Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus ( or-EE-lee-əs, Latin: [ˈmaːrkʊs au̯ˈreːli.us antoːˈniːnʊs]; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 and a Stoic philosopher. He was a member of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty, the last of the rulers later known as the Five Good Emperors and the last emperor of the Pax Romana, an age of relative peace, calm, and stability for the Roman Empire lasting from 27 BC to 180 AD. He served as Roman consul in 140, 145, and 161. Marcus Aurelius was the son of the praetor Marcus Annius Verus and his wife, Domitia Calvilla. He was related through marriage to the emperors Trajan and Hadrian. Marcus was three when his father died, and was raised by his mother and paternal grandfather. After Hadrian's adoptive son, Aelius Caesar, died in 138, Hadrian adopted Marcus's uncle Antoninus Pius as his new heir. In turn, Antoninus adopted Marcus and Lucius, the son of Aelius. Hadrian died that year, and Antoninus became emperor. Now heir to the throne, Marcus studied Greek and Latin under tutors such as Herodes Atticus and Marcus Cornelius Fronto. He married Antoninus's daughter Faustina in 145. After Antoninus died in 161, Marcus acceded to the throne alongside his adoptive brother, who took the regnal name Lucius Aurelius Verus. Under the reign of Marcus Aurelius, the Roman Empire witnessed much military conflict. In the East, the Romans fought the Parthian War of Lucius Verus with a revitalised Parthian Empire and the rebel Kingdom of Armenia. Marcus defeated the Marcomanni, Quadi, and Sarmatian Iazyges in the Marcomannic Wars. These and other Germanic peoples began to represent a troubling reality for the Empire. He reduced the silver purity of the Roman currency, the denarius. The persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire appears to have increased during his reign, although his involvement is unlikely since there are no Christian sources ascribing him the blame, and he was praised by Justin Martyr and Tertullian. The Antonine Plague broke out in 165 or 166 and devastated the population of the Roman Empire, causing the deaths of five to ten million people. Lucius Verus may have died from the plague in 169. When Marcus himself died in 180, he was succeeded by his son Commodus. Commodus's succession after Marcus has been a subject of debate among both contemporary and modern historians. The Column of Marcus Aurelius and Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius still stand in Rome, where they were erected in celebration of his military victories. As a philosopher, his work Meditations is one of the most important sources for the modern understanding of ancient Stoic philosophy. These writings have been praised by fellow writers, philosophers, monarchs, and politicians centuries after his death.

Infobox

Reign

7 March 161 – 17 March 180

Predecessor

Antoninus Pius

Successor

Commodus

Co-emperors

mw- Lucius Verus (161–169)Commodus (177–180)

Born

(121-04-26)26 April 121Rome, Italia, Roman Empire

Died

17 March 180(180-03-17) (aged 58)Vindobona, Pannonia Superior, or Sirmium, Pannonia Inferior

Burial

Hadrian's Mausoleum

Spouse

Faustina the Younger (m. 145; d. 175)

IssueAmong others

LucillaFaustinaFadillaCornificia Faustina MinorCommodusAnnius VerusSabina

Names

NamesMarcus Annius Catilius Severus (birth)Marcus Annius Verus (124)Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar (138).mw- }(see § Name for details)Regnal nameImperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus

Dynasty

Nerva–Antonine

Father

Marcus Annius VerusAntoninus Pius (adoptive)

Mother

Domitia Lucilla

Era

Hellenistic philosophy

Region

Western philosophy

School

Stoicism

Main interests

Ethics

Notable works

Meditations

Notable ideas

Memento mori