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Maria Callas

Updated: Wikipedia source

Maria Callas

Maria Callas (born Maria Anna Cecilia Sophia Kalogeropoulos; December 2, 1923 – September 16, 1977) was an American-born Greek soprano and one of the most renowned and influential opera singers of the 20th century. Many critics praised her bel canto technique, wide-ranging voice and dramatic interpretations. Her repertoire ranged from classical opera seria to the bel canto operas of Donizetti, Bellini, and Rossini, and further to the works of Verdi and Puccini, and in her early career to the music dramas of Wagner. Her musical and dramatic talents led to her being hailed as La Divina ("The Divine One"). Born in Manhattan and raised in Astoria, Queens, New York City, to Greek immigrant parents, she was raised by an overbearing mother who had wanted a son. Maria received her musical education in Greece at age 13 and later established her career in Italy. Forced to deal with the exigencies of 1940s wartime poverty and with near-sightedness that left her nearly blind on stage, she endured struggles and scandal over the course of her career. She underwent a mid-career weight loss, which might have contributed to her vocal decline and the premature end of her career. The press exulted in publicizing Callas's temperamental behavior, the alleged Callas–Tebaldi rivalry, and her love affair with Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis. Onassis's wife, Athina "Tina" Onassis Niarchos, divorced him when she discovered that he was having an affair with Callas. Although her dramatic life and personal tragedy have often overshadowed Callas the artist in the popular press, her artistic achievements were such that Leonard Bernstein called her "the Bible of opera", and her influence so enduring that, in 2006, Opera News wrote of her: "Nearly thirty years after her death, she's still the definition of the diva as artist—and still one of classical music's best-selling vocalists." Her ashes were scattered over the Aegean Sea on 3 June 1979, fulfilling one of her last wishes.

Infobox

Born
Maria Anna Cecilia Sophia Kalogeropoulos(1923-12-02)December 2, 1923New York City, U.S.
Died
September 16, 1977(1977-09-16) (aged 53)Paris, France
Resting place
Aegean Sea, Greece (Initially Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris)
Citizenship
mw- GreeceUnited States (until 1966)Italy
Education
Athens ConservatoireGeorge Washington Educational Campus
Occupation
Opera singer
Spouse
mw- Giovanni Battista Meneghini (m. 1949; div. 1959)
Partner
Aristotle Onassis (1959–1968)
Awards
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award

Tables

· Repertoire
1942-04-22
1942-04-22
Date (debut)
1942-04-22
Composer
Eugen d'Albert
Opera
Tiefland (in Greek)
Role(s)
Marta
Location
Olympia Theatre, Athens
1944-08-14
1944-08-14
Date (debut)
1944-08-14
Composer
Ludwig van Beethoven
Opera
Fidelio (in Greek)
Role(s)
Leonore
Location
Odeon of Herodes Atticus, Athens
1948-11-30
1948-11-30
Date (debut)
1948-11-30
Composer
Vincenzo Bellini
Opera
Norma
Role(s)
Norma
Location
Teatro Comunale Florence
1958-05-19
1958-05-19
Date (debut)
1958-05-19
Composer
Vincenzo Bellini
Opera
Il pirata
Role(s)
Imogene
Location
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1949-01-19
1949-01-19
Date (debut)
1949-01-19
Composer
Vincenzo Bellini
Opera
I puritani
Role(s)
Elvira
Location
La Fenice, Venice
1955-03-05
1955-03-05
Date (debut)
1955-03-05
Composer
Vincenzo Bellini
Opera
La sonnambula
Role(s)
Amina
Location
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1964-07-05
1964-07-05
Date (debut)
1964-07-05
Composer
Georges Bizet
Opera
Carmen
Role(s)
Carmen
Location
Salle Wagram, Paris
Notes
Recording EMI
1954-07-15
1954-07-15
Date (debut)
1954-07-15
Composer
Arrigo Boito
Opera
Mefistofele
Role(s)
Margherita
Location
Verona Arena
1953-05-07
1953-05-07
Date (debut)
1953-05-07
Composer
Luigi Cherubini
Opera
Medea
Role(s)
Medea
Location
Teatro Comunale Florence
1957-04-14
1957-04-14
Date (debut)
1957-04-14
Composer
Gaetano Donizetti
Opera
Anna Bolena
Role(s)
