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Martin Luther King Jr.

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Martin Luther King Jr.

Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American civil rights activist and Baptist minister who was a leader of the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. He advanced civil rights for people of color in the United States through the use of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience against Jim Crow laws and other forms of legalized discrimination, which most commonly affected African Americans. A Black church leader, King participated in and led marches for the right to vote, desegregation, labor rights, and other civil rights. He oversaw the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and was the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), leading the unsuccessful Albany Movement in Albany, Georgia, and helping organize nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham, Alabama. King was one of the leaders of the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech, and helped organize two of the three Selma to Montgomery marches during the 1965 Selma voting rights movement. There were dramatic standoffs with segregationist authorities, who often responded violently. The civil rights movement achieved pivotal legislative gains in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. King was jailed several times. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) director J. Edgar Hoover considered King a radical and made him an object of COINTELPRO from 1963. FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties, spied on his personal life, and secretly recorded him. In 1964, the FBI mailed King a threatening anonymous letter, which he interpreted as an attempt to make him commit suicide. King won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. In his final years, he expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War. In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D.C., to be called the Poor People's Campaign, when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee. James Earl Ray was convicted of the assassination, though it remains the subject of conspiracy theories. King's death led to riots in US cities. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and Congressional Gold Medal in 2003. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established as a holiday in cities and states throughout the United States beginning in 1971; the federal holiday was first observed in 1986. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., was dedicated in 2011.

Infobox

Preceded by
Position established
Succeeded by
Ralph Abernathy
Born
Michael King Jr.(1929-01-15)January 15, 1929Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
Died
April 4, 1968(1968-04-04) (aged 39)Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.
Manner of death
Assassination by gunshot
Resting place
Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park
Spouse
mw- Coretta Scott (m. 1953)
Children
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Parents
mw- Martin Luther King Sr.Alberta Williams King
Relatives
Christine King Farris (sister)A. D. King (brother)Alveda King (niece)
Education
Morehouse College (BA)Crozer Theological Seminary (BDiv)Boston University (PhD)
Occupation
Baptist ministeractivist
Monuments
Full list
Movement
Civil rightspeaceanti-war
Awards
Nobel Peace Prize (1964)Presidential Medal of Freedom (posthumous, 1977)Congressional Gold Medal (posthumous, 2004)
Nickname
MLK

Tables

Charted albums by Martin Luther King Jr. · Discography › Albums
Title
Year
Peak
US
The Great March to Freedom
1963
141
The March on Washington
102
Freedom March on Washington
119
I Have a Dream
1968
69
The American Dream
173
In Search of Freedom
150
In the Struggle for Freedom and Human Dignity
154
Charted singles by Martin Luther King Jr. · Discography › Singles
Title
Year
Peak
Album
US
"I Have a Dream" (Gordy 7023 – b/w We Shall Overcome, Liz Lands)
1968
88
I Have a Dream (1968)
· External links
Preceded byInternational Committee of the Red CrossandLeague of Red Cross Societies
Preceded byInternational Committee of the Red CrossandLeague of Red Cross Societies
Awards and achievements
Preceded byInternational Committee of the Red CrossandLeague of Red Cross Societies
Awards and achievements
Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 1964
Awards and achievements
Succeeded byUNICEF
Awards and achievements
Preceded byInternational Committee of the Red CrossandLeague of Red Cross Societies
Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 1964
Succeeded byUNICEF

References

  1. King Jr's birth certificate was later altered to read "Martin Luther King Jr." on July 23, 1957, when he was 28 years ol
  2. Though commonly attributed to King, this expression originated with 19th-century abolitionist Theodore Parker.
  3. Jackson 2006, p. 53.
  4. Glisson 2006, p. 190.
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  6. All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education
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  7. The King Center
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  8. Biography
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  9. "Upbringing & Studies"
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  10. Oates 1983, p. 6.
  11. "King, James Albert"
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  12. "AfricanAncestry.com Reveals Roots of MLK and Marcus Garvey"
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  13. The Social Life of DNA
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  18. Oates 1983, p. 13.
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  20. Eig 2023, p. 43.
  21. The Washington Post
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  22. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
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  23. King 1992, pp. 30–31.
  24. King 1992, p. 31.
  25. Oates 1983, p. 5.
  26. Oates 1983, p. 8.
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  28. Manheimer 2004, p. 15.
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  31. Oates 1983, p. 10.
