindle location 1264–69.
-
Halpern 2002, Kindle location 1274–79.
-
"Map of Fall Monarch Migration Through Texas"
http://www.texasento.net/fall_peak.htm -
Journey North
https://journeynorth.org/tm/monarch/Deforest_Ikonos2004_2008.html -
Davis 2014.
-
"Southwest Monarch Study, Data Access Policy"
http://www.swmonarchs.org/index.php -
"Northwestern African sightings of D.plexippus, Maroc>Pappilons>Danaus plexippus"
https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=212180392181867494225.0004af5f6fb06db41267a&msa=0&dg=feature -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/17/science/monarch-butterfly-migration-tracking-sensor.html -
Halpern 2002.
-
Current Biology
https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2003.12.034 -
Nature Communications
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3962218 -
Science
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754321 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC126641 -
Nature
https://doi.org/10.1038%2F387029a0 -
Annual Review of Entomology
https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-010814-020855 -
Trends in Neurosciences
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2929297 -
Science
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1084874 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC126641 -
PLOS Biology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2174970 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5594645 -
Current Biology
https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2005.11.030 -
Sleep Medicine Clinics
https://www.sleep.theclinics.com/article/S1556-407X(15)00104-6/abstract -
Cell
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3225893 -
Cell
https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0092-8674%2803%2900074-6 -
Cell and Tissue Research
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779342 -
Neuron
https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2010.12.025 -
Current Biology
https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2013.01.052 -
Current Opinion in Neurobiology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4514576 -
PBS Nova Series
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/journey-butterflies.html -
PNAS
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3645515 -
Journey North
https://journeynorth.org/tm/monarch/DavisDonBio.html -
"The lonely flight of the monarch butterfly"
https://www.newsadvance.com/news/local/the-lonely-flight-of-the-monarch-butterfly/article_320ce310-4c32-11e4-ad2e-0017a43b2370.html -
Seattle PI
http://education.seattlepi.com/rates-deforestation-reforestation-us-3804.html -
Vane-Wright, Richard I., "Columbus hypothesis: An explanation for the dramatic 19th century range expansion of the monar
-
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/01/29/the-monarch-butterfly-population-just-hit-a-record-low-heres-why/?wpisrc=nl_wnkpm -
Halpern 2002, Kindle location 1404.
-
Malcolm, Stephen B., "Conservation of monarch butterfly migration in North America: An endangered phenomenon", in Malcol
-
"Iowa Associations Working On Preserving the Dying Breed of Monarch Butterfly Against Extinction"
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"Are GMOs causing monarch butterflies to become extinct?"
https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2015/feb/17/peter-defazio/are-gmos-causing-monarch-butterflies-become-extinc/ -
"Monarch Butterfly Garden Workshop"
http://news.hamlethub.com/rye/events/1768-monarch-butterfly-garden-workshop -
"Saving The Monarch's Migration: A Conversation With Ecologist Lincoln Brower"
http://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/saving-monarchs-migration-conversation-ecologist-lincoln-brower -
Oberhauser, Batalden & Howard 2009, p. 13.
-
"Bring Back The Monarchs"
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Monarch Watch
https://www.monarchwatch.org/read/articles/canmon1.htm -
Urquhart 1960.
-
Conservation in North America
https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/pollinators/Monarch_Butterfly/conservation/index.shtml -
Ecology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163749 -
Ecology Letters
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EcolL...8..290B -
Forests For Monarchs
https://www.forestsformonarchs.org/programs/forest-restoration/ -
White Paper Prepared for the Xerces Society
-
Monarch Watch
http://www.monarchwatch.org/download/pdf/where.pdf -
"Monarch Population Status"
http://monarchwatch.org/blog/2014/01/monarch-population-status-20/ -
"The lonely flight of the monarch butterfly"
https://www.newsadvance.com/news/local/the-lonely-flight-of-the-monarch-butterfly/article_320ce310-4c32-11e4-ad2e-0017a43b2370.html -
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Oikos
https://doi.org/10.1111%2Foik.03196 -
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https://phys.org/news/2018-11-florida-monarch-butterfly-populations-percent.html -
"Monarch Butterfly"
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Scientific American
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www.monarchwatch.org
https://www.monarchwatch.org/ -
monarchjointventure.org
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This includes more than acres 1273.51 acres in national monuments and 23,019,204 acres in national parks
-
whitehouse.gov
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cities and counties are required to develop legislative Local Coastal areas and programs
-
Reforestation of monarch reserve areas in Mexico.
-
Danaus plexippus plexippus
http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/invertebrates/pdfs/Monarch_ESA_Petition.pdf -
"Donations"
http://monarchwatch.org/donate// -
"Monarch Butterflies"
http://www.xerces.org/monarchs/ -
"The Xerces Society, Inc., Notes To Financial Statements"
http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Xerces-2013-Financial-Statements-FINAL.pdf -
Oberhauser, Batalden & Howard 2009, p. 4.