Anna Bolena
Location
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1952-06-10
1952-06-10
Date (debut)
1952-06-10
Composer
Gaetano Donizetti
Opera
Lucia di Lammermoor
Role(s)
Lucia di Lammermoor
Location
Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City
1960-12-07
1960-12-07
Date (debut)
1960-12-07
Composer
Gaetano Donizetti
Opera
Poliuto
Role(s)
Paolina
Location
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1955-01-08
1955-01-08
Date (debut)
1955-01-08
Composer
Umberto Giordano
Opera
Andrea Chénier
Role(s)
Maddalena di Coigny
Location
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1956-05-21
1956-05-21
Date (debut)
1956-05-21
Composer
Umberto Giordano
Opera
Fedora
Role(s)
Fedora
Location
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1954-04-04
1954-04-04
Date (debut)
1954-04-04
Composer
Christoph Willibald Gluck
Opera
Alceste
Role(s)
Alceste
Location
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1957-06-01
1957-06-01
Date (debut)
1957-06-01
Composer
Christoph Willibald Gluck
Opera
Iphigénie en Tauride
Role(s)
Iphigénie
Location
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1951-06-09
1951-06-09
Date (debut)
1951-06-09
Composer
Joseph Haydn
Opera
Orfeo ed Euridice
Role(s)
Euridice
Location
Teatro della Pergola, Florence
1943-02-19
1943-02-19
Date (debut)
1943-02-19
Composer
Manolis Kalomiris
Opera
O Protomastoras
Role(s)
Singer in the intermezzo
Location
Odeon of Herodes Atticus, Athens
1944-07-30
1944-07-30
Date (debut)
1944-07-30
Composer
Manolis Kalomiris
Opera
O Protomastoras
Role(s)
Smarágda
Location
Odeon of Herodes Atticus, Athens
1954-06-12
1954-06-12
Date (debut)
1954-06-12
Composer
Ruggero Leoncavallo
Opera
Pagliacci
Role(s)
Nedda
Location
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
Notes
Recording EMI
1939-04-02
1939-04-02
Date (debut)
1939-04-02
Composer
Pietro Mascagni
Opera
Cavalleria rusticana
Role(s)
Santuzza
Location
Olympia Theatre, Athens
1945-09-05
1945-09-05
Date (debut)
1945-09-05
Composer
Carl Millöcker
Opera
Der Bettelstudent (in Greek)
Role(s)
Laura
Location
Alexandras Avenue Theater, Athens
1952-04-02
1952-04-02
Date (debut)
1952-04-02
Composer
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Opera
Die Entführung aus dem Serail (in Italian)
Role(s)
Konstanze
Location
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1947-08-02
1947-08-02
Date (debut)
1947-08-02
Composer
Amilcare Ponchielli
Opera
La Gioconda
Role(s)
La Gioconda
Location
Verona Arena
1955-11-11
1955-11-11
Date (debut)
1955-11-11
Composer
Giacomo Puccini
Opera
Madama Butterfly
Role(s)
Cio-cio-san
Location
Civic Opera House, Chicago
1957-07-18
1957-07-18
Date (debut)
1957-07-18
Composer
Giacomo Puccini
Opera
Manon Lescaut
Role(s)
Manon Lescaut
Location
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
Notes
Recording EMI
1940-06-16
1940-06-16
Date (debut)
1940-06-16
Composer
Giacomo Puccini
Opera
Suor Angelica
Role(s)
Suor Angelica
Location
Athens Conservatoire
1948-01-29
1948-01-29
Date (debut)
1948-01-29
Composer
Giacomo Puccini
Opera
Turandot
Role(s)
Turandot
Location
La Fenice, Venice
1956-08-20
1956-08-20
Date (debut)
1956-08-20
Composer
Giacomo Puccini
Opera
La bohème
Role(s)
Mimi
Location
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
Notes
Recording EMI
1942-08-27
1942-08-27
Date (debut)
1942-08-27
Composer
Giacomo Puccini
Opera
Tosca
Role(s)
Tosca
Location
Olympia Theatre, Athens
1952-04-26
1952-04-26
Date (debut)
1952-04-26
Composer
Gioachino Rossini
Opera
Armida
Role(s)
Armida
Location
Teatro Comunale Florence
1956-02-16
1956-02-16
Date (debut)
1956-02-16
Composer
Gioachino Rossini
Opera
Il barbiere di Siviglia
Role(s)
Rosina
Location
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1950-10-19
1950-10-19
Date (debut)
1950-10-19
Composer
Gioachino Rossini
Opera
Il turco in Italia
Role(s)
Donna Fiorilla
Location
Teatro Eliseo, Rome
1954-12-07
1954-12-07
Date (debut)
1954-12-07
Composer
Gaspare Spontini
Opera
La vestale
Role(s)
Giulia
Location
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1937-01-28
1937-01-28
Date (debut)
1937-01-28
Composer