  32. Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr
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  33. Manheimer 2004, p. 13.
  34. Fleming 2008, p. 4.
  35. Manheimer 2004, p. 14.
  36. Frady 2002, p. 15.
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  40. Martin Luther King Jr.: Young Man with a Dream
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  41. Frady 2002, p. 13.
  42. When Affirmative Action was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America
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  43. Oates 1983, p. 11.
  44. Boyd 1996, p. 23.
  45. The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute
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  46. Manheimer 2004, p. 16.
  47. CNN
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  48. King 1992, p. 82.
  49. Oates 1983, p. 15.
  50. Oates 1983, p. 14.
  51. The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute
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  52. King 1998, p. 14.
  53. King 1998, p. 6.
  54. Fleming 2008, p. 8.
  55. Patterson 1969, p. 25.
  56. Frady 2002, p. 17.
  57. Oates 1983, p. 16.
  58. Davis 2005, p. 18.
  59. Muse 1978, p. 17.
  60. Rowland 1990, p. 23.
  61. The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute
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  62. The New York Times
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  63. Macon Telegraph
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  64. Manheimer 2004, p. 17.
  65. Fleming 2008, p. 9.
  66. Manheimer 2004, p. 19.
  67. Davis 2005, p. 10.
  68. Schuman 2014, chpt. 2.
  69. Connecticut Post
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  70. NBC Connecticut
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  71. NBC Connecticut
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  72. The Hartford Courant
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  73. courant.com
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  74. The University of Chicago
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  75. Frady 2002, p. 18.
  76. Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties
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  77. To See the Promised Land: The Faith Pilgrimage of Martin Luther King, Jr
    https://archive.org/details/toseepromisedlan0000down/page/150
  78. Gandhi and King: The Power of Nonviolent Resistance
  79. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute
    https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/king-audits-courses-university-pennsylvania
  80. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute
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  81. Frady 2002, pp. 20–22.
  82. "Martin Luther King Jr.'s time studying at Penn"
    https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/martin-luther-king-jrs-time-studying-penn
  83. There is a Balm in Gilead: The Cultural Roots of Martin Luther King, Jr
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_oeMI9gxa2QC
  84. There is a Balm in Gilead: The Cultural Roots of Martin Luther King, Jr
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_oeMI9gxa2QC
  85. The New Yorker
  86. The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute
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  87. The Boston Globe
  88. The Voice of Conscience: The Church in the Mind of Martin Luther King, Jr
    https://archive.org/details/voiceofconscienc0000bald
  89. National Days, National Ways: Historical, Political, And Religious Celebrations around the World
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  90. "A comparison of the conceptions of God in the thinking of Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman"
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  91. Snopes
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  92. The New York Times
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  93. "King's Ph.D. dissertation, with attached note"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141107223114/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol2/550415AComparisonOfTheConceptionsOfGod.pdf
  94. Ethnic and Racial Studies
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  95. The Daily Telegraph
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1509338/Coretta-Scott-King.html
  96. King Came Preaching: The Pulpit Power of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr
    https://archive.org/details/kingcamepreachin0000warr/page/35
  97. Civil Rights History from the Ground Up: Local Struggles, a National Movement
    https://books.google.com/books?id=gwVbfvfYEZkC&pg=PA408
  98. "'A place that can inspire the world': A deal is struck to save Camden's MLK house"
    https://whyy.org/articles/a-place-that-can-inspire-the-world-a-deal-is-struck-to-save-camdens-mlk-house/
  99. "New Jersey Denies Historical Designation for House With Ties to Martin Luther King Jr"
    https://6abc.com/martin-luther-king-jr-house-mlk-camden/5903615/
  100. Statement on Behalf of Ernest Nichols, State of New Jersey vs. Ernest Nichols, by W. Thomas McGann
    https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/statement-behalf-ernest-nichols-state-new-jersey-vs-ernest-nichols-w-thomas
  101. "Martin Luther King Jr.'s Civil Rights Career Began at a Modest NJ Café"
    https://njmonthly.com/articles/towns-schools/history/martin-luther-king-jr-new-jersey-maple-shade/
  102. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/15/nyregion/martin-luther-king-jr-camden-new-jersey.html
  103. "MLK's Philly: How the City of Brotherly Love helped shape the great Civil Rights leader we honor on January 17"
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  104. Encyclopedia of Alabama
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  105. Manheimer 2004, p. 103.
