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Mary, Queen of Scots

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Mary, Queen of Scots

Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication on 24 July 1567. The only surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland, Mary was six days old when her father died and she inherited the throne. During her childhood, Scotland was governed by regents, first by the heir to the throne, James Hamilton, Earl of Arran, and then by her mother, Mary of Guise. In 1548, she was betrothed to Francis, the Dauphin of France, and was sent to be brought up in France, where she would be safe from invading English forces during the Rough Wooing. Mary married Francis in 1558, becoming queen consort of France from his accession in 1559 until his death in December 1560. Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland in August 1561. The tense religious and political climate following the Scottish Reformation that Mary encountered on her return to Scotland was further agitated by prominent Scots such as John Knox, who openly questioned whether her subjects had a duty to obey her. The early years of her personal rule were marked by pragmatism, tolerance, and moderation. She issued a proclamation accepting the religious settlement in Scotland as she had found it upon her return, retained advisers such as James Stewart, Earl of Moray (her illegitimate half-brother), and William Maitland of Lethington, and governed as the Catholic monarch of a Protestant kingdom. In 1565, Mary married her half-cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley; they had a son, James. Their marriage soured after Darnley orchestrated the murder of Mary's Italian secretary and close friend David Rizzio. In February 1567, Darnley's residence was destroyed by an explosion, and he was found murdered in the nearby garden. James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, was generally believed to have orchestrated Darnley's death, but he was acquitted of the charge in April 1567 and in the following month he married Mary. Following an uprising against the couple, Mary was imprisoned in Lochleven Castle. In July 1567, she was forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son James VI. After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne, she fled southward seeking the protection of her first cousin once removed, Elizabeth I of England. As a great-granddaughter of Henry VII of England, Mary had once claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own and was considered the legitimate sovereign of England by many English Catholics, including participants in a rebellion known as the Rising of the North. Perceiving Mary as a threat, Elizabeth had her confined in various castles and manor houses in the interior of England. After eighteen and a half years in captivity, Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 and was beheaded the following year at Fotheringhay Castle. Mary's life and execution established her in popular culture as a romanticised historical character.

Infobox

Reign
14 December 1542 – 24 July 1567
Coronation
9 September 1543
Predecessor
James V
Successor
James VI
Regents
mw- See list James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran (1542–54) Mary of Guise (1554–60)
Tenure
10 July 1559 – 5 December 1560
Born
8 December 1542Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgow, Scotland
Died
8 February 1587 (aged 44)[a]Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, England
Cause of death
Execution
Burial
30 July 1587Peterborough Cathedral 28 October 1612Westminster Abbey
Spouses
mw- Francis II of France (m. 1558; died 1560) Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley (m. 1565; died 1567) James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell (m. 1567; died 1578)
Issue
James VI and I
House
Stuart
Father
James V of Scotland
Mother
Mary of Guise
Religion
Roman Catholicism

Tables

· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Mary, Queen of Scots House of StuartBorn: 8 December 1542 Died: 8 February 1587
Regnal titles
Preceded byJames V
Preceded byJames V
Mary, Queen of Scots House of StuartBorn: 8 December 1542 Died: 8 February 1587
Preceded byJames V
Mary, Queen of Scots House of StuartBorn: 8 December 1542 Died: 8 February 1587
Queen of Scotland 1542–1567
Mary, Queen of Scots House of StuartBorn: 8 December 1542 Died: 8 February 1587
Succeeded byJames VI
French royalty
French royalty
Mary, Queen of Scots House of StuartBorn: 8 December 1542 Died: 8 February 1587
French royalty
Preceded byCatherine de' Medici
Preceded byCatherine de' Medici
Mary, Queen of Scots House of StuartBorn: 8 December 1542 Died: 8 February 1587
Preceded byCatherine de' Medici
Mary, Queen of Scots House of StuartBorn: 8 December 1542 Died: 8 February 1587
Queen consort of France 1559–1560
Mary, Queen of Scots House of StuartBorn: 8 December 1542 Died: 8 February 1587
VacantTitle next held byElisabeth of Austria
Mary, Queen of Scots House of StuartBorn: 8 December 1542 Died: 8 February 1587
Regnal titles
Preceded byJames V
Queen of Scotland 1542–1567
Succeeded byJames VI
French royalty
Preceded byCatherine de' Medici
Queen consort of France 1559–1560
VacantTitle next held byElisabeth of Austria

References

  1. While Catholic Europe switched to the New Style Gregorian calendar in the 1580s, England and Scotland retained the Old S
