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Martyr

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Martyr

A martyr (Greek: μάρτυς, mártys, 'witness' stem μαρτυρ-, martyr-) is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an external party. In colloquial usage, the term can also refer to any person who suffers a significant consequence in protest or support of a cause. In the martyrdom narrative of the remembering community, this refusal to comply with the presented demands results in the punishment or execution of an individual by an oppressor. Accordingly, the status of the 'martyr' can be considered a posthumous title as a reward for those who are considered worthy of the concept of martyrdom by the living, regardless of any attempts by the deceased to control how they will be remembered in advance. Insofar, the martyr is a relational figure of a society's boundary work that is produced by collective memory. Originally applied only to those who suffered for their religious beliefs, the term has come to be used in connection with people killed for a political cause. Most martyrs are considered holy or are respected by their followers, becoming symbols of exceptional leadership and heroism in the face of difficult circumstances. Martyrs play significant roles in religions. Similarly, martyrs have had notable effects in secular life, including such figures as Socrates, among other political and cultural examples.

Tables

Common features of stereotypical martyrdoms[11] · Meaning
2.
2.
1.
2.
A hero
Opposition
A person of some renown who is devoted to a cause believed to be admirable.
People who oppose that cause.
3.
3.
1.
3.
A hero
Foreseeable risk
A person of some renown who is devoted to a cause believed to be admirable.
The hero foresees action by opponents to harm him or her, because of their commitment to the cause.
4.
4.
1.
4.
A hero
Courage and commitment
A person of some renown who is devoted to a cause believed to be admirable.
The hero continues, despite knowing the risk, out of commitment to the cause.
5.
5.
1.
5.
A hero
Death
A person of some renown who is devoted to a cause believed to be admirable.
The opponents kill the hero because of their commitment to the cause.
6.
6.
1.
6.
A hero
Audience response
A person of some renown who is devoted to a cause believed to be admirable.
The hero's death is commemorated. People may label the hero explicitly as a martyr. Other people may in turn be inspired to pursue the same cause.
1.
A hero
A person of some renown who is devoted to a cause believed to be admirable.
2.
Opposition
People who oppose that cause.
3.
Foreseeable risk
The hero foresees action by opponents to harm him or her, because of their commitment to the cause.
4.
Courage and commitment
The hero continues, despite knowing the risk, out of commitment to the cause.
5.
Death
The opponents kill the hero because of their commitment to the cause.
6.
Audience response
The hero's death is commemorated. People may label the hero explicitly as a martyr. Other people may in turn be inspired to pursue the same cause.

