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Marie Antoinette

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Marie Antoinette

Marie Antoinette (; French: [maʁi ɑ̃twanɛt] ; Maria Antonia Josefa Johanna; 2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793) was the last queen of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. She was the wife of King Louis XVI. Born an archduchess of Austria, she was the penultimate child and youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Francis I of the Holy Roman Empire. She married Louis Auguste, Dauphin of France, in May 1770 at age 14, becoming the Dauphine of France. On 10 May 1774, her husband ascended the throne as king, and she became queen. As queen, Marie Antoinette became increasingly a target of criticism by opponents of the domestic and foreign policies of Louis XVI and those opposed to the monarchy in general. The French libelles accused her of being profligate, promiscuous, having illegitimate children, and harboring sympathies for France's perceived enemies, including her native Austria. She was falsely accused of defrauding the Crown's jewelers in the Affair of the Diamond Necklace, but the accusations still damaged her reputation. During the French Revolution, she became known as Madame Déficit because the country's financial crisis was blamed on her lavish spending and her opposition to social and financial reforms proposed by Anne Robert Jacques Turgot and Jacques Necker. Several events were linked to Marie Antoinette during the Revolution after the government placed the royal family under house arrest in the Tuileries Palace in October 1789. The June 1791 attempted flight to Varennes and her role in the War of the First Coalition were immensely damaging to her image among French citizens. On 10 August 1792, the attack on the Tuileries forced the royal family to take refuge at the Legislative Assembly, and they were imprisoned in the Temple Prison on 13 August 1792. On 21 September 1792, France was declared a republic and the monarchy was abolished. Louis XVI was executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793. Moved to the Conciergerie, Marie Antoinette's trial began on 14 October 1793; two days later, she was convicted by the Revolutionary Tribunal of high treason and executed by guillotine on 16 October 1793 at the Place de la Révolution.

Infobox

Tenure
10 May 1774 – 21 September 1792
Born
Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria(1755-11-02)2 November 1755Hofburg, Vienna, Austria
Died
16 October 1793(1793-10-16) (aged 37)Place de la Révolution, Paris, France
Cause of death
Execution by guillotine
Burial
21 January 1815Basilica of Saint-Denis
Spouse
mw- Louis XVI (m. 1770; died 1793)
Issue
mw- Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France Louis XVII Sophie
Names
NamesGerman: Maria Antonia Josefa JohannaFrench: Marie Antoinette Josèphe Jeanne
House
Habsburg-Lorraine
Father
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
Mother
Maria Theresa
Religion
Roman Catholicism