  2. Also spelled as Marie and as Steuart or Stewart
  3. A dispensation, backdated to 25 May, was granted in Rome on 25 September.
  4. A post-mortem revealed internal injuries, thought to have been caused by the explosion. John Knox claimed the surgeons w
  5. Two of the commissioners were Catholics.
  6. "National Records of Scotland; Hall of Fame A-Z – Mary Queen of Scots"
    https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/research/learning/hall-of-fame/hall-of-fame-a-z/mary-queen-of-scots
  7. Fraser 1994, p. 14
  8. Bishop John Lesley said Mary was born on the 7th, but Mary and John Knox claimed the 8th, which was the feast day of the
  9. Fraser 1994, p. 13
  10. Fraser 1994, p. 11; Wormald 1988, p. 46
  11. Guy 2004, p. 16
  12. This version is taken from Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie's The History of Scotland from 21 February 1436 to March 1565 wr
  13. Fraser 1994, p. 12; Wormald 1988, p. 11
  14. Fraser 1994, p. 12; Guy 2004, p. 17
  15. Fraser 1994, p. 13; Guy 2004, p. 17
  16. Sadler to Henry VIII, 23 March 1543, quoted in Clifford 1809, p. 88; Fraser 1994, p. 18; Guy 2004, p. 22; Wormald 1988,
  17. The Manuscripts of the Duke of Hamilton, KT
  18. Fraser 1994, pp. 17, 60; Guy 2004, pp. 20, 60; Wormald 1988, pp. 49–50
  19. Fraser 1994, pp. 17–18;Wormald 1988, p. 55
  20. Weir 2008, p. 8
  21. Fraser 1994, p. 18; Guy 2004, p. 25; Wormald 1988, p. 55
  22. Fraser 1994, p. 19
  23. Fraser 1994, pp. 19–20
  24. Guy 2004, p. 26
  25. Fraser 1994, p. 21; Guy 2004, p. 27
  26. Sadler to Henry VIII, 11 September 1543, quoted in Clifford 1809, p. 289; Fraser 1994, p. 21
  27. Fraser 1994, pp. 20–21
  28. Fraser 1994, p. 22; Guy 2004, p. 32; Wormald 1988, p. 58
  29. Wormald 1988, pp. 58–59
  30. Fraser 1994, pp. 23–24; Guy 2004, pp. 33–34
  31. Fraser 1994, p. 26; Guy 2004, p. 36; Wormald 1988, p. 59
  32. Fraser 1994, pp. 29–30; Weir 2008, p. 10; Wormald 1988, p. 61
  33. Weir 2008, pp. 10–11
  34. Fraser 1994, p. 30; Weir 2008, p. 11; Wormald 1988, p. 61
  35. Guy 2004, pp. 40–41; Wormald 1988, p. 62
  36. Calendar of State Papers, Spain: Volume IX: 1547–1549
    http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/spain/vol9/pp531-581
  37. Fraser 1994, pp. 31–32
  38. Fraser 1994, pp. 31–32; Guy 2004, p. 43
  39. Fraser 1994, pp. 36, 44–45, 50
  40. Weir 2008, p. 12; Wormald 1988, p. 77; Catherine's dislike of Mary became apparent only after Henry II's death (Fraser 1
