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Mikhail Gorbachev

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Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet and Russian politician who was the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until the country's dissolution in 1991. He served as General Secretary of the Communist Party from 1985, and additionally as head of state from 1988. Ideologically, he initially adhered to Marxism–Leninism, but moved towards social democracy by the early 1990s. Born in Privolnoye, North Caucasus Krai, into a peasant family of Russian and Ukrainian heritage, Gorbachev grew up under the rule of Joseph Stalin. In his youth, Gorbachev operated combine harvesters on a collective farm, before joining the Communist Party, which then governed the Soviet Union as a one-party state. Studying at Moscow State University, he married fellow student Raisa Titarenko in 1953 and received his law degree in 1955. Moving to Stavropol, he worked for the Komsomol youth organization and, after Stalin's death, became a keen proponent of the de-Stalinization reforms of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. Gorbachev was appointed the first party secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee in 1970, overseeing the construction of the Great Stavropol Canal. In 1978, Gorbachev returned to Moscow to become a secretary of the party's Central Committee. He joined the governing Politburo (25th term) as a non-voting member the following year and as a voting member in 1980. Three years after the death of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, following the brief tenures of Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko in 1985, the Politburo elected Gorbachev as general secretary. Although committed to preserving the Soviet state and its Marxist–Leninist principles, Gorbachev believed significant reform was necessary for its survival. He withdrew troops from the Soviet–Afghan War, and embarked on summits with United States president Ronald Reagan to limit nuclear weapons and end the Cold War. Domestically, Gorbachev's policy of glasnost ("openness") and demokratizatsiya ("democratization") allowed for enhanced freedom of speech and the press, while his perestroika ("restructuring") sought to decentralize economic decision-making to improve its efficiency. Ultimately, his democratization measures and formation of the elected Congress of People's Deputies undermined the one-party state. When various Warsaw Pact countries abandoned Marxist–Leninist governance in 1989, he declined to intervene militarily. Growing nationalist sentiment within constituent republics threatened to break up the Soviet Union, leading hardliners within the party to launch an unsuccessful coup against him in August 1991. In the coup's wake, the Soviet Union dissolved against Gorbachev's wishes. After resigning from the presidency, he launched the Gorbachev Foundation, became a vocal critic of Russian presidents Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin, and campaigned for Russia's social-democratic movement. Considered one of the most significant figures of the second half of the 20th century, Gorbachev remains controversial. The recipient of a wide range of awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize, he was praised for his role in ending the Cold War, introducing new political and economic freedoms in the Soviet Union, and tolerating both the fall of Marxist–Leninist administrations in eastern and central Europe and the German reunification. Critics see him as weakening Russia's global influence and precipitating an economic collapse in the country.

Infobox

Premier
mw- Nikolai Tikhonov Nikolai Ryzhkov Valentin Pavlov Ivan Silayev
Deputy
Anatoly Lukyanov
Preceded by
Konstantin Chernenko
Succeeded by
Yegor Ligachyov
Vice President
Gennady Yanayev[c]
Additional positions
Additional positions Co-Chairman of the Union of Social DemocratsIn office11 March 2000[e] – 15 November 2017Preceded byParty establishedSucceeded byParty disestablishedSecond Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionIn office9 February 1984 – 10 March 1985Preceded byKonstantin ChernenkoSucceeded byYegor Ligachyov
Born
(1931-03-02)2 March 1931Privolnoye, North Caucasus Krai, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Died
30 August 2022(2022-08-30) (aged 91)Moscow, Russia
Resting place
Novodevichy Cemetery
Political party
CPSU (1952–1991) Independent (1991–2000; from 2013) ROSDP (2000–2001) SDPR (2001–2007) USD (2007–2013)
Spouse
mw- Raisa Titarenko (m. 1953; died 1999)
Children
1
Alma mater
Moscow State University
Website
Official website
Party
CPSU (1952–1991) Independent (1991–2000; from 2013) ROSDP (2000–2001) SDPR (2001–2007) USD (2007–2013)