Tables

Marie-Thérèse Charlotte Madame Royale
Marie-Thérèse Charlotte Madame Royale
Name
Marie-Thérèse Charlotte Madame Royale
Lifespan
19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851
Age
72 years and 10 months
Notes
Married her cousin, Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, the eldest son of the future Charles X of France.
Louis Joseph Xavier FrançoisDauphin de France
Louis Joseph Xavier FrançoisDauphin de France
Name
Louis Joseph Xavier FrançoisDauphin de France
Lifespan
22 October 1781 – 4 June 1789
Age
7 years, 7 months and 13 days
Notes
Contracted tuberculosis and died in childhood on the very day the Estates General convened.
Louis XVII (nominally) King of France and Navarre
Louis XVII (nominally) King of France and Navarre
Name
Louis XVII (nominally) King of France and Navarre
Lifespan
27 March 1785 – 8 June 1795
Age
10 years, 2 months and 12 days
Notes
Died in childhood; no issue. He was never officially king, nor did he rule. His title was bestowed by his royalist supporters and acknowledged implicitly by his uncle's later adoption of the regnal name Louis XVIII rather than Louis XVII, upon the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in 1814.
Marie Sophie Hélène Béatrix
Marie Sophie Hélène Béatrix
Name
Marie Sophie Hélène Béatrix
Lifespan
9 July 1786 – 19 June 1787
Age
11 months and 10 days
Notes
Died in the Palace of Versailles at the age of 11 months after suffering several days of convulsions, possibly related to tuberculosis.
Name
Portrait
Lifespan
Age
Notes
Marie-Thérèse Charlotte Madame Royale
19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851
72 years and 10 months
Married her cousin, Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, the eldest son of the future Charles X of France.
Louis Joseph Xavier FrançoisDauphin de France
22 October 1781 – 4 June 1789
7 years, 7 months and 13 days
Contracted tuberculosis and died in childhood on the very day the Estates General convened.
Louis XVII (nominally) King of France and Navarre
27 March 1785 – 8 June 1795
10 years, 2 months and 12 days
Died in childhood; no issue. He was never officially king, nor did he rule. His title was bestowed by his royalist supporters and acknowledged implicitly by his uncle's later adoption of the regnal name Louis XVIII rather than Louis XVII, upon the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in 1814.
Marie Sophie Hélène Béatrix
9 July 1786 – 19 June 1787
11 months and 10 days
Died in the Palace of Versailles at the age of 11 months after suffering several days of convulsions, possibly related to tuberculosis.
· External links
French royalty
French royalty
Marie Antoinette House of Habsburg-LorraineCadet branch of the House of Habsburg and House of LorraineBorn: 2 November 1755 Died: 16 October 1793
French royalty
VacantTitle last held byMarie Leszczyńska
VacantTitle last held byMarie Leszczyńska
Marie Antoinette House of Habsburg-LorraineCadet branch of the House of Habsburg and House of LorraineBorn: 2 November 1755 Died: 16 October 1793
VacantTitle last held byMarie Leszczyńska
Marie Antoinette House of Habsburg-LorraineCadet branch of the House of Habsburg and House of LorraineBorn: 2 November 1755 Died: 16 October 1793
Queen consort of France 1774–1792from 1791 Queen of the French
Marie Antoinette House of Habsburg-LorraineCadet branch of the House of Habsburg and House of LorraineBorn: 2 November 1755 Died: 16 October 1793
VacantMonarchy abolishedTitle next held byJoséphine de Beauharnais as Empress of the French
Titles in pretence
Titles in pretence
Marie Antoinette House of Habsburg-LorraineCadet branch of the House of Habsburg and House of LorraineBorn: 2 November 1755 Died: 16 October 1793
Titles in pretence
Loss of titleRepublic declared
Loss of titleRepublic declared
Marie Antoinette House of Habsburg-LorraineCadet branch of the House of Habsburg and House of LorraineBorn: 2 November 1755 Died: 16 October 1793
Loss of titleRepublic declared
Marie Antoinette House of Habsburg-LorraineCadet branch of the House of Habsburg and House of LorraineBorn: 2 November 1755 Died: 16 October 1793
— TITULAR — Queen consort of France 4 September 1791 – 21 January 1793
Marie Antoinette House of Habsburg-LorraineCadet branch of the House of Habsburg and House of LorraineBorn: 2 November 1755 Died: 16 October 1793
VacantTitle next held byMarie Joséphine of Savoy
Marie Antoinette House of Habsburg-LorraineCadet branch of the House of Habsburg and House of LorraineBorn: 2 November 1755 Died: 16 October 1793
French royalty
VacantTitle last held byMarie Leszczyńska
Queen consort of France 1774–1792from 1791 Queen of the French
VacantMonarchy abolishedTitle next held byJoséphine de Beauharnais as Empress of the French
Titles in pretence
Loss of titleRepublic declared
— TITULAR — Queen consort of France 4 September 1791 – 21 January 1793
VacantTitle next held byMarie Joséphine of Savoy

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    https://web.archive.org/web/20070128001838/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C208285%2C00.html
  239. Fraser 2002
  240. Fraser, Antonia, Marie Antoinette, The Journey, Anchor Books, USA, 2001, p. 257, ISBN 0-385-48949-8.
  241. Philippe Huisman, Marguerite Jallut: Marie Antoinette, Stephens, 1971.
  242. Une autre histoire
    https://books.google.com/books?id=uc_5DAAAQBAJ&dq=Jean+Amilcar+beldon&pg=PT41
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