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Mark 16

Updated: Wikipedia source

Mark 16

Mark 16 is the final chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Christopher Tuckett refers to it as a "sequel to the story of Jesus' death and burial". The chapter begins after the sabbath has ended, with Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome purchasing spices to bring to the tomb next morning to anoint Jesus' body. There they encounter the stone rolled away, the tomb open, and a young man dressed in white who announces the resurrection of Jesus (16:1–6). The two oldest manuscripts of Mark 16 (from the 300s) conclude with verse 8, which ends with the women fleeing from the empty tomb, and saying "nothing to anyone, because they were too frightened". Textual critics have identified two distinct alternative endings: the "Longer Ending" (verses 9–20) and the unversed "Shorter Ending" or "lost ending", which appear together in six Greek manuscripts, and in dozens of Ethiopic copies. Modern versions of the New Testament generally include the Longer Ending, but place it in brackets or otherwise format it to show that it was not part of the original text.

Infobox

Book
Gospel of Mark
Category
Gospel
Christian Bible part
New Testament
Order in the Christian part
2

Tables

· Alternate endings
Version
Version
Versions of Mark
Version
Versions of Mark
Text
Mark 16:6–8 undisputed text = Shortest/Abrupt Ending
Mark 16:6–8 undisputed text = Shortest/Abrupt Ending
Versions of Mark
Mark 16:6–8 undisputed text = Shortest/Abrupt Ending
Versions of Mark
And he saith unto them, Be not affrighted: Ye seek Jesus of Nazareth, which was crucified: he is risen; he is not here: behold the place where they laid him. But go your way, tell his disciples and Peter that he goeth before you into Galilee: there shall ye see him, as he said unto you. And they went out quickly, and fled from the sepulchre; for they trembled and were amazed: neither said they any thing to any man; for they were afraid.
Longer ending 16:9–14
Longer ending 16:9–14
Versions of Mark
Longer ending 16:9–14
Versions of Mark
Now when Jesus was risen early the first day of the week, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene, out of whom he had cast seven devils. And she went and told them that had been with him, as they mourned and wept. And they, when they had heard that he was alive, and had been seen of her, believed not. After that he appeared in another form unto two of them, as they walked, and went into the country. And they went and told it unto the residue: neither believed they them. Afterward he appeared unto the eleven as they sat at meat, and upbraided them with their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they believed not them which had seen him after he was risen.
Freer Logion (between 16:14 and 16:15)
Freer Logion (between 16:14 and 16:15)
Versions of Mark
Freer Logion (between 16:14 and 16:15)
Versions of Mark
And they excused themselves, saying, This age of lawlessness and unbelief is under Satan, who does not allow the truth and power of God to prevail over the unclean things dominated by the spirits. Therefore, reveal your righteousness now. — thus they spoke to Christ. And Christ responded to them, The limit of the years of Satan's power is completed, but other terrible things draw near. And for those who sinned I was handed over to death, that they might return to the truth and no longer sin, in order that they might inherit the spiritual and incorruptible heavenly glory of righteousness.
Longer ending 16:15–20
Longer ending 16:15–20
Versions of Mark
Longer ending 16:15–20
Versions of Mark
And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature. He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned. And these signs shall follow them that believe; In my name shall they cast out devils; they shall speak with new tongues; They shall take up serpents; and if they drink any deadly thing, it shall not hurt them; they shall lay hands on the sick, and they shall recover. So then after the Lord had spoken unto them, he was received up into heaven, and sat on the right hand of God. And they went forth, and preached every where, the Lord working with them, and confirming the word with signs following. Amen.
Shorter ending/ conclusio brevior (unversed)
Shorter ending/ conclusio brevior (unversed)
Versions of Mark
Shorter ending/ conclusio brevior (unversed)
Versions of Mark
And they reported all the instructions briefly to Peter's companions. Afterwards Jesus himself, through them, sent forth from east to west the sacred and imperishable proclamation of eternal salvation. [Amen]. (Greek text)
Versions of Mark
Version
Text
Mark 16:6–8 undisputed text = Shortest/Abrupt Ending
And he saith unto them, Be not affrighted: Ye seek Jesus of Nazareth, which was crucified: he is risen; he is not here: behold the place where they laid him. But go your way, tell his disciples and Peter that he goeth before you into Galilee: there shall ye see him, as he said unto you. And they went out quickly, and fled from the sepulchre; for they trembled and were amazed: neither said they any thing to any man; for they were afraid.
Longer ending 16:9–14
Now when Jesus was risen early the first day of the week, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene, out of whom he had cast seven devils. And she went and told them that had been with him, as they mourned and wept. And they, when they had heard that he was alive, and had been seen of her, believed not. After that he appeared in another form unto two of them, as they walked, and went into the country. And they went and told it unto the residue: neither believed they them. Afterward he appeared unto the eleven as they sat at meat, and upbraided them with their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they believed not them which had seen him after he was risen.
Freer Logion (between 16:14 and 16:15)
And they excused themselves, saying, This age of lawlessness and unbelief is under Satan, who does not allow the truth and power of God to prevail over the unclean things dominated by the spirits. Therefore, reveal your righteousness now. — thus they spoke to Christ. And Christ responded to them, The limit of the years of Satan's power is completed, but other terrible things draw near. And for those who sinned I was handed over to death, that they might return to the truth and no longer sin, in order that they might inherit the spiritual and incorruptible heavenly glory of righteousness.
Longer ending 16:15–20
And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature. He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned. And these signs shall follow them that believe; In my name shall they cast out devils; they shall speak with new tongues; They shall take up serpents; and if they drink any deadly thing, it shall not hurt them; they shall lay hands on the sick, and they shall recover. So then after the Lord had spoken unto them, he was received up into heaven, and sat on the right hand of God. And they went forth, and preached every where, the Lord working with them, and confirming the word with signs following. Amen.
Shorter ending/ conclusio brevior (unversed)
And they reported all the instructions briefly to Peter's companions. Afterwards Jesus himself, through them, sent forth from east to west the sacred and imperishable proclamation of eternal salvation. [Amen]. (Greek text)
· External links
Preceded byMark 15
Chapters of the BibleGospel of Mark
Succeeded byLuke 1