Tables

· Bibliography
1987
Perestroika – New Thinking for our Country and the World
Role(s)
–
Notes
Harper & Row
1996
Memoirs
Role(s)
–
Notes
Doubleday
2005
Moral Lessons of the Twentieth Century: Gorbachev and Ikeda on Buddhism and Communism
Role(s)
Daisaku Ikeda
Notes
I. B. Tauris
2016
The New Russia
Role(s)
–
Notes
Polity
2018
In a Changing World
Role(s)
–
2020
What is at Stake Now: My Appeal for Peace and Freedom
Role(s)
–
Notes
Polity
Year
Title
Co-author
Publisher
1987
Perestroika – New Thinking for our Country and the World
–
Harper & Row
1996
Memoirs
–
Doubleday
2005
Moral Lessons of the Twentieth Century: Gorbachev and Ikeda on Buddhism and Communism
Daisaku Ikeda
I. B. Tauris
2016
The New Russia
–
Polity
2018
In a Changing World
–
2020
What is at Stake Now: My Appeal for Peace and Freedom
–
Polity
· External links
Preceded byLeonid Yefremov
Preceded byLeonid Yefremov
Party political offices
Preceded byLeonid Yefremov
Party political offices
First Secretary of the Stavropol CPSU Regional Committee 1970–1978
Party political offices
Succeeded byVsevolod Murakhovsky
Preceded byKonstantin Chernenko
Preceded byKonstantin Chernenko
Party political offices
Preceded byKonstantin Chernenko
Party political offices
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1985–1991
Party political offices
Succeeded byVladimir Ivashko (acting)
Political offices
Political offices
Party political offices
Political offices
Preceded byAndrei Gromykoas Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
Preceded byAndrei Gromykoas Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
Party political offices
Preceded byAndrei Gromykoas Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
Party political offices
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1988–1989)Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1989–1990)President of the Soviet Union (1990–1991) 1988–1991
Party political offices
Office abolished
Awards and achievements
Awards and achievements
Party political offices
Awards and achievements
Preceded by14th Dalai Lama
Preceded by14th Dalai Lama
Party political offices
Preceded by14th Dalai Lama
Party political offices
Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize 1990
Party political offices
Succeeded byAung San Suu Kyi
Award established
Award established
Party political offices
Award established
Party political offices
Recipient of the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award 1992
Party political offices
Succeeded byColin Powell
Party political offices
Preceded byLeonid Yefremov
First Secretary of the Stavropol CPSU Regional Committee 1970–1978
Succeeded byVsevolod Murakhovsky
Preceded byKonstantin Chernenko
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1985–1991
Succeeded byVladimir Ivashko (acting)
Political offices
Preceded byAndrei Gromykoas Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1988–1989)Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1989–1990)President of the Soviet Union (1990–1991) 1988–1991
Office abolished
Awards and achievements
Preceded by14th Dalai Lama
Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize 1990
Succeeded byAung San Suu Kyi
Award established
Recipient of the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award 1992
Succeeded byColin Powell

References

  1. On 14 March 1990, the provision on the CPSU monopoly on power was removed from Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR
  2. Briefly suspended from 19 to 21 August 1991 during the August Coup.
  3. De facto until 21 August 1991; de jure until 4 September.
  4. This post was abolished on 25 December 1991 and powers were transferred to Boris Yeltsin, the President of Russia. Funct
  5. Himself as the Chairman of the United Social Democratic Party of Russia until 24 November 2001, and the Chairman of the
  6. In this name that follows East Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Sergeyevich and the family name is Gorbachev.
  7. mw- .mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw- UK: /ˈɡɔːrbətʃɒf, ˌɡɔːrbəˈtʃɒf/, US: /-tʃɔːf, -tʃɛf/; Russian: М
  8. At first, Gorbachev derived his actual power from his position as General Secretary. He also succeeded Andrei Gromyko as
  9. "Gorbachev" Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
    https://www.dictionary.com/browse/gorbachev
  10. "Gorbachev, Mikhail" Archived 13 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 4 February 2019
    https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/gorbachev,_mikhail
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    https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gorbachev
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