  106. CNN
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  107. The Montgomery Bus Boycott
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  108. Interview with Coretta Scott King, Episode 1, PBS TV series Eyes on the Prize.
  109. Ethical Leadership Through Transforming Justice
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  110. Patterns of Conflict, Paths to Peace
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  111. "King arrested for speeding; MIA holds seven mass meetings"
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  113. Frady 2002, p. 52.
  114. Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South
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  115. The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute
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  116. Let Nobody Turn Us Around: Voices of Resistance, Reform, and Renewal: an African American Anthology
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  117. "Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom"
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  118. "Martin Luther King Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle: Gandhi Society for Human Rights"
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  119. The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide
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  120. Herst 2007, pp. 372–74.
  121. Race and Labor Matters in the New U.S. Economy
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  122. Architects of Political Change: Constitutional Quandaries and Social Choice Theory
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  123. International Encyclopedia of Public Policy and Administration
  124. The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law that Ended Racial Segregation
  125. When Harlem Nearly Killed King: The 1958 Stabbing of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr
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  126. The New York Times
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  127. The Boston Globe
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  128. "Today in History, September 20"
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  129. "SCLC Press Release"
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  130. "Samuel Vandiver, in the MLK Encyclopedia"
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  131. The Rome Sentinel
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  132. "Negro Integration Leader Sentenced to Four Months"
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  133. Time
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  134. The Autobiography Of Martin Luther King, Jr
  135. Atlanta Journal-Constitution
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  136. Atlanta Magazine
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  137. New Georgia Encyclopedia
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  138. The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr
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  139. A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King Jr
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  140. www.thekingcenter.org
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  148. Newsweek
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  154. Hoover Institution
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  158. Leaders from the 1960s: A biographical sourcebook of American activism
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  159. African-Americans and the Quest for Civil Rights, 1900–1990
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  160. Robert Kennedy and His Times
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  161. Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945–1990
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  162. Kennedy, Johnson, and the Quest for Justice: The Civil Rights Tapes
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  163. Robert Kennedy and His Times
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  164. Living for Change: An Autobiography
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  165. Mysteries in History: From Prehistory to the Present
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  166. The Sixties in America
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  167. Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963
  168. Congressional Record
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  169. Protest, power, and change: an encyclopedia of nonviolent action from ACT-UP to Women's Suffrage
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  170. The Guardian
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  171. The Dream: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation
    https://archive.org/details/dreammartinluthe00hans/page/98
  172. The Words of Martin Luther King Jr
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  173. Smithsonian
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  174. Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974
  175. The Struggle for Black Equality
  176. Augustine.com
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  177. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (HarperCollins, 1987) pp. 316
  178. nps.gov
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131103084850/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/civilrights/f1.htm
  179. African Americans in Florida: An Illustrated History
    https://archive.org/details/africanamericans0000jone/page/113
  180. King Encyclopedia
    https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/st-augustine-florida
  181. Bangor Daily News
    https://bangordailynews.com/2013/12/24/news/une-prepares-to-mark-50th-anniversary-of-martin-luther-king-jr-s-speech-in-biddeford/
  182. dune.une.edu
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  183. McArthur Library's: The Backlog
    https://mcarthurarchives.org/2021/01/16/mlk-biddeford/
  184. The New School Archives And Special Collections
    https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS070204_ARC_King_speech
  185. The New York Times
    https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/22/found-after-decades-a-forgotten-tape-of-king-thinking-on-his-feet/
  186. whospeaks.library.vanderbilt.edu
    https://whospeaks.library.vanderbilt.edu/interview/martin-luther-king-jr
  187. Atlanta History: A Journal of Georgia and the South
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  188. Interview
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120505054207/http://www.alex-haley.com/alex_haley_martin_luther_king_interview.htm
  189. "The Selma Injunction"