References

  1. Mark 16:1–8: New Living Translation: "The most ancient manuscripts of Mark conclude with verse 16:8. Later manuscripts a
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+16:1–8&version=nlt
  2. "God raised him [Jesus] from the dead" New Revised Standard Version: Acts 2:24, Romans 10:9, 1 Corinthians 15:15; also A
    https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%202:24&version=nrsv
  3. See for example Mark 16:6 in the NRSV) and in the creeds. (Greek distinguished passive from middle voice in the aorist t
    https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2016:6&version=nrsv
  4. Or, "does not allow the unclean things dominated by the spirits to grasp the truth and power of God"
  5. UBS Greek New Testament p147 Παντα δε τα παρηγγελμενα τοις περι τον Πετρον συντομως εξηγγειλαν. μετα δε ταυτα και αυτος
  6. Papyrus 45 is the oldest extant manuscript that contains text from Mark, but it has no text from chapter 16 due to exten
  7. According to T. C. Skeat, Sinaiticus and Vaticanus were both produced at the same scriptorium, which would mean that the
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#8:38
  8. Via the Speyer fragment. Carla Falluomini, The Gothic Version of the Gospels and Pauline Epistles.
  9. Hypotheses on how to explain the textual variations include:[citation needed] Mark intentionally ended his Gospel at 16:
  10. Patristic evidence: The earliest clear evidence for Mark 16:9-20 as part of the Gospel of Mark is in Chapter XLV First A
  11. Tuckett, M., 57. Mark in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary Archived 2017-11-22 at the Wayb
    https://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43
  12. archive.ph
    http://www.bible-researcher.com/nlt2preface.html
  13. Jerusalem Bible, footnote at Mark 16:8
  14. Crossan, John Dominic, "Empty tomb and absent Lord (Mark 16: 1-8)", The Passion in Mark: Studies on Mark 14, no. 16 (197
  15. MacGregor, Kirk Robert. "The ending of the pre-Markan passion narrative." Scriptura 117 (2018): 1-11.
  16. Collins, Adela Yarbro. The beginning of the Gospel: Probings of Mark in context. Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2001. Pg. 13
  17. Resurrecting Jesus: The earliest Christian tradition and its interpreters
  18. Allison 2005, p. 321.
  19. Craig, William Lane, "The historicity of the empty tomb of Jesus", New Testament Studies 31, no. 01 (1985): 39-67.
  20. Footnote b at Mark 16:1 in the New Catholic Bible, accessed 25 March 2023
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+16&version=NCB#fen-NCB-29235b
  21. Bauckham, Richard, Jesus and the Eyewitnesses (Cambridge: Eerdmans, 2006), p. 50 n. 43.
  22. Kilgallen 1989, p. 297.
  23. Matthew 28:2: Expanded Bible (2011)
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+28:2&version=exb
  24. Brown, Fitzmyer & Murphy 1990, p. 629.
  25. Bauckham 2017, p. 155.
  26. Kilgallen 1989, p. 300.
  27. Why Mark's Gospel Has Such a Strange Ending: The Mark Series pt 70 (16:8)
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uj81y0U7Tmw
  28. Mark 16:6–8
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#16:6
  29. Mark 16:9–20
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#16:9
  30. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, New American Bible
    http://www.usccb.org/bible/mark/16
  31. Funk, Robert W. and the 1985 Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFra
  32. Kilgallen 1989, p. 309.
  33. Brown 1997, p. 149.
  34. Footnote f at Mark 16:20 in the NRSV, accessed 20 May 2023
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+16&version=NRSVA#fen-NRSVA-24886f
  35. Tolbert, Mary Ann (2003), The Gospel According to Mark, p. 1844. In: New Interpreter's Study Bible: New Revised Standard
  36. Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America, Footn