Arthur Sullivan
Opera
H.M.S. Pinafore
Role(s)
Ralph Rackstraw
Location
New York P.S. 164
Notes
School presentation
1936
1936
Date (debut)
1936
Composer
Arthur Sullivan
Opera
The Mikado
Role(s)
Unknown
Location
New York P.S. 164
Notes
School presentation
1941-02-15
1941-02-15
Date (debut)
1941-02-15
Composer
Franz von Suppé
Opera
Boccaccio (in Greek)
Role(s)
Beatrice
Location
Olympia Theatre, Athens
1948-09-18
1948-09-18
Date (debut)
1948-09-18
Composer
Giuseppe Verdi
Opera
Aida
Role(s)
Aida
Location
Teatro Regio (Turin)
1954-04-12
1954-04-12
Date (debut)
1954-04-12
Composer
Giuseppe Verdi
Opera
Don Carlo
Role(s)
Elisabetta di Valois
Location
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1948-04-17
1948-04-17
Date (debut)
1948-04-17
Composer
Giuseppe Verdi
Opera
La forza del destino
Role(s)
Leonora di Vargas
Location
Politeama Rossetti, Trieste
1952-12-07
1952-12-07
Date (debut)
1952-12-07
Composer
Giuseppe Verdi
Opera
Macbeth
Role(s)
Lady Macbeth
Location
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1949-12-20
1949-12-20
Date (debut)
1949-12-20
Composer
Giuseppe Verdi
Opera
Nabucco
Role(s)
Abigaile
Location
Teatro San Carlo, Naples
1952-06-17
1952-06-17
Date (debut)
1952-06-17
Composer
Giuseppe Verdi
Opera
Rigoletto
Role(s)
Gilda
Location
Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City
1951-01-14
1951-01-14
Date (debut)
1951-01-14
Composer
Giuseppe Verdi
Opera
La traviata
Role(s)
Violetta Valéry
Location
Teatro Comunale Florence
1950-06-20
1950-06-20
Date (debut)
1950-06-20
Composer
Giuseppe Verdi
Opera
Il trovatore
Role(s)
Leonora
Location
Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City
1951-05-26
1951-05-26
Date (debut)
1951-05-26
Composer
Giuseppe Verdi
Opera
I vespri siciliani
Role(s)
La duchessa Elena
Location
Teatro Comunale Florence
1949-02-26
1949-02-26
Date (debut)
1949-02-26
Composer
Richard Wagner
Opera
Parsifal (in Italian)
Role(s)
Kundry
Location
Teatro dell'Opera, Rome
1947-12-30
1947-12-30
Date (debut)
1947-12-30
Composer
Richard Wagner
Opera
Tristan und Isolde (in Italian)
Role(s)
Isolde
Location
La Fenice, Venice
1949-01-08
1949-01-08
Date (debut)
1949-01-08
Composer
Richard Wagner
Opera
Die Walküre (in Italian)
Role(s)
Brünnhilde
Location
La Fenice, Venice
Date (debut)
Composer
Opera
Role(s)
Location
Notes
1942-04-22
Eugen d'Albert
Tiefland (in Greek)
Marta
Olympia Theatre, Athens
1944-08-14
Ludwig van Beethoven
Fidelio (in Greek)
Leonore
Odeon of Herodes Atticus, Athens
1948-11-30
Vincenzo Bellini
Norma
Norma
Teatro Comunale Florence
1958-05-19
Vincenzo Bellini
Il pirata
Imogene
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1949-01-19
Vincenzo Bellini
I puritani
Elvira
La Fenice, Venice
1955-03-05
Vincenzo Bellini
La sonnambula
Amina
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1964-07-05
Georges Bizet
Carmen
Carmen
Salle Wagram, Paris
Recording EMI
1954-07-15
Arrigo Boito
Mefistofele
Margherita
Verona Arena
1953-05-07
Luigi Cherubini
Medea
Medea
Teatro Comunale Florence
1957-04-14
Gaetano Donizetti
Anna Bolena
Anna Bolena
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1952-06-10
Gaetano Donizetti
Lucia di Lammermoor
Lucia di Lammermoor
Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City
1960-12-07
Gaetano Donizetti
Poliuto
Paolina
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1955-01-08
Umberto Giordano
Andrea Chénier
Maddalena di Coigny
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1956-05-21
Umberto Giordano
Fedora
Fedora
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1954-04-04
Christoph Willibald Gluck
Alceste
Alceste
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1957-06-01
Christoph Willibald Gluck
Iphigénie en Tauride
Iphigénie
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1951-06-09
Joseph Haydn
Orfeo ed Euridice
Euridice
Teatro della Pergola, Florence
1943-02-19
Manolis Kalomiris
O Protomastoras
Singer in the intermezzo
Odeon of Herodes Atticus, Athens
1944-07-30
Manolis Kalomiris
O Protomastoras
Smarágda
Odeon of Herodes Atticus, Athens
1954-06-12
Ruggero Leoncavallo
Pagliacci
Nedda
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