    http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm#1964selmainj
  190. King 1998, pp. 276–79.
  191. Jackson 2006, pp. 222–23.
  192. Jackson 2006, p. 223.
  193. America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s
    https://archive.org/details/americadividedci0000isse/page/175
  194. The Riotmakers
  195. NPR
    https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129609461
  196. African-American Orators: A Bio-critical Sourcebook
    https://archive.org/details/africanamericano00leem_0/page/220
  197. Rare Video Footage of Historic Alabama 1965 Civil Rights Marches, MLK's Famous Montgomery Speech
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBm48Scju9E
  198. Encyclopedia
    http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/901.html
  199. Cohen & Taylor 2000, pp. 360–62.
  200. Northern Protest: Martin Luther King Jr., Chicago, and the Civil Rights Movement
    https://archive.org/details/northernprotestm00ralp/page/1
  201. Cohen & Taylor 2000, p. 347.
  202. Cohen & Taylor 2000, p. 416.
  203. To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference & Martin Luther King Jr
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  204. Chicago: City Guide
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  205. Jesse Jackson
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  206. Symbols, the News Magazines, and Martin Luther King
  207. America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s
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  208. Meet Martin Luther King, Jr
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  209. The Betrayal of the Urban Poor
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  210. "Views on Black Militant Situation in Chicago"
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  211. MLK An American Legacy
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  212. "The 11 Most Anti-Capitalist Quotes from Martin Luther King Jr"
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  213. The Sixties Chronicle
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  214. Los Angeles Times
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  215. The African American Voice in U.S. Foreign Policy Since World War II
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  218. Robbins 2007, p. 109.
  219. Robbins 2007, p. 106.
  220. To Make the Wounded Whole: The Cultural Legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr
  221. Against Us, But for Us: Martin Luther King Jr. and the State
  222. April 4, 1968: Martin Luther King Jr.'s death and how it changed America
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  223. News & Reporting
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  224. CNN
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  225. David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross (1986), pp. 440, 445.
  226. The Washington Post
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  227. Lawson, Payne & Patterson 2006, p. 148.
  228. Restaging the Sixties: Radical Theaters and Their Legacies
  229. Symbols, the News Magazines, and Martin Luther King
  230. Martin Luther King, Jr
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  231. freakonomics.com
    https://freakonomics.com/podcast/the-university-of-impossible-to-get-into/
  232. The Journal of Religious Ethics
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  233. The Radical King
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  234. The Power of Nonviolence: Writings by Advocates of Peace
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  235. Rolling Stone
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  236. United Press International
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  237. BLT
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  238. 1968: The Year That Rocked the World
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  239. The New York Times
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  240. Dialogue
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  241. Beyond Vietnam
    http://www.aavw.org/special_features/speeches_speech_king01.html
  242. "Nomination of Thich Nhat Hanh for the Nobel Peace Prize"
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  243. The Crusade for Justice: Chicano Militancy and the Government's War on Dissent
  244. You are Being Lied to: The Disinformation Guide to Media Distortion, Historical Whitewashes and Cultural Myths
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  245. savingcommunities.org
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  246. The Progress Report
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  247. Slate
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  248. Lawson, Payne & Patterson 2006, pp. 148–49.
  249. The Other American: The Life of Michael Harrington
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  250. Helen Keller Archive
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  251. Arizona Sun
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  252. The Encyclopedia of World Problems
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  253. "1,300 Members Participate in Memphis Garbage Strike"
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  254. "Memphis Strikers Stand Firm"
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  255. Weary Feet, Rested Souls: A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement
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  256. Newsweek
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  257. Speeches that Changed the World: The Stories and Transcripts of the Moments that Made History
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  258. United States Department of Justice Investigation of Recent Allegations Regarding the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr
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  259. The Guardian
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  260. We Interrupt This Broadcast: The Events that Stopped Our Lives ... from the Hindenburg Explosion to the Attacks of September 11
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  261. An Act of State: The Execution of Martin Luther King
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  262. Frady 2002, pp. 204–05.
  263. House Divided: The Life and Legacy of Martin Luther King
  264. "Citizen King Transcript"
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  265. "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site"
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  266. On this Day
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  267. A Nation on Fire: America in the Wake of the King Assassination
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  268. "The Unmaking of the President"
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  269. Klein, Joe (2006). Politics Lost: How American Democracy was Trivialized by People Who Think You're Stupid. New York: Do
  270. Robert Kennedy: A Memoir
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  271. United Press International
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  272. "AFSCME Wins in Memphis"
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  273. The last crusade: Martin Luther King Jr., the FBI, and the poor people's campaign
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  274. The Nation
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  275. Manheimer 2004, p. 97.
