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Mary II

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Mary II

Mary II (30 April 1662 – 28 December 1694) was Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland with her husband, King William III and II, from 1689 until her death in 1694. She was also Princess of Orange following her marriage on 4 November 1677. Her joint reign with William over Britain is known as that of William and Mary. Mary was born during the reign of her uncle King Charles II. She was the eldest daughter of James, Duke of York (the future James II of England), and his first wife, Anne Hyde. Mary and her sister Anne were raised as Anglicans at the behest of Charles II, although their parents both converted to Roman Catholicism. Charles lacked legitimate children, making Mary second in the line of succession. At the age of 15, she married her cousin William of Orange, a Protestant. Charles died in 1685 and James became king, making Mary heir presumptive. James's attempts at rule by decree and the birth of his son from a second marriage, James Francis Edward (later known as "the Old Pretender"), led to his deposition in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the adoption of the English Bill of Rights. William and Mary became king and queen regnant. Mary mostly deferred to her husband when he was in England. She did, however, act alone when William was engaged in military campaigns abroad, proving herself to be a powerful, firm, and effective ruler. Mary's early death from smallpox in 1694 at the age of 32 left William as sole ruler until his death in 1702, when he was succeeded by Mary's sister, Anne.

Infobox

Reign
1689[a] – 28 December 1694
Coronation
11 April 1689
Predecessor
James II
Successor
William III & II
Co-monarch
William III & II
Tenure
4 November 1677 – 28 December 1694
Born
30 April 1662 [NS: 10 May 1662]St James's Palace, Westminster, England
Died
28 December 1694 (aged 32) [NS: 7 January 1695]Kensington Palace, Middlesex, England
Burial
5 March 1695Westminster Abbey, London
Spouse
mw- William III of England (m. 1677)
House
Stuart
Father
James II of England
Mother
Anne Hyde
Religion
Anglicanism

Tables

· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Mary IIHouse of StuartBorn: 30 April 1662 Died: 28 December 1694
Regnal titles
VacantGlorious RevolutionTitle last held byJames II & VII
VacantGlorious RevolutionTitle last held byJames II & VII
Mary IIHouse of StuartBorn: 30 April 1662 Died: 28 December 1694
VacantGlorious RevolutionTitle last held byJames II & VII
Mary IIHouse of StuartBorn: 30 April 1662 Died: 28 December 1694
Queen of England,Scotland and Ireland 1689–1694with William III & II
Mary IIHouse of StuartBorn: 30 April 1662 Died: 28 December 1694
Succeeded byWilliam III & IIas sole monarch
Mary IIHouse of StuartBorn: 30 April 1662 Died: 28 December 1694
Regnal titles
VacantGlorious RevolutionTitle last held byJames II & VII
Queen of England,Scotland and Ireland 1689–1694with William III & II
Succeeded byWilliam III & IIas sole monarch

