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Maria Theresa

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Maria Theresa

Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the ruler of the Habsburg monarchy from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position in her own right. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Slavonia, Mantua, Milan, Moravia, Galicia and Lodomeria, Dalmatia, Austrian Netherlands, Carinthia, Carniola, Gorizia and Gradisca, Austrian Silesia, Tyrol, Styria and Parma. By marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, and Holy Roman Empress. Maria Theresa started her 40-year reign when her father, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, died on 20 October 1740. Charles VI paved the way for her accession with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and spent his entire reign securing it through international diplomacy. He neglected the advice of Prince Eugene of Savoy, who believed that a strong military and a rich treasury were more important than mere signatures. Eventually, Charles VI left behind a weakened and impoverished state, particularly due to the War of the Polish Succession and the Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739). Moreover, upon his death, Saxony, Prussia, Bavaria, and France all repudiated the sanction they had recognised during his lifetime. Frederick II of Prussia (who became Maria Theresa's greatest rival for most of her reign) promptly invaded and took the affluent Habsburg province of Silesia in the eight-year conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession. In defiance of the grave situation, she managed to secure the vital support of the Hungarians for the war effort. During the course of the war, Maria Theresa successfully defended her rule over most of the Habsburg monarchy, apart from the loss of Silesia and a few minor territories in Italy. Maria Theresa later unsuccessfully tried to recover Silesia during the Seven Years' War. Although she was expected to cede power to her husband, Emperor Francis I, and her eldest son, Emperor Joseph II, who were officially her co-rulers in Austria and Bohemia, Maria Theresa ruled as an autocratic sovereign with the counsel of her advisers. She promulgated institutional, financial, medical, and educational reforms, with the assistance of Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg, Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz, and Gerard van Swieten. She also promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganised Austria's ramshackle military, all of which strengthened Austria's international standing. A pious Catholic, she despised Freemasons, Jews and Protestants, and on certain occasions she ordered their expulsion to remote parts of the realm. She also advocated for the Catholic Church.

Infobox

Tenure
12 February 1736 – 9 July 1737
2nd reign
12 May 1743 – 29 November 1780
Coronation
25 June 1741
Predecessor
Charles III
Successor
Joseph II
1st reign
20 October 1740 – 19 December 1741
Reign
20 October 1740 – 29 November 1780
Co-rulers
Francis I (1740 – 1765) Joseph II (1765 – 1780)
Born
(1717-05-13)13 May 1717Vienna, Austria
Died
29 November 1780(1780-11-29) (aged 63)Vienna, Austria
Burial
Imperial Crypt
Spouse
mw- Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (m. 1736; died 1765)
Issuemore...
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth Archduchess Maria Anna Archduchess Maria Carolina Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen Archduchess Maria Elisabeth Archduke Charles Joseph Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela Archduchess Maria Josepha Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este Marie Antoinette, Queen of France Maximilian Francis, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne
Names
NamesMaria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina
House
Habsburg
Father
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
Mother
Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Religion
Catholic Church