  276. Dixie's Dirty Secret: The True Story of how the Government, the Media, and the Mob Conspired to Combat Immigration and the Vietnam Antiwar Movement
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  277. The American Book of Days
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  278. The Dallas Morning News
  279. A Change is Gonna Come: Music, Race & the Soul of America
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  280. Martin Luther King, Jr
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  281. Murders in the United States: Crimes, Killers And Victims Of The Twentieth Century
  282. "James Earl Ray Dead At 70"
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  283. Compilation of the Statements of James Earl Ray: Staff Report
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  284. Assassination: 20 Assassinations that Changed the World
  285. NYTimes.com
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  286. "From small-time criminal to notorious assassin"
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  287. Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia
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  288. "The case against James Earl Ray"
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  289. "Questions left hanging by James Earl Ray's death"
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  290. An American Death: The True Story of the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Greatest Manhunt of our Time
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  291. "James Earl Ray, convicted King assassin, dies"
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  292. Contemporary Controversies and the American Racial Divide
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  293. "Trial Transcript Volume XIV"
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  294. The New York Times
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  295. United States Department of Justice Investigation of Recent Allegations Regarding the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr
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  296. The Washington Post
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  297. The New York Times
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  298. The New York Times
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  299. The Civil Rights Revolution: Events and Leaders, 1955–1968
  300. An Act of State: The Execution of Martin Luther King
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  301. Times Higher Education
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  302. At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965–68
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  303. "Jesse Jackson On 'Mad Dean Disease', the 2000 Elections and Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King"
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  304. White House
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  305. Soweto Blues: Jazz, Popular Music, and Politics in South Africa
  306. It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us
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  307. King 1992, pp. 307–308.
  308. Nobelprize.org
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  309. CNN
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  310. "Interview with John Hume (26 minutes)"
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  311. register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk
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  312. Black People and Employment: The 1975 Martin Luther King Memorial Lecture
  313. Keep the Faith, Baby!
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  314. Newcastle University
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  315. Newcastle University
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  316. The Georgia Historical Quarterly
  317. Newcastle University
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  318. Chronicle Live
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  319. The Conscience of a Liberal
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  320. "The History of Fair Housing"
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  321. Frontline
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  322. "The King Center's Mission"
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  323. USA Today
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  324. "Chairman's Message: Introduction to the King Center and its Mission"
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  325. "Welcome"
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  326. "The Triple Evils"
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  327. "What would Martin Luther King do?"
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  328. PinkNews
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  329. STLPR
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  330. "Proclamation 6401 – Martin Luther King Jr. Federal Holiday"
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  331. "Martin Luther King Day"
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  332. The New York Times
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  333. "The History of Martin Luther King Day"
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  334. premierchristian.news
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  335. Holy Communion Of Churches
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  336. News | Orthodoxy Cognate PAGE
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  337. www.standardnewswire.com
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  338. "The Christian Cathedral – Community. Worship. Purpose"
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  339. "Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018"
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  340. "Church Year and Calendar"
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  341. "Martin Luther King Jr., Justice Without Violence – April 3, 1957"
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  342. The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute
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  343. HuffPost
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  344. San Francisco Chronicle
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  345. Martin Luther King, Jr.: Nonviolent Strategies and Tactics for Social Change
  346. King Encyclopedia
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  347. "Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking at The New School"
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  348. The Spirit of the Sixties: Making Postwar Radicalism
  349. "Wofford, Harris Llewellyn"
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  350. Washington Monthly
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  351. "When Martin Luther King Jr. gave up his guns"
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  352. Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963
  353. "Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story"
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  354. The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute
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  355. The Papers of Martin Luther King Jr., Volume V: Threshold of a New Decade, January 1959 – December 1960
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  356. "India Trip (1959)"
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  360. Reinhold Niebuhr and Contemporary Politics: God and Power
  361. Martin Luther King, Jr.: The Making of a Mind
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  362. The Domestication of Martin Luther King Jr.: Clarence B. Jones, Right-Wing Conservatism, and the Manipulation of the King Legacy
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  363. Against Us, But for Us: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the State
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  364. Radical Abolitionism: Anarchy and the Government of God in Antislavery Thought
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  365. Extremist for Love: Martin Luther King Jr., Man of Ideas and Nonviolent Social Action
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  366. War and Words: Horror and Heroism in the Literature of Warfare
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  367. The Incomparable Christ
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  368. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle
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  369. Exposé
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  371. AL.com
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  372. The American Prospect
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  373. The Deacons for Defense: Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement
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  374. CBS News
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  375. Time
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  376. The Rhetoric of Redemption: Kenneth Burke's Redemption Drama and Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" Speech
  377. I May Not Get There with You: The True Martin Luther King, Jr
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  378. The Root
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  380. "Abbreviated Report from the International Tribunal on Reparations for Black People in the U.S."