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Journal of Mammalogy
https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1382548 -
Oberhauser, Batalden & Howard 2009, p. 32.
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Scientific American
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/monarch-butterflies-at-the-center-of-a-continent-wide-conservation-effort/# -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/14/world/americas/north-american-leaders-urged-to-restore-monarch-butterflys-habitat.html?_r=0 -
"Project Milkweed"
http://www.xerces.org/milkweed -
"The lonely flight of the monarch butterfly"
https://www.newsadvance.com/news/local/the-lonely-flight-of-the-monarch-butterfly/article_320ce310-4c32-11e4-ad2e-0017a43b2370.html -
"CMBG becomes 'Monarch Butterfly Waystation'"
http://www.timesrecord.com/news/2014-09-26/Ticket/CMBG_becomes_Monarch_Butterfly_Waystation.html -
"Forests For Monarchs-Reforestation Program, Mexico"
http://www.forestsformonarchs.org/ -
"Monarch Larva Monitoring Project"
http://www.mlmp.org/ -
Office of the Press Secretary
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/06/20/presidential-memorandum-creating-federal-strategy-promote-health-honey-b -
WBDG: Whole Building Design Guide
https://web.archive.org/web/20240108172838/https://www.gsa.gov/system/files/2015_P100_FacilitiesStandards.pdf -
"National Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators"
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Pollinator%20Health%20Strategy%202015.pdf -
EPNewswire
http://epnewswire.com/stories/510545740-new-u-s-pollinator-strategy-emphasizes-science-industry-collaboration -
"Pollinator Research Action Plan"
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Pollinator%20Research%20Action%20Plan%202015.pdf -
"Pollinator-Friendly Best Management Practices for Federal Lands"
https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/pollinators/BMPs/documents/PollinatorFriendlyBMPsFederalLands05152015.pdf -
"Public Law 114–94: 114th Congress (129 Stat. 1312–1801)"
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-114publ94/pdf/PLAW-114publ94.pdf -
Public Law 114–94: 114th Congress (129 Stat. 1421)
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-114publ94/pdf/PLAW-114publ94.pdf -
Memorandum: Increasing and Improving Pollinator Habitat through Landscaping
https://web.archive.org/web/20170212023721/https://www.nps.gov/dscw/upload/PollinatorFriendlyLandscaping_DOIMemo_2-9-16.pdf -
"Pollinator Partnership Action Plan"
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/images/Blog/PPAP_2016.pdf -
Farm Service Agency: Conservation Reserve Program
https://web.archive.org/web/20210913002601/https://www.fsa.usda.gov/Assets/USDA-FSA-Public/usdafiles/FactSheets/2019/crp_safe_initiative-fact_sheet.pdf -
"Monarch Butterflies"
https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs-initiatives/monarch-butterflies -
"Information Presentation: Pollinator Best Practices Resource Guide"
https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/actions/2024January/8510_Pollinator_Best_Practices_Resource_Guide_Information_Sheet_Jan2024.pdf -
"The lonely flight of the monarch butterfly"
https://www.newsadvance.com/news/local/the-lonely-flight-of-the-monarch-butterfly/article_320ce310-4c32-11e4-ad2e-0017a43b2370.html -
Federal Register
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2024-12-12/pdf/2024-28855.pdf -
"Monarch Butterfly: profile of a species at risk"
https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/factsheets/monarch-butterfly.html -
Brower et al. 1995, p. 544.
-
Halpern 2002, Kindle location 1259–64, 1284–88.
-
"Do I Need A Permit To Use Monarch Butterflies For Educational Purposes?"
https://wildlife.ca.gov/COQA/do-i-need-a-permit-to-use-monarch-butterflies-for-educational-purposes -
National Conference of State Legislatures
https://www.ncsl.org/environment-and-natural-resources/pollinator-health -
The Press of Atlantic City
https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041040/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/communities/upper_capemay/dwindling-monarch-butterflies-in-cape-may-county-has-legislators-worried/article_09d41cec-3c74-11e4-b3bc-439ee8bb143f.html -
"Integrated Roadside Vegetation Management Program"
https://pub.njleg.gov/Bills/2016/AL17/44_.HTM -
"Adopt a Monarch Butterfly Waystation Act"
https://pub.njleg.gov/bills/2016/AL17/250_.HTM -
"Three Departments Partner on Pollinator Initiative in Tennessee State Parks: TDOT, TDEC, TDA benefit pollinators, spread awareness"
https://web.archive.org/web/20250125001656/https://www.tn.gov/tdot/news/2019/6/18/three-departments-partner-on-pollinator-initiative-in-tennessee-state-parks.html -
"Celebrate Pollinators!"
https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/celebrate-pollinators/ -
"Project Monarch"
https://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/project-monarch -
"Monarch Butterfly Recovery: City by City"
http://www.monarchcityusa.com