Recording EMI
1939-04-02
Pietro Mascagni
Cavalleria rusticana
Santuzza
Olympia Theatre, Athens
1945-09-05
Carl Millöcker
Der Bettelstudent (in Greek)
Laura
Alexandras Avenue Theater, Athens
1952-04-02
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Die Entführung aus dem Serail (in Italian)
Konstanze
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1947-08-02
Amilcare Ponchielli
La Gioconda
La Gioconda
Verona Arena
1955-11-11
Giacomo Puccini
Madama Butterfly
Cio-cio-san
Civic Opera House, Chicago
1957-07-18
Giacomo Puccini
Manon Lescaut
Manon Lescaut
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
Recording EMI
1940-06-16
Giacomo Puccini
Suor Angelica
Suor Angelica
Athens Conservatoire
1948-01-29
Giacomo Puccini
Turandot
Turandot
La Fenice, Venice
1956-08-20
Giacomo Puccini
La bohème
Mimi
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
Recording EMI
1942-08-27
Giacomo Puccini
Tosca
Tosca
Olympia Theatre, Athens
1952-04-26
Gioachino Rossini
Armida
Armida
Teatro Comunale Florence
1956-02-16
Gioachino Rossini
Il barbiere di Siviglia
Rosina
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1950-10-19
Gioachino Rossini
Il turco in Italia
Donna Fiorilla
Teatro Eliseo, Rome
1954-12-07
Gaspare Spontini
La vestale
Giulia
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1937-01-28
Arthur Sullivan
Pinafore
Ralph Rackstraw
New York P.S. 164
School presentation
1936
Arthur Sullivan
The Mikado
Unknown
New York P.S. 164
School presentation
1941-02-15
Franz von Suppé
Boccaccio (in Greek)
Beatrice
Olympia Theatre, Athens
1948-09-18
Giuseppe Verdi
Aida
Aida
Teatro Regio (Turin)
1954-04-12
Giuseppe Verdi
Don Carlo
Elisabetta di Valois
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1948-04-17
Giuseppe Verdi
La forza del destino
Leonora di Vargas
Politeama Rossetti, Trieste
1952-12-07
Giuseppe Verdi
Macbeth
Lady Macbeth
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
1949-12-20
Giuseppe Verdi
Nabucco
Abigaile
Teatro San Carlo, Naples
1952-06-17
Giuseppe Verdi
Rigoletto
Gilda
Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City
1951-01-14
Giuseppe Verdi
La traviata
Violetta Valéry
Teatro Comunale Florence
1950-06-20
Giuseppe Verdi
Il trovatore
Leonora
Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City
1951-05-26
Giuseppe Verdi
I vespri siciliani
La duchessa Elena
Teatro Comunale Florence
1949-02-26
Richard Wagner
Parsifal (in Italian)
Kundry
Teatro dell'Opera, Rome
1947-12-30
Richard Wagner
Tristan und Isolde (in Italian)
Isolde
La Fenice, Venice
1949-01-08
Richard Wagner
Die Walküre (in Italian)
Brünnhilde
La Fenice, Venice

References

  1. mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw- US also /ˈkɑːləs/ KAH-ləs; Greek: Μαρία Κάλλας, romanized: María Káll
  2. Greek: Μαρία Άννα Καικιλία Σοφία Καλογεροπούλου, romanized: María Ánna Kaikilía Sophía Kalogeropoúlou, IPA: [maˈri.a ˈan
  3. British Pathé
    https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/
  4. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1966/04/07/archives/callas-drops-us-citizenship-says-action-nullifies-marriage-opera.html
  5. Jellinek 1986, p. 186.
    https://archive.org/details/callasportraitof0000jell/page/186
  6. "Maria Callas Abandons US Citizenship", Charleston Daily Mail, April 6, 1966, via NewspaperArchive
    https://newspaperarchive.com/charleston-daily-mail-apr-06-1966-p-1/
  7. The Onassis Women
    https://archive.org/details/onassiswomeney00mout
  8. Vanity Fair
    https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2005/05/athina200505#:~:text=Their%20mother,%20born%20Athina%20Livanos,after%20his%20son's%20fatal%20crash.
  9. "PBS tribute to Callas on the Anniversary of her Death", introduction by Leonard Bernstein, 1983.
  10. Opera News
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181216034241/https://www.operanews.com/operanews/issue/article.aspx?id=1755
  11. "Singer Maria Callas in Greece: Years of trauma and triumph"
    https://www.lemonde.fr/en/culture/article/2023/12/02/singer-maria-callas-in-greece-years-of-trauma-and-triumph_6307478_30.html