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  381. NPR
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  382. HuffPost
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  383. People's World
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  384. Yesterday and Today
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  385. Native News Online
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  386. The Arizona Daily Star
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  387. Navajo Times
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  388. American Indian Source
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  389. Let the Trumpet Sound: A Life of Martin Luther King, Jr
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  390. The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr: Symbol of the Movement, January 1957 – December 1958
    https://books.google.com/books?id=qW-NYdIefPgC&pg=PA364
  391. Chicago Tribune
    https://www.chicagotribune.com/2003/03/09/illinois-liberal-giant-paul-douglas/
  392. The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr: Symbol of the Movement, January 1957 – December 1958
    https://books.google.com/books?id=qW-NYdIefPgC&pg=PA84
  393. King 1992, p. 384.
  394. The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr
    https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofm00king/page/187
  395. YouTube
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJyWWM9OHKA
  396. MLK: An American Legacy: Bearing the Cross, Protest at Selma, and the FBI, and Martin Luther King, Jr.
  397. The Martin Luther King Jr. Companion: Quotations from the Speeches, Essays, and Books of Martin Luther King, Jr
    https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking00king_0/page/39
  398. King and the Other America: The Poor People's Campaign and the Quest for Economic Equality
    https://books.google.com/books?id=M0JvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82
  399. HuffPost
    https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-uncompromising-anti-capitalism-of-martin-luther-king-jr_b_4629609
  400. Liberating Visions: Human Fulfillment and Social Justice in African-American Thought
  401. Prophet of Discontent: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Critique of Racial Capitalism
  402. Voices of Social Education A Pedagogy of Change
  403. Transpacific Antiracism Afro-Asian Solidarity in 20th-Century Black America, Japan, and Okinawa
  404. Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King's Last Campaign
  405. Prophet of Discontent Martin Luther King Jr. and the Critique of Racial Capitalism
  406. Washington 1991, p. 366.
  407. Washington 1991, pp. 365–67.
  408. Washington 1991, pp. 367–68.
  409. Code Switch (blog)
    https://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2013/04/08/176594781/zo-salda-a-climbed-into-lt-uhuras-chair-reluctantly
  410. Star Trek: 25th Anniversary Special
  411. Open Culture
    http://www.openculture.com/2013/01/nichelle_nichols_tells_neil_degrasse_tyson_how_martin_luther_king_convinced_her_to_stay_on_star_trek.html
  412. HuffPost
    https://www.huffpost.com/entry/gene-roddenberry-son-star-trek_n_1119119
  413. Canada.com
    https://o.canada.com/entertainment/nichelle-nichols-on-playing-star-treks-lt-uhura-and-meeting-dr-king
  414. April 4, 1968: Martin Luther King Jr.'s death and how it changed America
    https://archive.org/details/april41968martin00dyso
  415. Going down Jericho Road the Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign
    https://archive.org/details/goingdownjericho00hone
  416. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Case Study
  417. The Atlantic Monthly
    https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200207/garrow
  418. Human Events
    https://web.archive.org/web/20081004205959/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3827/is_200602/ai_n17173432/pg_2
  419. Kotz 2005.
  420. Herst 2007, p. 372.
  421. "FBI tracked King's every move"
    http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/31/mlk.fbi.conspiracy/index.html
  422. War at Home: Covert Action Against U.S. Activists and What We Can Do About It
    https://books.google.com/books?id=M4uvwy_C3egC&pg=PA77
  423. Police Against the Movement: The Sabotage of the Civil Rights Struggle and the Activists Who Fought Back
  424. CNN
    http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/13/bts.king.assasssination/
  425. The Last Crusade: Martin Luther King Jr., the FBI, and the Poor People's Crusade
    https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813333847/page/76
  426. Martin Luther King Jr.: The FBI Files
    http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/28/conspiracy.theories/
  427. Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia
    https://archive.org/details/conspiracytheori00knig_851
  428. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/26/nsa-surveillance-anti-vietnam-muhammad-ali-mlk