  41. Fraser 1994, pp. 178–182; Guy 2004, pp. 71–80; Weir 2008, p. 13
  42. Margaret M. McGowan, Dance in the Renaissance: European Fashion, French Obsession (Yale, 2008), p. 152.
  43. Fraser 1994, p. 43
  44. Fraser 1994, p. 37; Wormald 1988, p. 80
  45. Wormald 1988, p. 80
  46. Fraser 1994, pp. 39–40, 43, 75–80; Weir 2008, p. 30
  47. Fraser 1994, p. 62; Guy 2004, p. 67
  48. Fraser 1994, p. 76
  49. Guy 2004, pp. 47–48
  50. Guy 2004, pp. 90–91; Weir 2008, p. 17; Wormald 1988, p. 21
  51. Discours du grand et magnifique triumphe faict au mariage du tresnoble & magnifique Prince Francois de Valois Roy Dauphin, filz aisné du tres-chrestien Roy de France Henry II du nom & de treshaulte & vertueuse Princesse madame Marie d'Estreuart Roine d'Escosse
    https://web.archive.org/web/20151214223317/http://special-1.bl.uk/treasures/festivalbooks/BookDetails.aspx?strFest=0021
  52. Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse au XVIe siècle
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  53. British Library
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  54. Fraser 1994, p. 83; Weir 2008, p. 18
  55. Fraser 1994, p. 83; Guy 2004, pp. 95–96; Weir 2008, p. 18; Wormald 1988, p. 21
  56. Fraser 1994, p. 85; Weir 2008, p. 18
  57. Fraser 1994, pp. 86–88; Guy 2004, p. 100; Weir 2008, p. 19; Wormald 1988, p. 93
  58. Fraser 1994, p. 88; Wormald 1988, pp. 80, 93
  59. The Wars of Religion in France
  60. Fraser 1994, pp. 96–97; Guy 2004, pp. 108–109; Weir 2008, p. 14; Wormald 1988, pp. 94–100
  61. Fraser 1994, p. 97; Wormald 1988, p. 100
  62. Wormald 1988, pp. 100–101
  63. Fraser 1994, pp. 97–101; Guy 2004, pp. 114–115; Weir 2008, p. 20; Wormald 1988, pp. 102–103
  64. Fraser 1994, p. 183
  65. Fraser 1994, pp. 105–107; Weir 2008, p. 21
  66. Guy 2004, pp. 119–120; Weir 2008, pp. 21–22
  67. Fraser 1994, p. 137; Guy 2004, p. 134; Weir 2008, p. 25
  68. Wormald 1988, p. 22
  69. Weir 2008, p. 24
  70. Guy 2004, p. 126
  71. Knox, John, History of the Reformation of Religion in Scotland, 4th Book, various editions, e.g., Lennox, Cuthbert (edit
    https://archive.org/details/thehistoryofther00knoxuoft
  72. Fraser 1994, pp. 155–156, 215–217; Guy 2004, pp. 140–143, 176–177, 186–187; Wormald 1988, pp. 125, 145–146
  73. Fraser 1994, p. 167; Wormald 1988, p. 125
  74. Guy 2004, p. 145
  75. The other members were Lord Justice Clerk John Bellenden of Auchinoul, Lord Clerk Register James MacGill of Nether Ranke
  76. Wormald 1988, pp. 114–116
  77. Fraser 1994, pp. 192–203; Weir 2008, p. 42; Wormald 1988, pp. 123–124
  78. Fraser 1994, p. 162; Guy 2004, p. 157
  79. Fraser 1994, p. 162
  80. Fraser 1994, pp. 168–169; Guy 2004, pp. 157–161
  81. Fraser 1994, p. 212; Guy 2004, pp. 175, 181; Wormald 1988, p. 134
  82. Fraser 1994, pp. 114–117; Guy 2004, pp. 173–174; Wormald 1988, pp. 133–134
  83. Guy 2004, p. 193
  84. Mary, Queen of Scots: Her Persecutions, Sufferings, and Trials from her Birth till her Death
  85. Fraser 1994, p. 220; Guy 2004, p. 202; Weir 2008, p. 52; Wormald 1988, p. 147
  86. Guy 2004, p. 178; Weir 2008, p. 44
  87. Weir 2008, p. 45
  88. Fraser 1994, p. 206; Weir 2008, pp. 45–46
  89. Fraser 1994, p. 118; Weir 2008, p. 23
  90. Hunter 2022, p. 136
  91. Bain 1900, p. 125; Guy 2004, p. 204; Weir 2008, p. 58
  92. For the quote and his height see Fraser 1994, p. 221 and Weir 2008, pp. 49, 56; for falling in love see Fraser 1994, p.
