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Mann Act

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Mann Act

The Mann Act, previously called the White-Slave Traffic Act of 1910, is a United States federal law, passed June 25, 1910 (ch. 395, 36 Stat. 825; codified as amended at 18 U.S.C. §§ 2421–2424). It is named after Congressman James Robert Mann of Illinois. In its original form, the act made it a felony to engage in interstate or foreign commerce transport of "any woman or girl for the purpose of prostitution or debauchery, or for any other immoral purpose". Its primary stated intent was to address prostitution, immorality, and human trafficking, particularly where trafficking was for the purposes of prostitution. It was one of several acts of protective legislation aimed at moral reform during the Progressive Era. In practice, its ambiguous language about "immorality" resulted in it being used to criminalize even consensual sexual behavior between adults. It was amended by Congress in 1978 and again in 1986 to limit its application to transport for the purpose of prostitution or other illegal sexual acts.

Infobox

Other short titles
White-Slave Traffic Act of 1910
Long title
An Act to further regulate interstate and foreign commerce by prohibiting the transportation therein for immoral purposes of women and girls, and for other purposes.
Nicknames
White-Slave Traffic Act
Enacted by
the 61st United States Congress
Effective
June 25, 1910
Public law
Pub. L. 61–277
Statutes at Large
36 Stat. 825a
Titles amended
mw- 8 U.S.C.: Aliens and Nationality18 U.S.C.: Crimes and Criminal Procedure
U.S.C. sections created
8 U.S.C. ch. 13, subch. I § 155718 U.S.C. ch. 117 §§ 2421–2424