  429. To See the Promised Land: The Faith Pilgrimage of Martin Luther King, Jr
    https://archive.org/details/toseepromisedlan0000down/page/246
  430. Kotz 2005, pp. 70–74.
  431. Black Struggle, Red Scare: Segregation and Anti-communism in the South, 1948–1968
    https://archive.org/details/blackstrugglered0000wood/page/126
  432. Washington 1991, p. 362.
  433. Martin Luther King Jr.: A Biography
    https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking0000brun/page/67
  434. Kotz 2005, p. 83.
  435. Democratic Individuality: A Theory of Moral Progress
  436. Washington 1991, p. 363.
  437. "Martin Luther King"
    https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/docid-32397512.pdf
  438. HuffPost
    https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bush-and-the-nsa-spying-s_b_12552
  439. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/01/14/martin-luther-king-jr-met-malcolm-x-just-once-the-photo-still-haunts-us-with-what-was-lost/
  440. Conspiracy Encyclopedia
    https://archive.org/details/conspiracyencycl0000unse/page/58
  441. Popular Images of American Presidents
    https://archive.org/details/popularimagesofa0000unse
  442. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/magazine/what-an-uncensored-letter-to-mlk-reveals.html
  443. Kotz 2005, p. 247.
  444. Frady 2002, pp. 158–159.
  445. In Search of Democracy: The NAACP Writings of James Weldon Johnson, Walter White, and Roy Wilkins (1920–1977)
    https://archive.org/details/insearchofdemocr00sond/page/466
  446. Prologue
    https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1997/summer/equality-in-the-sixties.html#f3
  447. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/05/30/irresponsible-historians-attack-david-garrows-mlk-allegations/
  448. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jun/08/martin-luther-king-david-garrow-essay-claims
  449. Standpoint
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190601234100/https://standpointmag.co.uk/issues/june-2019/the-troubling-legacy-of-martin-luther-king/
  450. The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/martin-luther-king-rape-fbi-tapes-video-mlk-laugh-files-a8932206.html
  451. New York Amsterdam News
    http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2019/jul/03/salacious-fbi-information-again-attacks-character-/
  452. The Conversation
    https://theconversation.com/j-edgar-hoovers-revenge-information-the-fbi-once-hoped-could-destroy-rev-martin-luther-king-jr-has-been-declassified-118026
  453. And the walls came tumbling down: an autobiography
    https://archive.org/details/andwallscametumb00aber/page/471
  454. "And the Walls Came Tumbling Down"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20071211111242/http://www.booknotes.org/Transcript/index_print.asp?ProgramID=1442
  455. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
    https://archive.org/details/bearingcross00davi
  456. Frady 2002, p. 67.
  457. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/02/07/nnp/garrow.html
  458. King Came Preaching: The Pulpit Power of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr
    https://archive.org/details/kingcamepreachin0000warr/page/79
  459. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1014.html
  460. Makers of Modern Culture: Makers of Culture
  461. "Commemorating Martin Luther King Jr.: Presentation of American Liberties Medallion"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060604175417/http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=843719&ct=1052921
  462. "Commemorating Martin Luther King Jr.: Response to Award of American Liberties Medallion"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060609075301/https://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=843719&ct=1052923
  463. "Spingarn Medal Winners: 1915 to Today"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140802063355/http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners
  464. "Martin Luther King Jr"
    http://www.anisfield-wolf.org/books/stride-toward-freedom-the-montgomery-story/?sortby=author&auth=KINGJR.MARTINLUTHER
  465. "The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. upon accepting The Planned Parenthood Federation Of America Margaret Sanger Award"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080224104928/http://www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/who-we-are/the-reverend-martin-luther-king-jr.htm
  466. "SCLC Press Release"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121215172223/http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/sclc-press-release
  467. GRAMMY.com
    https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/did-you-know-dr-martin-luther-king-jr-won-grammy
  468. "Presidential Medal of Freedom Remarks on Presenting the Medal to Dr. Jonas E. Salk and to Martin Luther King Jr"
    http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7784
  469. "Congressional Gold Medal Recipients (1776 to Present)"
    http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/house_history/goldMedal.html
  470. The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1999
  471. "Time Names Einstein as Person of the Century"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130514041705/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-24394267.html
  472. "Reagan voted 'greatest American'"
    http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4631421.stm
  473. USAToday.com
    https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2016/04/20/report-lew-considered-anthony-10-bill/83274530/
  474. "The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library History"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230116014246/https://www.dclibrary.org/node/741
  475. "Martin Luther King, Jr. Honorary Degrees"
    https://guides.lib.lsu.edu/c.php?g=353667&p=2385250
  476. Billboard
    https://www.billboard.com/artist/rev-martin-luther-king-jr/
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