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Mao Zedong

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Mao Zedong

Mao Zedong (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese politician, communist revolutionary, and political theorist who founded the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 and led the country from its establishment until his death in 1976. Mao served as chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1943 until his death, and as the party's de facto leader from 1935. His theories, which he advocated as a Chinese adaptation of Marxism–Leninism, are known as Maoism. Born to a peasant family in Shaoshan, Hunan, Mao studied in Changsha and was influenced by the 1911 Revolution and ideas of Chinese nationalism and anti-imperialism. He was introduced to Marxism while working as a librarian at Peking University, and later participated in the May Fourth Movement of 1919. In 1921, Mao became a founding member of the CCP. After the start of the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang (KMT) and CCP, Mao led the failed Autumn Harvest Uprising in Hunan in 1927, and in 1931 founded the Jiangxi Soviet. He helped build the Chinese Red Army, and developed a strategy of guerilla warfare. In 1935, Mao became leader of the CCP during the Long March, a military retreat to the Yan'an Soviet in Shaanxi, where the party began rebuilding its forces. The CCP allied with the KMT in the Second United Front at the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, but the civil war resumed after Japan's surrender in 1945. In 1949, Mao's forces defeated the Nationalist government, which withdrew to Taiwan. On 1 October 1949, Mao proclaimed the foundation of the PRC, a one-party state controlled by the CCP. He initiated land redistribution and industrialisation campaigns, suppressed political opponents, intervened in the Korean War, and oversaw the ideological Hundred Flowers and Anti-Rightist Campaigns. From 1958 to 1962, Mao oversaw the Great Leap Forward, a campaign which aimed to rapidly collectivise agriculture and industrialise the country. It failed, and resulted in the Great Chinese Famine. In 1966, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution, which was marked by violent class struggle, destruction of historical artifacts, and Mao's cult of personality. From the late 1950s, Mao's foreign policy was dominated by a political split with the Soviet Union, and in the 1970s he began establishing relations with the United States. In 1976, Mao died of a heart attack. He was initially succeeded by Hua Guofeng, then in 1978 by Deng Xiaoping. The CCP's official evaluation of Mao's legacy both praises him and acknowledges mistakes in his later years. Mao's policies resulted in a vast number of deaths, with tens of millions of victims of famine, political persecution, prison labour and executions, and his regime has been described as totalitarian. Mao has also been credited with transforming China from a semi-colony to a major world power and advancing literacy, women's rights, basic healthcare, education, and life expectancy. In modern China, he is widely regarded as a national hero who liberated the country from imperialism. He became an ideological leader within the international communist movement, inspiring various Maoist organisations.

Infobox

Deputy
Zhu DeLin BiaoYe Jianying
Preceded by
Office established
Succeeded by
Zhou Enlai
Premier
Zhou Enlai
Born
(1893-12-26)26 December 1893Shaoshan, Hunan, China
Died
9 September 1976(1976-09-09) (aged 82)Beijing, China
Resting place
Chairman Mao Memorial Hall
Political party
CCP (from 1921)
Other politicalaffiliations
Kuomintang (1925–1926)
Spouses
mw- Luo Yixiu (m. 1907; died 1910) Yang Kaihui (m. 1920; died 1930) He Zizhen (m. 1928; div. 1937) Jiang Qing (m. 1938)
Children
10, including: Mao Anying Mao Anqing Mao Anlong Yang Yuehua Li Min Li Na
Parents
Mao YichangWen Qimei
Relatives
Mao family
Alma mater
Hunan First Normal University
Simplified Chinese
润之
Traditional Chinese
潤之
Transcriptions
TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinRùnzhīBopomofoㄖㄨㄣˋ ㄓWade–GilesJun4-chih1Tongyong PinyinRùn-jhihIPA[ɻwə̂n.ʈʂɻ̩́]Yue: CantoneseYale RomanizationYeuhn-jīJyutpingJeon6 zi1IPA[jɵn˨ tsi˥]Southern MinHokkien POJLūn-chi
Hanyu Pinyin
Rùnzhī
Bopomofo
ㄖㄨㄣˋ ㄓ
Wade–Giles
Jun4-chih1
Tongyong Pinyin
Rùn-jhih
IPA
[jɵn˨ tsi˥]
Suzhounese
Máu Zéh-ton
Romanization
Mô Chhe̍t-tûng
Yale Romanization
Yeuhn-jī
Jyutping
Jeon6 zi1
Hokkien POJ
Lūn-chi
Tâi-lô
Môo Ti̍k-tang
Party
CCP (from 1921)