  93. Fraser 1994, p. 230; Wormald 1988, p. 150
  94. Weir 2008, p. 82.
  95. Bain 1900, p. 124; Fraser 1994, p. 219; Weir 2008, p. 52
  96. Fraser 1994, p. 219; Weir 2008, p. 64
  97. Weir 2008, pp. 64, 91
  98. Bingham 1995, p. 101
  99. Bingham 1995, p. 100
  100. Weir 2008, p. 64
  101. Weir 2008, p. 78; Wormald 1988, pp. 151–153
  102. Gilbert 2024, p. 99
  103. Weir 2008, pp. 79–82
  104. Guy 2004, pp. 229–230; Weir 2008, pp. 77, 79; Wormald 1988, pp. 151–152
  105. Fraser 1994, p. 234; Guy 2004, p. 231; Weir 2008, p. 83; Wormald 1988, pp. 151–154
  106. Wormald 1988, p. 156
  107. Fraser 1994, p. 239; Weir 2008, pp. 87–88
  108. Greig, E. (2008, January 03). Stewart, Henry, duke of Albany [known as Lord Darnley] (1545/6–1567), second consort of M
    https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-26473
  109. Fraser 1994, pp. 245–246; Weir 2008, pp. 88–97
  110. Fraser 1994, p. 247; Guy 2004, p. 245; Weir 2008, p. 95; Wormald 1988, p. 158
  111. Fraser 1994, pp. 249–252; Guy 2004, pp. 248–249; Weir 2008, pp. 105–107
  112. Fraser 1994, pp. 255–256; Guy 2004, pp. 253–258; Weir 2008, p. 113
  113. Fraser 1994, pp. 256–258; Guy 2004, p. 259; Weir 2008, pp. 116–117, 121; Wormald 1988, p. 159
  114. Fraser 1994, p. 259; Guy 2004, p. 260; Wormald 1988, p. 160
  115. Fraser 1994, p. 259 ff; Wormald 1988, p. 160
  116. Lorna Hutson, England's Insular Imagining: The Elizabethan Erasure of Scotland (Cambridge, 2023), pp. 149–151.
  117. Bingham 1995, pp. 158–159; Guy 2004, pp. 273–274; Fraser 1994, pp. 274–275; Weir 2008, pp. 157–160
  118. Fraser 1994, pp. 274–275; Weir 2008, pp. 158–159
  119. Fraser 1994, pp. 275–276; Guy 2004, p. 274; Weir 2008, pp. 161–163
  120. Fraser 1994, p. 276; Weir 2008, p. 161
  121. Guy 2004, p. 275; Weir 2008, p. 161
  122. Röhl, Warren & Hunt 1998, pp. xii, 15, 57, 68, 192–193, 218; Weir 2008, p. 161
  123. Bingham 1995, p. 160; Wormald 1988, p. 160
  124. Bingham 1995, pp. 160–163; Fraser 1994, pp. 277–279; Weir 2008, pp. 176–178, 261; Wormald 1988, p. 161
  125. Confession of James Ormiston, one of Bothwell's men, 13 December 1573, quoted (from Robert Pitcairn's Ancient Criminal T