  12. Petsalis-Diomidis 2001, p. 35.
  13. Jellinek 1986, p. 4.
    https://archive.org/details/callasportraitof0000jell/page/4
  14. Petsalis-Diomidis 2001, p. 36.
  15. Petsalis-Diomidis 2001, p. 23.
  16. Petsalis-Diomidis 2001, p. 27.
  17. Petsalis-Diomidis 2001, pp. 27–30.
  18. Petsalis-Diomidis 2001, p. 32.
  19. Jellinek 1986, p. 4; Petsalis-Diomidis 2001, pp. 36–37.
  20. Petsalis-Diomidis 2001, p. 40.
  21. Maria Callas: The Woman Behind the Legend
    https://archive.org/details/mariacallaswoman00stas
  22. Petsalis-Diomidis 2001, p. 41-42, 74–75.
  23. Petsalis-Diomidis 2001, p. 75-76.
  24. Time
    https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,867205,00.html
  25. Jellinek 1986, p. 316.
    https://archive.org/details/callasportraitof0000jell/page/316
  26. Petsalis-Diomidis 2001, pp. 37–38, 62, 75–76.
  27. Petsalis-Diomidis 2001, pp. 241–247.
  28. Petsalis-Diomidis 2001, pp. 75, 108–121, 242–247.
  29. Maria Meneghini Callas
    https://archive.org/details/mariameneghinica00scot
  30. Time
    https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,867205,00.html
  31. Time
    https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19561029,00.html
  32. Time
    https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,867205,00.html
  33. Petsalis-Diomidis 2001, p. [page needed].
  34. Interview with Lord Harewood, Paris, 1968. Complete audio recording of the interview, including portions not released on
  35. "L'invitée du dimanche" hosted by Pierre Desgraupes, 1968, released on The Callas Conversations, Vol. 2 [DVD] 2007, EMI
  36. Callas: A Documentary (Plus Bonus)
  37. Maria Callas: The Callas Conversations
  38. Interview with Edward Downes. La Divina Complete, CD 4. EMI Classics.
  39. Ardoin 1974
  40. Callas in her Own Words. Audio documentary. 3 CDs. Eklipse Records. EKR P-14.
  41. Callas: As They Saw Her
    https://archive.org/details/callasastheysawh00lowe
  42. Maria Callas: A Musical Biography
  43. Maria Callas: The Woman behind the Legend
  44. The Callas Legacy
    https://archive.org/details/callaslegacyc00ardo
  45. The Callas Conversations, Vol. 2, EMI DVD
  46. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/30/arts/franco-corelli-italian-tenor-power-charisma-pillar-met-dies-82.html?scp=4&sq=Franco%20Corelli&st=cse
  47. Opera News
    http://www.metoperafamily.org/operanews/issue/article.aspx?id=99&issueID=5&archive=true
  48. Opera News
  49. Ross Parmenter, "Maria Callas Bows at Opening of 'Met'", The New York Times (October 30, 1956), p. 1.
  50. Opera News
  51. Davis, Ronald L./ Miller, Henry S., Jr., La Scala West: The Dallas Opera Under Kelly and Rescigno, Texas A & M Universit
  52. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/07/arts/allen-sven-oxenburg-64-dead-american-opera-society-founder.html
  53. Maria Callas Estate
    https://www.mariacallasestate.com/
  54. Gobbi, Tito (1980), Tito Gobbi: My Life, Futura Publications, ISBN 0-7088-1805-6, 0-7088-1805-6
  55. Opera
  56. "Renata Tebaldi". Encyclopedia of World Biography. The Gale Group Inc, 2006. Reprinted on Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved Ju