Tables

· Legal application › Notable prosecutions under the Mann Act
Bella Moore
Bella Moore
Person
Bella Moore
Year
1910
Decision
Convicted
Notes
In People v. Moore, an all-white jury convicted Bella Moore, a mixed race woman from New York, for the "compulsory prostitution" of two white women, Alice Milton and Belle Woods, using the Mann Act.
Jack Johnson
Jack Johnson
Person
Jack Johnson
Year
1913
Decision
Convicted (pardoned in 2018)
Notes
In October and November 1912, boxer Jack Johnson was arrested twice under the Mann Act. It was generally acknowledged that the arrests were racially motivated. A posthumous presidential pardon was granted in 2018 by President Donald Trump.
Farley Drew Caminetti
Farley Drew Caminetti
Person
Farley Drew Caminetti
Year
1913
Decision
Convicted
Notes
Caminetti and Maury Diggs took their mistresses from Sacramento, California to Reno, Nevada. Their wives informed the police, and both men were arrested in Reno. Caminetti v. United States expanded Mann Act prosecutions from prostitution to non-commercial extramarital sex.
William I. Thomas
William I. Thomas
Person
William I. Thomas
Year
1918
Decision
Acquitted
Notes
Pioneering sociologist William I. Thomas's academic career at the University of Chicago was irreversibly damaged after he was arrested under the Mann Act when caught in the company of Mrs. Granger, whose husband was an army officer with the American forces in France. Thomas was acquitted at trial.
Fred Toney
Fred Toney
Person
Fred Toney
Year
1918
Decision
Convicted
Notes
Toney, a professional baseball player, pleaded guilty to traveling with a woman, whom he falsely claimed was his wife, from Louisville, Kentucky to Cincinnati, Ohio where they lived together while he played for the Cincinnati Reds. He was sentenced to four months in jail.
Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright
Person
Frank Lloyd Wright
Year
1926
Decision
Charges dropped
Notes
In October 1926, Wright and his future wife, Olga Lazovich Hinzenburg were accused of violating the Mann Act and he was arrested in Minnetonka, Minnesota.
George Barker
George Barker
Person
George Barker
Year
1940
Decision
Charges dropped
Notes
The British poet was arrested crossing a state border with his lover Canadian author Elizabeth Smart in 1940. She described the arrest in her book By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept.
Charlie Chaplin
Charlie Chaplin
Person
Charlie Chaplin
Year
1944
Decision
Acquitted
Notes
Chaplin met Joan Barry, age 24, in 1941. He signed her to a $75-a-week contract for a film he was putting together, and she became his mistress. By mid-1942, Chaplin let her contract expire. To send her home, Chaplin paid her train fare to New York which led to his arrest. Chaplin was acquitted of the charges.
Rex Ingram
Rex Ingram
Person
Rex Ingram
Year
1949
Decision
Convicted
Notes
Pleading guilty to the charge of transporting a teenage girl to New York for immoral purposes, the actor was sentenced to eighteen months in jail. He served just ten months of his sentence, but the incident had a serious impact on his career for the next six years.
Frank La Salle
Frank La Salle
Person
Frank La Salle
Year
1950
Decision
Convicted
Notes
La Salle was tried, convicted, and sentenced to 30 to 35 years in prison under the Mann Act for abducting and raping Florence Sally Horner during a 21-month period while traveling from New Jersey to California.[citation needed]
Kid Cann
Kid Cann
Person
Kid Cann
Year
1959
Decision
Convicted/ Acquitted on appeal
Notes
Cann, who was an organized crime figure from Minneapolis, Minnesota, was prosecuted and convicted for transporting a prostitute from Chicago to Minnesota. His conviction was later overturned on appeal. Cann was later prosecuted and convicted of offering a $25,000 bribe to a juror at his Mann Act trial.[citation needed]
Charles Manson
Charles Manson
Person
Charles Manson
Year
1960
Decision
Charges dropped
Notes
Manson took two prostitutes from California to New Mexico to work.
Chuck Berry
Chuck Berry
Person
Chuck Berry
Year
1962
Decision
Convicted
Notes
In January 1962, Berry was sentenced to three years in prison for offenses under the Mann Act when he had transported a girl, age 14, across state lines.
Tony Alamo
Tony Alamo
Person
Tony Alamo
Year
2008
Decision
Convicted
Notes
The former American religious leader was arrested under the Mann Act in September 2008. He was subsequently convicted on 10 counts of interstate transportation of minors for illegal sexual purposes, rape, sexual assault, and contributing to the delinquency of minors.
Brian David Mitchell
Brian David Mitchell
Person
Brian David Mitchell
Year
2010
Decision
Convicted
Notes
Former street preacher and pedophile; convicted in 2010 of interstate kidnapping and unlawful transportation of a minor across state lines in connection with the 2002 abduction of Elizabeth Smart; currently serving a life sentence in federal prison.
Jack Schaap
Jack Schaap
Person
Jack Schaap
Year
2012
Decision
Convicted
Notes
Pastor at mega-church First Baptist Church and Chancellor of Hyles–Anderson College, pleaded guilty to transportation of a minor, age 16, across state lines to have sex with her. He was sentenced to 12 years in prison.
R. Kelly
R. Kelly
Person
R. Kelly
Year
2021
Decision
Convicted
Notes
Singer/actor who has faced multiple sexual abuse trials. At his first federal trial, he was charged with: one count of racketeering comprising 14 predicate acts against six females. Six of the acts were Mann Act offenses against four of the victims. He was found guilty of racketeering on the basis that 12 of the 14 acts were proved, including five Mann Act offenses against three of the victims. eight Mann Act offenses against two of the victims, corresponding to four of the racketeering predicate acts; he was found guilty on all counts.
Ghislaine Maxwell
Ghislaine Maxwell
Person
Ghislaine Maxwell
Year
2021
Decision
Convicted
Notes
Socialite/publishing heiress charged with sex trafficking of minors for Jeffrey Epstein. In December 2021, a jury found her guilty on five of six counts involving sex trafficking of minors, and in June 2022, she was sentenced to 20 years. Her conviction and sentence were upheld on appeal.
Sean Combs ("Diddy")
Sean Combs ("Diddy")
Person
Sean Combs ("Diddy")