  126. Weir 2008, p. 189
  127. Weir 2008, pp. 190–192
  128. Fraser 1994, pp. 285–292; Guy 2004, pp. 292–294; Weir 2008, pp. 227–233
  129. Weir 2008, pp. 232–233
  130. Fraser 1994, pp. 296–297; Guy 2004, pp. 297–299; Weir 2008, pp. 244–247
  131. Weir 2008, p. 296; Wormald 1988, p. 161
  132. Weir 2008, p. 252; Greig 2004
  133. Weir 2008, p. 255.
  134. Weir 2008, pp. 298–299
  135. The original letter is in French, this translation is from Weir 2008, pp. 308–309. For other versions see Guy 2004, p. 3
  136. Guy 2004, p. 304; Weir 2008, pp. 312–313
  137. Fraser 1994, pp. 311–312; Weir 2008, pp. 336–340
  138. Fraser 1994, p. 313; Weir 2008, pp. 343–345; Wormald 1988, p. 163
  139. James Melville of Halhill, who was in the castle, wrote that Bothwell "had ravished her and lain with her against her wi
  140. Weir 2008, pp. 367, 374
  141. Fraser 1994, p. 319; Guy 2004, pp. 330–331; Weir 2008, pp. 366–367
  142. Weir 2008, p. 382
  143. Fraser 1994, pp. 322–323; Guy 2004, pp. 336–337
  144. Weir 2008, pp. 383–390; Wormald 1988, p. 165
  145. Weir 2008, pp. 391–393
  146. Fraser 1994, p. 335; Guy 2004, p. 351; Weir 2008, p. 398
  147. Weir 2008, p. 411
  148. Guy 2004, p. 364; Weir 2008, p. 413; Wormald 1988, p. 165
  149. Fraser 1994, p. 347; Guy 2004, p. 366; Weir 2008, p. 421; Wormald 1988, p. 166
  150. Weir 2008, pp. 422, 501; Wormald 1988, p. 171
  151. Fraser 1994, pp. 357–359; Guy 2004, p. 367; Weir 2008, p. 432; Wormald 1988, p. 172
  152. Guy 2004, p. 368; Hunter 2022, p. 229; Weir 2008, p. 433
  153. Guy 2004, p. 369; Weir 2008, pp. 433–434: Wormald 1988, p. 173
  154. Fraser 1994, pp. 368–369
  155. Fraser 1994, p. 369; Scott 2024, p. 75; Weir 2008, p. 435
  156. Fraser 1994, p. 369; Guy 2004, p. 435; Weir 2008, p. 434; Wormald 1988, p. 174
  157. Guy 2004, p. 430; Weir 2008, p. 445
  158. Weir 2008, p. 444
  159. Bain 1900, p. 460; Hunter 2022, p. 233
  160. Fraser 1994, pp. 385–390; Wormald 1988, p. 174
  161. Wormald 1988, p. 184
  162. Weir 2008, p. 447; Mary later requested to attend the conference at Westminster, but Elizabeth refused permission. In re
  163. Guy 2004, p. 432; Weir 2008, p. 464; Wormald 1988, p. 175
  164. Inventaires de la Royne d'Ecosse
  165. Guy 2004, p. 435; Weir 2008, pp. 446–447
  166. Fraser 1994, p. 407; Weir 2008, p. 221
  167. e.g., Guy 2004, p. 395; Weir 2008, pp. 453, 468
  168. Norfolk, Sussex and Sadler to Elizabeth, 11 October 1568, quoted in Bain 1900, p. 527; Weir 2008, pp. 451–452
  169. Bingham 1995, p. 193; Weir 2008, p. 465; Wormald 1988, p. 176
  170. Fraser 1994, p. 392; Weir 2008, pp. 466–467
  171. McInnes 1970, p. 145
  172. Guy 2004, pp. 400, 416; Weir 2008, pp. 465–474
  173. Fraser 1994, pp. 396–397; Guy 2004, pp. 400–404, 408–412, 416; Weir 2008, pp. 465–474
  174. Guy 2004, pp. 404, 410, 420–426; Fraser 1994, pp. 287, 396–401
  175. Guy 2004, pp. 399, 401–417
  176. The Crime of Mary Stuart
  177. Fraser 1994, pp. 352; Wormald 1988, pp. 171, 176
  178. Weir 2008, p. 470; Wormald 1988, pp. 177–178
  179. Weir 2008, p. 471
  180. Williams 1964, pp. 137–139; Weir 2008, p. 453
  181. Weir 2008, p. 459; Williams 1964, p. 141
  182. Weir 2008, pp. 475–476
  183. Fraser 1994, p. 390; Weir 2008, p. 481
  184. Weir 2008, p. 481
  185. Fraser 1994, p. 391
  186. Royal Collection Trust
    https://www.rct.uk/collection/28224
  187. Embroideries by Mary are also kept in the Victoria and Albert Museum (Marian Hangings, Oxburgh Hangings) and Hardwick Ha
    https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O137608/the-marian-hanging-hanging-mary-queen-of/
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  189. Fraser 1994, pp. 410–411; Guy 2004, p. 441; Wormald 1988, p. 184