    http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Renata_Tebaldi.aspx
  57. "Diva Serena", Time, November 3, 1958
  58. Celebration: The Metropolitan Opera
    https://archive.org/details/celebrationmetro00robi
  59. The Last Prima Donnas
  60. Opera News
  61. Demented: The World of the Opera Diva
    https://archive.org/details/dementedworldoft00mord
  62. Opera Quarterly
    https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foq%2F10.2.159
  63. "Dame Joan Sutherland Talks about Maria Callas' Voice – BBC interview"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111207004042/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llJDRA9Mb4w&gl=US&hl=en
  64. Demented: The World of the Opera Diva
  65. Opera News
  66. On and Off the Record: A Memoir of Walter Legge
  67. Peter G. Davis, "Deborah Voigt's New Problem: Now that she looks the part, the soprano sounds troublingly tentative and
    http://nymag.com/arts/classicaldance/classical/reviews/16855/
  68. Opera News
  69. April 1977 Interview with journalist Philippe Caloni, translated by Marie Gilles, available at Video on YouTube
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1D0mEpyoCY
  70. Neurological Sciences
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-023-07214-9
  71. La Stampa
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  72. "Callas Sang Here – Remembering A Great Love Affair In Our Musical History" by John von Rhein, Chicago Tribune, February
    https://www.chicagotribune.com/1997/02/09/callas-sang-here/
  73. Maria Callas: Life and Art
  74. Ludwig Von Toronto
    https://www.ludwig-van.com/toronto/2014/10/15/the-voice-maria-callas-in-toronto-the-highs-and-the-lows/
  75. Greek Fire: The Story Of Maria Callas and Aristotle Onassis
    https://archive.org/details/greekfirestoryof00gage
  76. My Wife Maria Callas
    https://archive.org/details/mywifemariacalla00mene
  77. "A Callas Recording Update"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111004034035/http://www.divinarecords.com/secret_son.htm
  78. John Ardoin in Callas, La Divina (film documentary) Maria Callas: La Divina – A Portrait (1988) at IMDb
    https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0261051/
  79. Palm Beach Daily News
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  80. archive.nytimes.com
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  81. Classic FM
    https://www.classicfm.com/artists/maria-callas/voice-family-life-death-operatic-soprano/
  82. Swank in the Arts, KERA TV, Dallas, Patsy Swank Interview with John Ardoin, 1978
  83. Callas, A Documentary (1978), Extra Features, by John Ardoin, Bel Canto Society DVD, BCS-D0194
  84. Maria Callas, Sacred Monster
    https://archive.org/details/mariacallassacre00gala
  85. Classicalsource.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180706022259/http://www.classicalsource.com/db_control/db_news.php?id=209
  86. Maria Callas: An Intimate Biography
    https://books.google.com/books?id=OIQOMZPshGkC&pg=PA310
  87. The Independent
    http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/mystery-of-the-callas-millions-resurfaces-as-jewels-are-put-up-for-auction-7907004.html