References

  1. Mary II was declared queen by the Parliament of England on 13 February 1689 and by the Parliament of Scotland on 11 Apri
  2. William did not trust her entourage unconditionally. He took the precaution of appointing as her personal secretary his
  3. Genetic testing of James Francis Edward's descendants has since shown he was indeed a Stuart.
  4. Waller, p. 249
  5. Waller, p. 252
  6. Van der Kiste, p. 32
  7. Waller, p. 251
  8. Waller, pp. 251–253
  9. Waller, p. 255
  10. Van der Kiste, p. 34
  11. Waller, p. 256
  12. The Policy of Charles II and James II. (1667–1687)
    http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh509.html
  13. Van der Kiste, pp. 44–45
  14. Mary's chaplain, Edward Lake, quoted in Waller, p. 257
  15. Van der Kiste, pp. 47–48; Waller, p. 258
  16. Van der Kiste, p. 48
  17. Van der Kiste, pp. 50–51; Waller, p. 259
  18. Van der Kiste, p. 51; Waller, pp. 258–259
  19. Van der Kiste, p. 52
  20. Waller, pp. 257–259
  21. Waller, pp. 259–262
  22. Van der Kiste, pp. 55–58; Waller, p. 261
  23. Van der Kiste, pp. 57, 58, 62
  24. Van der Kiste, p. 162; Waller, p. 262
  25. Van der Kiste, pp. 72–73
  26. The Historical Journal
    https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/3074971/12767_UBA002000046_07.pdf
  27. Keates, p. 34
  28. Van der Kiste, p. 76
  29. Van der Kiste, p. 78
  30. Van der Kiste, p. 79
  31. Van der Kiste, p. 91
  32. Waller, p. 265
  33. Van der Kiste, p. 81; Waller, p. 264
  34. Van der Kiste p. 64; Waller, p. 264
  35. Keates pp. 26–28; Van der Kiste, p. 82; Waller, p. 264
  36. Van der Kiste, p. 86
  37. Van der Kiste, p. 92
  38. Keates p. 32
  39. Van der Kiste, pp. 90, 94–95; Waller, pp. 268–269
  40. Van der Kiste, pp. 93–94
  41. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mary_II.,_Queen
  42. Van der Kiste, p. 85; Waller, p. 266
  43. Van der Kiste, p. 98
  44. Van der Kiste, pp. 100–102
  45. Van der Kiste, p. 104
  46. Van der Kiste, pp. 105–107
  47. Van der Kiste, p. 95; Waller, pp. 269–271
  48. Mary, quoted by Van der Kiste, p. 113 and Waller, p. 271
  49. Van der Kiste, p. 113; Waller, pp. 272–273
  50. Waller, p. 274
  51. Waller, pp. 274–275
  52. Van der Kiste, p. 108; Waller, p. 273
  53. Mary, quoted in Van der Kiste, p. 114 and Waller, p. 273
  54. The History and Proceedings of the House of Commons
    http://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-hist-proceedings/vol2/pp255-277
  55. "William III and Mary II"
    http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page100.asp
  56. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Sancroft
  57. Van der Kiste, p. 118
  58. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Graham-of-Claverhouse-1st-Viscount-of-Dundee
  59. "The Contemplator's Short History of "Bonnie Dundee" John Graham, Earl of Claverhouse, Viscount of Dundee"
    http://www.contemplator.com/history/claverhouse.html
  60. "Bill of Rights"
    http://www.constitution.org/eng/eng_bor.htm
  61. Van der Kiste, p. 138
  62. See also the Absence of King William Act 1689.
  63. Memoirs of Mary, Queen of England edited by R. Doebner (1886), quoted in Van der Kiste, p. 138
  64. Van der Kiste, pp. 130–131
  65. Van der Kiste, p. 144; Waller, pp. 280, 284
  66. Waller, p. 281
  67. Van der Kiste, pp. 159–160
  68. Van der Kiste, p. 160
  69. Van der Kiste, p. 155
  70. Van der Kiste, p. 161
  71. Van der Kiste, p. 162
  72. Van der Kiste, pp. 161–162
  73. Quoted in Waller, p. 279
  74. Waller, pp. 277, 282
  75. Van der Kiste, p. 164; Waller, pp. 281, 286
  76. Van der Kiste, pp. 163–164
  77. Van der Kiste, p. 176
  78. Waller, p.285
  79. Van der Kiste, p. 177
  80. Van der Kiste, p. 179
  81. Waller, pp. 286-287
  82. Van der Kiste, pp. 179–180
  83. Waller, p. 288
  84. Van der Kiste, p. 186; Waller, p. 289
  85. "Music for Queen Mary"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20061008210838/http://www.cincinnatilibrary.org/spotlight/feature.asp?id=7882
  86. Van der Kiste, p. 187
  87. Waller, p. 283
  88. Waller, pp. 260, 285–286
  89. Waller, pp. 277–279
  90. Waller, pp. 283–284
  91. Waller, p. 284
  92. Waller, p. 287
  93. Waller, p. 290
  94. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1249/page/1
  95. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/2361/page/1
  96. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
  97. Gregg, pp. x–xi; Somerset, pp. viii–ix
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