  190. Guy 2004, p. 442; Weir 2008, p. 484
  191. Guy 2004, pp. 440–441
  192. Guy 2004, p. 438
  193. Guy 2004, p. 439
  194. It had been her mother's motto (Guy 2004, pp. 443–444).
  195. Guy 2004, p. 443
  196. Guy 2004, pp. 444–445
  197. Guy 2004, pp. 453–454
  198. Guy 2004, pp. 448–450, 518
  199. Fraser 1994, pp. 443–446, 511; Guy 2004, pp. 447, 458
  200. Wormald 1988, p. 179
  201. Fraser 1994, pp. 415–424; Weir 2008, p. 487
  202. Weir 2008, p. 496; Wormald 1988, p. 180
  203. Fraser 1994, p. 469; Guy 2004, p. 451
  204. Guy 2004, pp. 464–470; Weir 2008, pp. 492–494; Wormald 1988, p. 183
  205. Guy 2004, p. 467; Weir 2008, p. 493; Wormald 1988, p. 184
  206. Fraser 1994, p. 446
  207. Scott 2024, p. 29
  208. Cryptologia
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  209. Fraser 1994, p. 473; Guy 2004, pp. 474–476; Weir 2008, p. 506
  210. Fraser 1994, pp. 458–462
  211. Guy 2004, pp. 458–462
  212. Fraser 1994, p. 472
  213. Guy 2004, p. 457; Weir 2008, p. 507
  214. Fraser 1994, p. 479
  215. Guy 2004, pp. 484–485; Fraser 1994, p. 493
  216. Fraser 1994, pp. 482–483; Guy 2004, pp. 477–480; Scott 2024, p. 212; Weir 2008, p. 507
  217. Fraser 1994, pp. 482–483; Guy 2004, pp. 477–480; Weir 2008, p. 507
  218. Guy 2004, pp. 483–485; Weir 2008, p. 507; Wormald 1988, p. 185
  219. Weir 2008, p. 508
  220. Fraser 1994, p. 509
  221. Lewis 1999, p. 22.
  222. Boyd 1915, pp. 59–65, 143–145, 309–314; Fraser 1994, pp. 506–512; Guy 2004, pp. 488–489, 492; Weir 2008, p. 508
  223. Guy 2004, p. 488
  224. Fraser 1994, pp. 506–512; Guy 2004, pp. 489–493
  225. Fraser 1994, p. 517
  226. Fraser 1994, pp. 521–522; Weir 2008, p. 508
  227. Fraser 1994, p. 529
  228. Fraser 1994, p. 528
  229. Guy 2004, p. 519
  230. Guy 2004, p. 496
  231. Fraser 1994, p. 531; Guy 2004, p. 498; Weir 2008, p. 508
  232. Fraser 1994, pp. 533–534; Guy 2004, p. 500
  233. Fraser 1994, p. 537; Guy 2004, p. 4
  234. Guy 2004, p. 7; Lewis 1999, p. 118
  235. Fraser 1994, p. 538; Guy 2004, p. 7; Weir 2008, p. 209; Wormald 1988, p. 187
  236. Morris, John (ed.) (1874). Letter Book of Amias Paulet, pp. 368–369
    https://archive.org/details/letterbooksofsir00poulrich
  237. Guy 2004, pp. 7–8
  238. Fraser 1994, p. 539; Guy 2004, p. 8
  239. Fraser 1994, p. 540; Guy 2004, p. 9
  240. The Fugger Newsletters
  241. Fraser 1994, p. 541
  242. Guy 2004, p. 497
  243. Elizabeth's Spy Master: Francis Walsingham and the secret war that saved England
  244. Fraser 1994, p. 532
  245. Fraser 1994, pp. 542, 546–547; Weir 2008, p. 509
  246. Fraser 1994, p. 541; Guy 2004, p. 9
  247. Guy 2004, p. 504; Weir 2008, p. 509
  248. Fraser 1994, p. 554
  249. Guy 2004, pp. 505–506; Wormald 1988, pp. 13–14, 192
  250. Guy 2004, p. 505
  251. Wormald 1988, p. 14
  252. Wormald 1988, p. 15
  253. Wormald 1988, p. 16
  254. Wormald 1988, pp. 17, 192–193
  255. Wormald 1988, pp. 188–189
  256. Weir 2008, p. 4
  257. Fraser 1994, pp. 269–270; Guy 2004, p. 313: Weir 2008, p. 510
  258. Guy 2004, p. 391; see also Fraser 1994, p. 269
  259. Guy 2004, p. 502; Weir 2008, pp. 3–4, 509
  260. Warnicke 2006, pp. xvi–xvii
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