References

  1. Gölz, Olmo "Martyrdom and the Struggle for Power. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Martyrdom in the Modern Middle East.
    https://www.academia.edu/39112997/G%C3%B6lz_Martyrdom_and_the_Struggle_for_Power_Interdisciplinary_Perspectives_on_Martyrdom_in_the_Modern_Middle_East._Editorial_Behemoth_12_no._1_2019_2_13
  2. Gölz, Olmo "The Imaginary Field of the Heroic: On the Contention between Heroes, Martyrs, Victims and Villains in Collec
    https://www.academia.edu/41498238/G%C3%B6lz_The_Imaginary_Field_of_the_Heroic_On_the_Contention_between_Heroes_Martyrs_Victims_and_Villains_in_Collective_Memory._helden.heroes.h%C3%A9ros_Special_Issue_5_Analyzing_Processes_of_Heroization._Theories_Methods_Histories._Ed._by_N_Falkenhayner_S_Meurer_and_T_Schlechtriemen_2019_27_38
  3. Journal of the Diocese of EAU Claire
    https://books.google.com/books?id=wn_kAAAAMAAJ&q=stood+firm&pg=24
  4. See e.g. Alison A. Trites, The New Testament Concept of Witness, ISBN 978-0-521-60934-0.
  5. Frances M. Young, The Use of Sacrificial Ideas in Greek Christian Writers from the New Testament to John Chrysostom (Eug
  6. Eusebius wrote of the early Christians: "They were so eager to imitate Christ ... they gladly yielded the title of marty
  7. Scholars believe that Revelation was written during the period when the word for witness was gaining its meaning of mart
  8. A. J. Wallace and R. D. Rusk, Moral Transformation: The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation (New Zealand: Bridgehea
  9. Oxford English Dictionary
    https://www.oed.com/dictionary/martyress_n?tab=factsheet
  10. Rabbitique
    https://rabbitique.com/profile/en/martyress
  11. From A. J. Wallace and R. D. Rusk, Moral Transformation: The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation (New Zealand: Brid
  12. Political Self-Sacrifice: Agency, Body and Emotion in International Relations
    https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139248853.011
  13. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/oct/13/israel12
  14. The Medieval History Journal
    https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/097194580701000214
  15. "Remembering the Mavi Marmara victims"
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/7/21/remembering-the-mavi-marmara-victims
  16. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
    https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13530194.2014.918802
  17. The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center
    https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/app/uploads/2018/01/E_002_18.pdf
  18. Political Self-Sacrifice: Agency, Body and Emotion in International Relations
    https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139248853.011
  19. "Shireen Abu Akleh: A martyr to the truth of Israeli inhumanity"
    https://www.arabnews.com/node/2082786
  20. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/31/world/middleeast/palestinian-martyrs-israel.html
  21. "كتاب وأدباء عرب: صلابة وائل الدحدوح نموذج للجسارة الفلسطينية [Arab writers and writers: Wael Al-Dahdouh's toughness is a model of Palestinian courage]"
    https://www.aljazeera.net/culture/2023/10/28/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AD
  22. International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation
    https://www.xcept-research.org/martyrdom-in-lebanon-an-evolution-of-memory-making/
  23. The Armenian Church, Eastern Diocese of America
    https://armenianchurch.us/the-saints/holy-martyrs-of-the-armenian-genocide/
  24. "President Biden formally recognizes the Armenian Genocide"
    https://genocideeducation.org/president-biden-formally-recognizes-the-armenian-genocide/
  25. The Power of the Dharma: An Introduction to Hinduism and Vedic Culture
    https://books.google.com/books?id=O9upBAAAQBAJ&q=martyrdom+&pg=PT138
  26. "Biographies of Great Sikh Martyrs"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190403054654/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/martyrs/nojava.html
  27. See Philippe Bobichon, « Martyre talmudique et martyre chrétien », Kentron : Revue du Monde Antique et de Psychologie Hi
  28. Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society
    https://www.daat.ac.il/daat/english/halacha/cohen_1.htm
  29. See Davis, R."Martyr, or Witness?" Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine, New Matthew Bible Project
    http://www.newmatthewbible.org/martyr.html
  30. J. W. van Henten, "Jewish Martyrdom and Jesus' Death" in Jörg Frey & Jens Schröter (eds.), Deutungen des Todes Jesu im N
  31. Donald W. Riddle, "The Martyr Motif in the Gospel According to Mark." The Journal of Religion, IV.4 (1924), pp. 397–410.
  32. M. E. Vines, M. E. Vines, "The 'Trial Scene' Chronotype in Mark and the Jewish Novel", in G. van Oyen and T. Shepherd (e
  33. Stephen Finlan, The Background and Content of Paul's Cultic Atonement Metaphors (Atlanta, GA: SBL, 2004), pp. 193–210
  34. Sam K. Williams, Death as Saving Event: The Background and Origin of a Concept (Missoula, MT: Scholars Press for Harvard
  35. David Seeley, The Noble Death (Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1990), pp. 83–112.
  36. Stanley Stowers, A Rereading of Romans: Justice, Jews, and Gentiles (Ann Arbor: Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 212ff.
  37. Jarvis J. Williams, Maccabean Martyr Traditions in Paul's Theology of Atonement (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2010)
  38. S. A. Cummins, Paul and the Crucified Christ in Antioch (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
  39. Stephen J. Patterson, Beyond the Passion: Rethinking the Death and Life of Jesus (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2004).
  40. Arena, Saints, directed by Paul Tickell, 2006
  41. www.britannica.com
    https://www.britannica.com/topic/Forty-Martyrs-of-England-and-Wales
  42. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24864587
  43. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50924266
  44. Fox News
    https://www.foxnews.com/world/martyr-killed-by-bulldozer-becomes-symbol-of-growing-persecution-of-christians-in-china
  45. The Jerusalem Post
    https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Christian-evangelist-murdered-in-southeast-Turkey-608669
  46. ABC News
    https://abcnews.go.com/International/christian-martyrs-victims-radical-islam/story?id=9976549
  47. A. Ezzati (1986). The Concept Of Martyrdom In Islam. Tehran University.
    http://www.al-islam.org/al-serat/concept-ezzati.htm
  48. Gölz, "Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran. The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War."
    https://www.academia.edu/39134486/G%C3%B6lz_Martyrdom_and_Masculinity_in_Warring_Iran_The_Karbala_Paradigm_the_Heroic_and_the_Personal_Dimensions_of_War._Behemoth_12_no._1_2019_35_51
  49. Perspectives on Terrorism
    https://pt.icct.nl/sites/default/files/2023-12/A6%20-%20Karimi%20with%20changes.pdf
  50. Dying for God: Martyrdom in the Shi'i and Babi Religions
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200218065600/http://bahai-library.com/theses/dying/dying8.conclusion.html
  51. Aal-e-Qutub
    https://aalequtub.com/hazrat-abdullah-bin-az-zubayr-%d8%b1%d8%b6%d8%a6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%db%81-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%db%8c-%d8%b9%d9%86%db%81/
  52. The Resurrection of Ireland
    https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139106849.004
  53. Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&oldid=1295294941
  54. www.britannica.com
    https://www.britannica.com/event/Easter-Rising
  55. Marx and Engels in Ireland (1971) Progress Publishers, Moscow. Letter of November 24 1867 Engels to Marx
    https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867/letters/67_11_24.htm
  56. "The Tolpuddle Martyrs"
    http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/England-History/TolpuddleMartyrs.htm
  57. Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican ... p. 250 John Mason Hart – 1987 "They popularized Ricardo
  58. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Paul-Marat
  59. Smarthistory
    https://smarthistory.org/jacques-louis-david-the-death-of-marat/
  60. Vietnam At War Mark Philip Bradley – 2009 "As the concept of 'sacrifice' (hi sinh) came to embody the state's narrative
  61. www.newarab.com/
    https://www.newarab.com/news/algeria-says-56-million-died-under-french-colonialism
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