Tables

· External links › Commentary
Preceded byZhang Guotao
Preceded byZhang Guotao
Party political offices
Preceded byZhang Guotao
Party political offices
Head of the Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party 1924–1925
Party political offices
Succeeded byChen Duxiu
Preceded byWang Jingwei
Preceded byWang Jingwei
Party political offices
Preceded byWang Jingwei
Party political offices
Head of the Kuomintang Propaganda Department 1925–1926
Party political offices
Succeeded byKu Meng-yu
Preceded byLu Yi
Preceded byLu Yi
Party political offices
Preceded byLu Yi
Party political offices
Head of the CCP Central Military Commission General Political Department 1931
Party political offices
Succeeded byZhou Yili
Preceded byZhu De
Preceded byZhu De
Party political offices
Preceded byZhu De
Party political offices
Chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission 1936–1949
Party political offices
Succeeded byHimselfas Chairman of the PRC People's Revolutionary Military Council
Preceded byDeng Fa
Preceded byDeng Fa
Party political offices
Preceded byDeng Fa
Party political offices
President of the CCP Central Party School 1943–1947
Party political offices
Succeeded byLiu Shaoqi
Preceded byZhang Wentianas General Secretary
Preceded byZhang Wentianas General Secretary
Party political offices
Preceded byZhang Wentianas General Secretary
Party political offices
Chairman of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party 1943–1945
Party political offices
Post merged with the Chairman of the Central Committee
Chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party 1945–1976
Chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party 1945–1976
Party political offices
Chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party 1945–1976
Party political offices
Succeeded byHua Guofeng
Preceded byHimselfas Chairman of the PRC People's Revolutionary Military Council
Preceded byHimselfas Chairman of the PRC People's Revolutionary Military Council
Party political offices
Preceded byHimselfas Chairman of the PRC People's Revolutionary Military Council
Party political offices
Chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission 1954–1976
Political offices
Political offices
Party political offices
Political offices
Chinese Soviet Republic
Chinese Soviet Republic
Party political offices
Chinese Soviet Republic
New title
New title
Party political offices
New title
Party political offices
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Soviet Republic 1931–1937
Party political offices
Chinese Soviet Republic disbanded
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Chinese Soviet Republic 1931–1934
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Chinese Soviet Republic 1931–1934
Party political offices
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Chinese Soviet Republic 1931–1934
Party political offices
Succeeded byZhang Wentian
People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China
Party political offices
People's Republic of China
New title
New title
Party political offices
New title
Party political offices
Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 1949–1954
Party political offices
Succeeded byZhou Enlai
Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China 1949–1954
Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China 1949–1954
Party political offices
Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China 1949–1954
Party political offices
Succeeded byHimselfas Chairman of the People's Republic of China
Chairman of the People's Revolutionary Military Council of the Central People's Government 1949–1954
Chairman of the People's Revolutionary Military Council of the Central People's Government 1949–1954
Party political offices
Chairman of the People's Revolutionary Military Council of the Central People's Government 1949–1954
Party political offices
Succeeded byHimselfas Chairman of the National Defence Commission in the capacity as President of the PRC
Preceded byHimselfas Chairman of the Central People's Government
Preceded byHimselfas Chairman of the Central People's Government
Party political offices
Preceded byHimselfas Chairman of the Central People's Government
Party political offices
President of the People's Republic of China 1954–1959
Party political offices
Succeeded byLiu Shaoqi
Party political offices
Preceded byZhang Guotao
Head of the Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party 1924–1925
Succeeded byChen Duxiu
Preceded byWang Jingwei
Head of the Kuomintang Propaganda Department 1925–1926
Succeeded byKu Meng-yu
Preceded byLu Yi
Head of the CCP Central Military Commission General Political Department 1931
Succeeded byZhou Yili
Preceded byZhu De
Chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission 1936–1949
Succeeded byHimselfas Chairman of the PRC People's Revolutionary Military Council
Preceded byDeng Fa
President of the CCP Central Party School 1943–1947
Succeeded byLiu Shaoqi
Preceded byZhang Wentianas General Secretary
Chairman of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party 1943–1945
Post merged with the Chairman of the Central Committee
Chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party 1945–1976
Succeeded byHua Guofeng
Preceded byHimselfas Chairman of the PRC People's Revolutionary Military Council
Chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission 1954–1976
Political offices
Chinese Soviet Republic
New title
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Soviet Republic 1931–1937
Chinese Soviet Republic disbanded
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Chinese Soviet Republic 1931–1934
Succeeded byZhang Wentian
People's Republic of China
New title
Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 1949–1954
Succeeded byZhou Enlai
Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China 1949–1954
Succeeded byHimselfas Chairman of the People's Republic of China
Chairman of the People's Revolutionary Military Council of the Central People's Government 1949–1954
Succeeded byHimselfas Chairman of the National Defence Commission in the capacity as President of the PRC
Preceded byHimselfas Chairman of the Central People's Government
President of the People's Republic of China 1954–1959
Succeeded byLiu Shaoqi

References

  1. Mao Zedong held the CCP leader position under the title of "Chairman of the CCP Central Politburo" from 20 March 1943 un
  2. /ˈmaʊ (t)səˈtʊŋ/; Chinese: 毛泽东; pinyin: Máo Zédōng pronounced [mǎʊ tsɤ̌.tʊ́ŋ]; traditionally romanised as Mao Tse-tung.
  3. Among them are: .mw- .mw- }War is the highest form of struggle for resolving contradictions, when they have developed to
  4. The most influential of these include: Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan (《湖南农民运动考察报告》); March
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  7. Schram 1966, p. 19; Hollingworth 1985, p. 15; Pantsov & Levine 2012, p. 11.
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