Tables

· Titles, styles, honours, and arms › Coat of Arms
Coat of arms (shield)
Coat of arms (shield)
Col 1
Coat of arms (shield)
Col 2
Coat of arms (shield with supporters)
Col 3
Greater Coat of Arms
Coat of arms (shield)
Coat of arms (shield with supporters)
Greater Coat of Arms
· Issue
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria
No.
1
Name
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria
Birth
5 February 1737
Death
7 June 1740 (aged 3)
Notes
died in childhood, no issue
Archduchess Maria Anna
Archduchess Maria Anna
No.
2
Name
Archduchess Maria Anna
Birth
6 October 1738
Death
19 November 1789 (aged 51)
Notes
died unmarried, no issue
Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
No.
3
Name
Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
Birth
12 January 1740
Death
25 January 1741 (aged 1)
Notes
died in childhood likely from smallpox, no issue
Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II
Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II
No.
4
Name
Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II
Birth
13 March 1741
Death
20 February 1790 (aged 48)
Notes
married 1) Princess Isabella Maria of Parma (1741–1763), married 2) Princess Marie Josepha of Bavaria (1739–1767) – second cousin, had issue from his first marriage (two daughters, who died young)
Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria
Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria
No.
5
Name
Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria
Birth
13 May 1742
Death
24 June 1798 (aged 56)
Notes
married Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen (1738–1822), her second cousin, had issue (one stillborn daughter)
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria
No.
6
Name
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria
Birth
13 August 1743
Death
22 September 1808 (aged 65)
Notes
died unmarried, no issue
Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria
Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria
No.
7
Name
Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria
Birth
1 February 1745
Death
18 January 1761 (aged 15)
Notes
died of smallpox, no issue
Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria
Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria
No.
8
Name
Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria
Birth
26 February 1746
Death
18 June 1806 (aged 58)
Notes
married Ferdinand, Duke of Parma (1751–1802), had issue.
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II
No.
9
Name
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II
Birth
5 May 1747
Death
1 March 1792 (aged 44)
Notes
married Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain (1745–1792), had issue. Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 (abdicated 1790), Holy Roman Emperor from 1790, Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary and King of Bohemia from 1790.
Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
No.
10
Name
Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
Birth
17 September 1748
Death
17 September 1748 (aged 0)
Notes
died during birth.
Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria
Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria
No.
11
Name
Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria
Birth
4 February 1750
Death
23 December 1762 (aged 12)
Notes
died of smallpox, no issue
Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria
Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria
No.
12
Name
Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria
Birth
19 March 1751
Death
15 October 1767 (aged 16)
Notes
died of smallpox, no issue
Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
No.
13
Name
Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
Birth
13 August 1752
Death
7 September 1814 (aged 62)
Notes
married King Ferdinand IV of Naples and Sicily (1751–1825); had issue
Archduke Ferdinand of Austria
Archduke Ferdinand of Austria
No.
14
Name
Archduke Ferdinand of Austria
Birth
1 June 1754
Death
24 December 1806 (aged 52)
Notes
married Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa, heiress of Breisgau and of Modena, had issue (Austria-Este). Duke of Breisgau from 1803.
Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria
Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria
No.
15
Name
Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria
Birth
2 November 1755
Death
16 October 1793 (aged 37)
Notes
married Louis XVI of France and Navarre (1754–1793) and became Marie Antoinette, Queen of France and Navarre. Had children but no grandchildren. Executed by guillotine.
Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria
Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria
No.
16
Name
Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria
Birth
8 December 1756
Death
27 July 1801 (aged 44)
Notes
Archbishop-Elector of Cologne, 1784. Died unmarried, no issue.
No.
Name
Portrait
Birth
Death
Notes
1
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria
5 February 1737
7 June 1740 (aged 3)
died in childhood, no issue
2
Archduchess Maria Anna
6 October 1738
19 November 1789 (aged 51)
died unmarried, no issue
3
Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
12 January 1740
25 January 1741 (aged 1)
died in childhood likely from smallpox, no issue
4
Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II
13 March 1741
20 February 1790 (aged 48)
married 1) Princess Isabella Maria of Parma (1741–1763), married 2) Princess Marie Josepha of Bavaria (1739–1767) – second cousin, had issue from his first marriage (two daughters, who died young)
5
Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria
13 May 1742
24 June 1798 (aged 56)
married Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen (1738–1822), her second cousin, had issue (one stillborn daughter)
6
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria
13 August 1743
22 September 1808 (aged 65)
died unmarried, no issue
7
Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria
1 February 1745
18 January 1761 (aged 15)
died of smallpox, no issue
8
Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria
26 February 1746
18 June 1806 (aged 58)
married Ferdinand, Duke of Parma (1751–1802), had issue.
9
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II
5 May 1747
1 March 1792 (aged 44)
married Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain (1745–1792), had issue. Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 (abdicated 1790), Holy Roman Emperor from 1790, Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary and King of Bohemia from 1790.
10
Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
17 September 1748
17 September 1748 (aged 0)
died during birth.
11
Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria
4 February 1750
23 December 1762 (aged 12)
died of smallpox, no issue
12
Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria
19 March 1751
15 October 1767 (aged 16)
died of smallpox, no issue
13
Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
13 August 1752
7 September 1814 (aged 62)
married King Ferdinand IV of Naples and Sicily (1751–1825); had issue
14
Archduke Ferdinand of Austria
1 June 1754
24 December 1806 (aged 52)
married Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa, heiress of Breisgau and of Modena, had issue (Austria-Este). Duke of Breisgau from 1803.
15
Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria
2 November 1755
16 October 1793 (aged 37)
married Louis XVI of France and Navarre (1754–1793) and became Marie Antoinette, Queen of France and Navarre. Had children but no grandchildren. Executed by guillotine.
16
Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria
8 December 1756
27 July 1801 (aged 44)
Archbishop-Elector of Cologne, 1784. Died unmarried, no issue.
· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Regnal titles
Preceded byEmperor Charles VI
Preceded byEmperor Charles VI
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Preceded byEmperor Charles VI
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Queen of Bohemia 1740–1741
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Succeeded byEmperor Charles VII
Duchess of Parma and Piacenza 1740–1748
Duchess of Parma and Piacenza 1740–1748
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Duchess of Parma and Piacenza 1740–1748
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Succeeded byPhilip of Spain
Queen of Hungary and CroatiaArchduchess of AustriaDuchess of Brabant, Limburg, Lothier, Luxembourg and Milan;Countess of Flanders,Hainaut and Namur 1740–1780with Francis I (1740–1765)Joseph II (1765–1780)
Queen of Hungary and CroatiaArchduchess of AustriaDuchess of Brabant, Limburg, Lothier, Luxembourg and Milan;Countess of Flanders,Hainaut and Namur 1740–1780with Francis I (1740–1765)Joseph II (1765–1780)
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Queen of Hungary and CroatiaArchduchess of AustriaDuchess of Brabant, Limburg, Lothier, Luxembourg and Milan;Countess of Flanders,Hainaut and Namur 1740–1780with Francis I (1740–1765)Joseph II (1765–1780)
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Succeeded byEmperor Joseph II
Preceded byEmperor Charles VII
Preceded byEmperor Charles VII
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Preceded byEmperor Charles VII
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Queen of Bohemia 1743–1780with Francis I (1743–1765)Joseph II (1765–1780)
New titleFirst Partition of Poland
New titleFirst Partition of Poland
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
New titleFirst Partition of Poland
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Queen of Galicia and Lodomeria 1772–1780
German royalty
German royalty
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
German royalty
VacantTitle last held byMaria Amalia of Austria
VacantTitle last held byMaria Amalia of Austria
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
VacantTitle last held byMaria Amalia of Austria
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Empress consort of theHoly Roman Empire 1745–1765
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Succeeded byMaria Josepha of Bavaria
French royalty
French royalty
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
French royalty
VacantTitle last held byÉlisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans
VacantTitle last held byÉlisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
VacantTitle last held byÉlisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Duchess consort of Lorraine and Bar 1736–1737
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Succeeded byCatherine Opalińska
Italian royalty
Italian royalty
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Italian royalty
Preceded byAnna Maria Franziskaof Saxe-Lauenburg
Preceded byAnna Maria Franziskaof Saxe-Lauenburg
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Preceded byAnna Maria Franziskaof Saxe-Lauenburg
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Grand Duchess consort of Tuscany 1737–1765
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Succeeded byMaria Luisa of Spain
Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780
Regnal titles
Preceded byEmperor Charles VI
Queen of Bohemia 1740–1741
Succeeded byEmperor Charles VII
Duchess of Parma and Piacenza 1740–1748
Succeeded byPhilip of Spain
Queen of Hungary and CroatiaArchduchess of AustriaDuchess of Brabant, Limburg, Lothier, Luxembourg and Milan;Countess of Flanders,Hainaut and Namur 1740–1780with Francis I (1740–1765)Joseph II (1765–1780)
Succeeded byEmperor Joseph II
Preceded byEmperor Charles VII
Queen of Bohemia 1743–1780with Francis I (1743–1765)Joseph II (1765–1780)
New titleFirst Partition of Poland
Queen of Galicia and Lodomeria 1772–1780
German royalty
VacantTitle last held byMaria Amalia of Austria
Empress consort of theHoly Roman Empire 1745–1765
Succeeded byMaria Josepha of Bavaria
French royalty
VacantTitle last held byÉlisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans
Duchess consort of Lorraine and Bar 1736–1737
Succeeded byCatherine Opalińska
Italian royalty
Preceded byAnna Maria Franziskaof Saxe-Lauenburg
Grand Duchess consort of Tuscany 1737–1765
Succeeded byMaria Luisa of Spain

References

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  2. Rather than using the formal manner and speech, Maria Theresa spoke (and sometimes wrote) Viennese German, which she pic
  3. Maria Theresa's father compelled Francis Stephen to renounce his rights to Lorraine and told him: "No renunciation, no a
  4. Francis Stephen was at the time Grand Duke of Tuscany, but Tuscany had not been part of the Holy Roman Empire since the
  5. The day after the entrance of Prussia into Silesia, Francis Stephen exclaimed to the Prussian envoy, Major General Borck
  6. She explained her resolution to the Count furthermore: "I shall have all my armies, all my Hungarians killed off before
  7. At the end of the War of the Austrian Succession, Count Podewils was sent as an ambassador to the Austrian court by King
  8. It takes at least a week for the smallpox rash to appear after a person is infected. Since the rash appeared two days af
  9. The eldest surviving daughters of Maria Theresa's children were Maria Theresa of Austria (by Joseph), Maria Theresa of T
  10. In a letter to Joseph, she wrote: "What, without a dominant religion? Toleration, indifferentism, are exactly the right
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