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+16&version=NRSVA#fen-NRSVA-24874b
  37. The Complete Gospels: Annotated Scholars Version
  38. Journal of Theological Studies
    https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2F50.2.583
  39. Skeat 1999, pp. 604–609.
  40. Section 217, Column 6
  41. Epp 1993, p. 289.
  42. Text & Canon Institute
    https://textandcanon.org/a-case-for-the-longer-ending-of-mark/
  43. Text & Canon Institute
    https://textandcanon.org/a-case-against-the-longer-ending-of-mark/
  44. The Original Ending of Mark: A New Case for the Authenticity of Mark 16:9–20
    https://books.google.com/books?id=bM0SBQAAQBAJ&dq=longer+ending+Mark+manuscripts&pg=PT27
  45. Textual Research on the Psalms and Gospels / Recherches textuelles sur les psaumes et les évangiles: Papers from the Tbilisi Colloquium on the Editing and History of Biblical Manuscripts. Actes du Colloque de Tbilisi, 19-20 septembre 2007
    https://books.google.com/books?id=peIxAQAAQBAJ&dq=longer+ending+Mark+manuscripts&pg=PA120
  46. Bible Gateway
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2016%3A9-11&version=NET
  47. The New Testament in Antiquity and Byzantium: Traditional and Digital Approaches to its Texts and Editing. A Festschrift for Klaus Wachtel
    https://books.google.com/books?id=S4ZaEAAAQBAJ&dq=longer+ending+of+mark+manuscripts&pg=PT66
  48. Hermann von Soden, Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments, I/2, p. 720.
  49. Text & Canon Institute
    https://textandcanon.org/a-case-for-the-longer-ending-of-mark/
  50. Stein 2008, p. 79.
  51. archive.ph
    https://www.byunewtestamentcommentary.com/the-ending-of-marks-gospel/
  52. MacDonald, Dennis R. Homeric Epics and the Gospel of Mark, by Dennis R. MacDonald, Pages 42, 70, 175, 213
  53. Miller 1994, p. 52.
  54. Kilgallen 1989, p. 148.
  55. Four Gospels, One Jesus? A Symbolic Reading
  56. Burridge 2005, pp. 64–65.
  57. Kilgallen 1989, p. 303.
  58. Brown, Fitzmyer & Murphy 1990, p. 628.
  59. Brown 1997, p. 148.
  60. Stein 2008, p. 88-89.
  61. Stein 2008, p. 91.
  62. May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977.
  63. R. Bultmann, History of the Synoptic Tradition pp. 284-286.
  64. Grundy, Robert. Mark: A Commentary on His Apology for the Cross, Chapters 9–16
  65. Stein 2008, p. 84.
  66. E. P. Gould, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to St. Mark (New York: Charles Scribner's Pres
  67. "The Style of the Long Ending of Mark" by Dr. Bruce Terry at http://bterry.com/articles/mkendsty.htm Archived 2011-07-08
    http://bterry.com/articles/mkendsty.htm
  68. Kilgallen 1989, p. 306.
  69. Lunn, Nicholas. The Original Ending of Mark. Pickwick Publications, 2014, 74-75.
  70. Kelhoffer, J. Miracle and Mission: The Authentication of Missionaries and their Message in the Longer Ending of Mark, 20
  71. Metzger, Bruce M. and Ehrman, Bart The Text of New Testament 4th Edit, 2005, 327.
  72. Lunn 2015, p. 57.
  73. Lunn 2015, p. 168, 170.
  74. Saint Gregory the Great's Sermon on the Mystery of the Resurrection, catholicism.org accessed 13 December 2017
    http://catholicism.org/st-gregory-resurrection.html
  75. Bengel's Gnomon of the New Testament on Mark 16, accessed 14 December 2017
    http://biblehub.com/commentaries/bengel/mark/16.htm
  76. Smith, B. C., The endings of the gospel of Mark, updated 3 April 2019, archived 22 February 2022, accessed 26 March 2023
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220222142905/http://www.textexcavation.com/marcanendings.html
  77. Julie M. Smith, The Ending of Mark’s Gospel
    https://www.byunewtestamentcommentary.com/the-ending-of-marks-gospel/
  78. Irony in the End: A Textual and Literary Analysis of Mark 16:8
    https://bible.org/article/irony-end-textual-and-literary-analysis-mark-168
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