| Association | Year | Category | Work | Result | Ref |
| Black Reel Awards | 2010 | Outstanding Actress | Away We Go | Nominated | |
| 2012 | Outstanding Supporting Actress | Bridesmaids | Nominated | |
| 2014 | Outstanding Voice Performance | Turbo | Nominated | |
| 2015 | Big Hero 6 | Nominated | |
| 2016 | Strange Magic | Nominated | |
| 2018 | The Emoji Movie | Nominated | |
| The Nut Job 2: Nutty by Nature | Nominated |
| 2019 | Outstanding Guest Actress, Comedy Series | The Good Place | Nominated | |
| 2020 | Won | |
| 2021 | Saturday Night Live | Nominated | |
| Outstanding Voice Performance | The Willoughbys | Nominated |
| 2022 | The Mitchells vs. the Machines | Won | |
| Luca | Nominated |
| 2024 | Outstanding Lead Performance, Comedy Series | Loot | Pending | |
| Chicago Film Critics Association | 2009 | Best Actress | Away We Go | Nominated | |
| Children's and Family Emmy Awards | 2025 | Outstanding Single Voice Role Performer | Dream Productions | Pending | |
| Critics' Choice Super Awards | 2021 | Best Voice Actress in an Animated Movie | The Willoughbys | Nominated | |
| Best Voice Actress in an Animated Series | Big Mouth | Nominated |
| Gotham Independent Film Awards | 2006 | Best Ensemble Performance | A Prairie Home Companion | Nominated | |
| Independent Spirit Awards | 2014 | Robert Altman Award (shared with rest of cast) | Inherent Vice | Won | |
| NAACP Image Awards | 2007 | Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series | Saturday Night Live | Nominated | |
| 2012 | Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series | Up All Night | Nominated | |
| 2022 | Outstanding Guest Actor or Actress in a Television Series | Saturday Night Live | Won | |
| 2023 | Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series | Loot | Nominated | |
| 2025 | Outstanding Guest Performance | Saturday Night Live | Nominated | |
| MTV Movie Awards | 2012 | Best Jaw Dropping Moment (shared with rest of cast) | Bridesmaids | Won | |
| Primetime Emmy Awards | 2012 | Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series | Saturday Night Live (Episode: "Maya Rudolph/Sleigh Bells") | Nominated | |
| 2018 | The Good Place | Nominated | |
| 2019 | Nominated | |
| 2020 | Nominated | |
| Saturday Night Live (Episode: "Eddie Murphy/Lizzo") | Won |
| Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance | Big Mouth (Episode: "How To Have An Orgasm") | Won |
| 2021 | Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series | Saturday Night Live (Episode: "Maya Rudolph/Jack Harlow") | Won | |
| Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance | Big Mouth (Episode: "A Very Special 9/11 Episode") | Won |
| 2022 | Big Mouth (Episode: "A Very Big Mouth Christmas") | Nominated | |
| 2023 | Outstanding Host for a Reality or Competition Program | Baking It (Shared with Amy Poehler) | Nominated | |
| Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance | Big Mouth (Episode: "Asexual Healing") | Won |
| 2024 | Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series | Loot | Nominated | |
| Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series | Saturday Night Live (Episode: "Maya Rudolph/Vampire Weekend") | Nominated |
| Outstanding Music & Lyrics | Saturday Night Live (Song: "Maya Rudolph's Mother's Day Monologue") | Nominated |
| Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance | Big Mouth (Episode: "The Ambition Gremlin") | Won |
| Satellite Awards | 2004 | Best Actress in a TV Series – Comedy or Musical | Saturday Night Live | Nominated | |
| 2011 | Best Supporting Actress in a TV Series, Mini Series or TV Movie | Up All Night | Nominated | |
| 2012 | Best Supporting Actress in a TV Series, Mini Series or TV Movie | Up All Night | Nominated | |
| Screen Actors Guild Awards | 2012 | Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture | Bridesmaids | Nominated | |
| Writers Guild of America Award | 2016 | Comedy/Variety – Sketch Series | Maya & Marty | Nominated | |