Year
2025
Decision
Convicted
Notes
In 2025, a jury in federal court in New York found Combs guilty of two counts of violating the Mann Act; he was acquitted of sex trafficking and racketeering.
Person
Year
Decision
Notes
Bella Moore
1910
Convicted
In People v. Moore, an all-white jury convicted Bella Moore, a mixed race woman from New York, for the "compulsory prostitution" of two white women, Alice Milton and Belle Woods, using the Mann Act.
Jack Johnson
1913
Convicted (pardoned in 2018)
In October and November 1912, boxer Jack Johnson was arrested twice under the Mann Act. It was generally acknowledged that the arrests were racially motivated. A posthumous presidential pardon was granted in 2018 by President Donald Trump.
Farley Drew Caminetti
1913
Convicted
Caminetti and Maury Diggs took their mistresses from Sacramento, California to Reno, Nevada. Their wives informed the police, and both men were arrested in Reno. Caminetti v. United States expanded Mann Act prosecutions from prostitution to non-commercial extramarital sex.
William I. Thomas
1918
Acquitted
Pioneering sociologist William I. Thomas's academic career at the University of Chicago was irreversibly damaged after he was arrested under the Mann Act when caught in the company of Mrs. Granger, whose husband was an army officer with the American forces in France. Thomas was acquitted at trial.
Fred Toney
1918
Convicted
Toney, a professional baseball player, pleaded guilty to traveling with a woman, whom he falsely claimed was his wife, from Louisville, Kentucky to Cincinnati, Ohio where they lived together while he played for the Cincinnati Reds. He was sentenced to four months in jail.
Frank Lloyd Wright
1926
Charges dropped
In October 1926, Wright and his future wife, Olga Lazovich Hinzenburg were accused of violating the Mann Act and he was arrested in Minnetonka, Minnesota.
Finis Dake
1937
Convicted
In 1937, he was convicted of violating the Mann Act by willfully transporting Emma Barelli, age 16, across the Wisconsin state line "for the purpose of debauchery and other immoral practices". The May 27, 1936, issue of the Chicago Daily Tribune reported that Dake registered at hotels in Waukegan, Bloomington, and East St. Louis with the girl under the name "Christian Anderson and wife". In order to avoid a jury trial and the possibility of being sentenced to a maximum of 10 years in prison and a fine of $10,000, Dake pleaded guilty. Subsequently, he served six months in the House of Corrections in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
George Barker
1940
Charges dropped
The British poet was arrested crossing a state border with his lover Canadian author Elizabeth Smart in 1940. She described the arrest in her book By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept.
Charlie Chaplin
1944
Acquitted
Chaplin met Joan Barry, age 24, in 1941. He signed her to a $75-a-week contract for a film he was putting together, and she became his mistress. By mid-1942, Chaplin let her contract expire. To send her home, Chaplin paid her train fare to New York which led to his arrest. Chaplin was acquitted of the charges.
Rex Ingram
1949
Convicted
Pleading guilty to the charge of transporting a teenage girl to New York for immoral purposes, the actor was sentenced to eighteen months in jail. He served just ten months of his sentence, but the incident had a serious impact on his career for the next six years.
Frank La Salle
1950
Convicted
La Salle was tried, convicted, and sentenced to 30 to 35 years in prison under the Mann Act for abducting and raping Florence Sally Horner during a 21-month period while traveling from New Jersey to California.[citation needed]
Kid Cann
1959
Convicted/ Acquitted on appeal
Cann, who was an organized crime figure from Minneapolis, Minnesota, was prosecuted and convicted for transporting a prostitute from Chicago to Minnesota. His conviction was later overturned on appeal. Cann was later prosecuted and convicted of offering a $25,000 bribe to a juror at his Mann Act trial.[citation needed]
Charles Manson
1960
Charges dropped
Manson took two prostitutes from California to New Mexico to work.
Chuck Berry
1962
Convicted
In January 1962, Berry was sentenced to three years in prison for offenses under the Mann Act when he had transported a girl, age 14, across state lines.
Tony Alamo
2008
Convicted
The former American religious leader was arrested under the Mann Act in September 2008. He was subsequently convicted on 10 counts of interstate transportation of minors for illegal sexual purposes, rape, sexual assault, and contributing to the delinquency of minors.
Brian David Mitchell
2010
Convicted
Former street preacher and pedophile; convicted in 2010 of interstate kidnapping and unlawful transportation of a minor across state lines in connection with the 2002 abduction of Elizabeth Smart; currently serving a life sentence in federal prison.
Jack Schaap
2012
Convicted
Pastor at mega-church First Baptist Church and Chancellor of Hyles–Anderson College, pleaded guilty to transportation of a minor, age 16, across state lines to have sex with her. He was sentenced to 12 years in prison.
R. Kelly
2021
Convicted
Singer/actor who has faced multiple sexual abuse trials. At his first federal trial, he was charged with: one count of racketeering comprising 14 predicate acts against six females. Six of the acts were Mann Act offenses against four of the victims. He was found guilty of racketeering on the basis that 12 of the 14 acts were proved, including five Mann Act offenses against three of the victims. eight Mann Act offenses against two of the victims, corresponding to four of the racketeering predicate acts; he was found guilty on all counts.
Ghislaine Maxwell
2021
Convicted
Socialite/publishing heiress charged with sex trafficking of minors for Jeffrey Epstein. In December 2021, a jury found her guilty on five of six counts involving sex trafficking of minors, and in June 2022, she was sentenced to 20 years. Her conviction and sentence were upheld on appeal.
Sean Combs ("Diddy")
2025
Convicted
In 2025, a jury in federal court in New York found Combs guilty of two counts of violating the Mann Act; he was acquitted of sex trafficking and racketeering.

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