  88. Sisters: A Revealing Portrait of the World's Most Famous Diva
  89. Siff, Ira, "I Vespri Siciliani: Verdi:, Online edition of Opera News, March 2008.
  90. Callas by Tony Palmer, 30th Anniversary Edition, (DVD). Timestamps 16:42–17:05 in the official Youtube release of the fi
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iKWUOvXYJbM
  91. French Radio interview with journalist Philippe Caloni on French Radio; Maria Callas' Last Interview Part 1 of 8, transl
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCyVOGIMNVU
  92. Ponselle, Rosa, Ponselle, a Singer's Life, Doubleday, Garden City, 1982
  93. Ardoin 1974, p. 5.
  94. Interview with James Fleetwood, March 13 and 27, 1958, New York, release on The Callas Edition, CED 100343, 1998.
  95. Celletti, Rodolfo. Le Grandi Voci – Dizionario Critico-Biografico dei Cantanti. Istituto per la collaborazione Culturale
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  96. Opera News (December 1982).[title missing][author missing]
  97. La Callas
  98. Opera News
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  99. Maria Callas – Living and Dying for Art and Love, TDK DVD Video, Released March 22, 2005
  100. Serafin, Tullio, "A triptych of Singers," Opera Annual, No. 8, 1962
  101. Dyer, Richard, "The Sopranos", Opera News, March 2001.
  102. Ira Siff, in his interview with Walter Taussig, "The Associate", Opera News, April 2001
  103. Schneider, Magnus Tessing, 'The Violettas of Patti, Muzio and Callas: Style, interpretation, and the question of legacy'
  104. Gurewitsch, Matthew, "Forget the Callas Legend," The Atlantic Monthly, April 1999
  105. 5000 Nights at the Opera
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  106. Terrence McNally: A Casebook
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  107. Variety
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  108. The New York Times
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  109. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/01/theater/a-new-callas-more-wounded-than-wounding.html
  110. The New York Times
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  111. Variety
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  112. La Biennale di Venezia
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  113. Variety
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  114. Visual Rhetoric: A Reader in Communication and American Culture
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  115. Opera as Soundtrack
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  116. Callas in Concert
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  117. Coins of Greece 1901–2014: Coins of Europe Catalog 1901–2014
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  118. Chan, Sewell, "Where Callas Was Born 85 Years Ago", The New York Times December 2, 2008
  119. Gramophone
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  120. Minor Planet Center
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  121. Minor Planet Center
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  122. Le Figaro
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  123. Le Monde
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  124. "Anna Calvi: A Powerful Voice Is Just One Piece of Her Art"
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  125. "And This Is What 48 Looks Like", The New York Times, April 19, 1995
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  126. Patti Smith in conversation with Kurt Andersen on PRI's Studio 360 on December 24, 2009
  127. scenester.tv
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  128. Digitaljournal.com
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  129. Le Journal de Montréal
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  130. Chicago Sun-Times
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  131. Le Figaro
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  132. Vanity Fair
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  133. Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ
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  134. Paris Match
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  135. Vogue Italia
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  136. Proto Thema
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  137. HelloMonaco Magazine
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  138. The Guardian
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  139. Nuevecuatrouno.com
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  140. EEW Magazine
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  141. "ECB selects motifs for future euro banknotes"
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  142. "Maria Callas repertoire and performance history"
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  143. Paul Gruber (ed.), The Metropolitan Guide to Recorded Opera, Norton, 1993, p. 415
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