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Manchukuo

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Manchukuo

Manchukuo, officially known as the State of Manchuria prior to 1934 and the Empire of Manchuria thereafter, was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in Northeast China that existed from 1932 until its dissolution in 1945. It was ostensibly founded as a republic, its territory consisting of the lands seized in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria; it was later declared to be a constitutional monarchy in 1934, though very little changed in the actual functioning of government. Manchukuo received limited diplomatic recognition, primarily from states aligned with the Axis powers, with its existence widely regarded as illegitimate. The region now known as Manchuria had historically been the homeland of the Manchu people, though by the 20th century they had long since become a minority in the region, with Han Chinese constituting by far the largest ethnic group. The Manchu-led Qing dynasty, which had governed China since 17th century, was overthrown with the permanent abolition of the dynastic system in the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, with Puyi, the final emperor of China, forced to abdicate at the age of six. In 1931, Manchuria was invaded and occupied by the Empire of Japan following the Mukden incident. A puppet government was set up the following year, with Puyi brought in by the Japanese to serve as its nominal regent, though he himself had no actual political power. Japanese officials ultimately made all pertinent decisions, and exercised total control over Puyi's court and personal safety. Upon the nominal transition from republic to empire, Puyi was proclaimed as the emperor of Manchukuo. The Japanese population of Manchuria increased dramatically during this period, largely due to Japan's efforts to resettle young, land-poor farmers from the inner islands. By 1945, more than a million Japanese people had settled within Manchukuo. The region's Korean population also increased during this period. Under vice-minister Nobusuke Kishi and the Manchurian Industrial Development Company, heavy industry was dramatically expanded using slave labor of the local populations. Manchukuo was the primary launching ground for further invasion of China in the Second Sino-Japanese War, beginning with the 1937 Marco Polo Bridge incident. Regions in the western part of the country with large Mongolian populations were ruled under a slightly different system, reflecting the distinct traditions extant there. The southern tip of the Liaodong Peninsula, now the city of Dalian, continued to be ruled directly by Japan as the Kwantung Leased Territory until the end of the war. The state was ultimately toppled at the end of World War II with the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945; its government was formally dissolved following the surrender of Japan in September. The territory was transferred to Chinese administration the following year.

Infobox

Status
Puppet state of the Empire of Japan
Capital
mw- Xinjing (Changchun)(until 9 August 1945)Tonghua(from 9 August 1945)
Largest city
Harbin
Official languages
Japanese Manchurian[a]
Recognised regional languages
Manchu Mongolian (Khorchin and Kharchin) Korean Russian Kyowa-go
Demonyms
Manchurian,[b] Manchu,[c] Manchukuoan[d]
Government
One-party republic under a military dictatorship (1932–1934)One-party constitutional monarchy under a military dictatorship (1934–1945)
• 1932–1934 (as Chief Executive)1934–1945 (as Emperor)
Puyi
• 1932–1935
Zheng Xiaoxu
• 1935–1945
Zhang Jinghui
Legislature
Legislative Council
Historical era
Interwar period and World War II
• Japanese invasion
18 September 1931
• Northeast Supreme Administrative Council
16 February 1932
• Established
1 March 1932
• Rehe annexed
4 March 1933
• Empire proclaimed
1 March 1934
• Member of GEACPS
30 November 1940
• Soviet invasion
9 August 1945
• Dissolution
20 August 1945
• Total
984,195 km2 (380,000 sq mi)
Currency
Chinese customs gold unit Manchukuo yuan
Today part of
China

Tables

Manchukuo 1932–1945 · Politics › Head of state
All given names in bold.
All given names in bold.
Personal name and dates of birth and death
All given names in bold.
Aisin-Gioro Puyi 愛新覺羅溥儀; Àixīnjuéluó Pǔyì 7 February 1906–17 October 1967
1932
1932–1945
Aisin-Gioro Puyi 愛新覺羅溥儀; Àixīnjuéluó Pǔyì 7 February 1906–17 October 1967
Personal name and dates of birth and death
Aisin-Gioro Puyi 愛新覺羅溥儀; Àixīnjuéluó Pǔyì 7 February 1906–17 October 1967
Period of reign
18 February 1932–15 August 1945(13 years, 178 days)
Era names and their corresponding range of dates
Datong (大同; Dàtóng)
Name of the title
Chief Executive of Manchukuo (滿洲國執政)
Dates
18 February 1932–28 February 1934
Kangde (康德; Kāngdé)
Kangde (康德; Kāngdé)
Personal name and dates of birth and death
Kangde (康德; Kāngdé)
Period of reign
Emperor of Manchukuo (大滿洲帝國皇帝)
Era names and their corresponding range of dates
1 March 1934–15 August 1945
Personal name and dates of birth and death
Period of reign
Era names and their corresponding range of dates
Name of the title
Dates
All given names in bold.
Aisin-Gioro Puyi 愛新覺羅溥儀; Àixīnjuéluó Pǔyì 7 February 1906–17 October 1967
18 February 1932–15 August 1945(13 years, 178 days)
Datong (大同; Dàtóng)
Chief Executive of Manchukuo (滿洲國執政)
18 February 1932–28 February 1934
Kangde (康德; Kāngdé)
Emperor of Manchukuo (大滿洲帝國皇帝)
1 March 1934–15 August 1945
· Politics › Prime minister
Time in office
Time in office
No.
Took office
Name(birth–death)
Time in office
Zheng Xiaoxu(1860–1938)
Zheng Xiaoxu(1860–1938)
No.
1
Name(birth–death)
Zheng Xiaoxu(1860–1938)
Term of office
9 March 1932
Term of office
21 May 1935
Term of office
3 years, 73 days
Political party
Concordia Association
Zhang Jinghui(1871–1959)
Zhang Jinghui(1871–1959)
No.
2
Name(birth–death)
Zhang Jinghui(1871–1959)
Term of office
21 May 1935
Term of office
15 August 1945
Term of office
10 years, 86 days
Political party
Concordia Association
No.
Portrait
Name(birth–death)
Term of office
Political party
Took office
Left office
Time in office
1
Zheng Xiaoxu(1860–1938)
9 March 1932
21 May 1935
3 years, 73 days
Concordia Association
2
Zhang Jinghui(1871–1959)
21 May 1935
15 August 1945
10 years, 86 days
Concordia Association

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  3. 滿人; Pinyin: Mǎnrén; Hepburn: Manjin
  4. 滿洲國人; Pinyin: Mǎnzhōuguórén; Hepburn: Manshūkokujin
  5. traditional Chinese: 滿洲國; pinyin: Mǎnzhōuguó; Japanese: 満州国; rōmaji: Manshūkoku; lit. 'Manchu-region state'
  6. traditional Chinese: 滿洲帝國; pinyin: Mǎnzhōu dìguó; Japanese: 満州帝国; rōmaji: Manshū teikoku
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