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Mali

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Mali

Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is the eighth-largest country in Africa and the 23rd largest country in the world, with an area of over 1,240,192 square kilometres (478,841 sq mi). The country is bordered to the north by Algeria, to the east by Niger, to the northwest by Mauritania, to the south by Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast, and to the west by Guinea and Senegal. The population of Mali is about 23.29 million, 47.19% of which are estimated to be under the age of 15 in 2024. Its capital and largest city is Bamako. The country has 13 official languages, of which Bambara is the most commonly spoken. The sovereign state's northern borders reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert. The country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, is in the Sudanian savanna and has the Niger and Senegal rivers running through it. The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining with its most prominent natural resources including gold (of which it is the third largest producer in Africa) and salt. Mali was part of three successive powerful and wealthy West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire (for which Ghana is named), the Mali Empire (for which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire. At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire was the wealthiest country in Africa with its 14th-century emperor Mansa Musa believed to be one of the wealthiest individuals in history. Besides being a hub of trade and mining, medieval Mali was a centre of Islam, culture and knowledge, with Timbuktu becoming a renowned place of education with its university, one of the oldest in the world and still active. The expanding Songhai Empire absorbed the empire in 1468, followed by a Saadian army which defeated the Songhai in 1591. In the late 19th century, during the Scramble for Africa, France seized control of Mali, making it a part of French Sudan; as the Sudanese Republic, a brief federation with Senegal was formed, achieving independence in 1960. After Senegal's withdrawal, the Republic of Mali was established. After a long period of one-party rule, a coup in 1991 led to a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state. In January 2012, an armed conflict broke out in northern Mali, in which Tuareg rebels took control of a territory in the north, and in April declared the secession of a new state, Azawad. The conflict was complicated by a military coup in March 2012 and later fighting between Tuareg and other rebel factions. In response to territorial gains, the French military launched Operation Serval in January 2013. A month later, Malian and French forces recaptured most of the north, although the conflict continued. Presidential elections were held on 28 July 2013, with a second-round run-off held on 11 August, and legislative elections were held on 24 November and 15 December 2013. In 2020 and 2021, two coups led by Colonel Assimi Goïta overthrew the Mali government. A military junta led by Goïta has since ruled Mali. In May 2025, the junta dissolved all political parties. In July 2025, the transitional parliament granted Goïta a five-year presidential term, renewable without elections. In September 2025 the al-Qaeda affiliate JNIM imposed a blockade on fuel imports to major cities in the south, including the capital Bamako, causing economic disruption.

Infobox

Republic of Mali Official names Bambara:Mali ka Fasojamana / ߡߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊFula:Republik bu Maali / 𞤈𞤫𞤨𞤵𞤦𞤤𞤭𞤳 𞤦𞤵 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭Hassaniya:جُمْهُورِيَّةْ مَالِي (Jumhūriyet Māli)Soninke:Mali TɔgɔbaduguTamasheq:Tagduda n Mali / ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉSonghay:Mali Laamaa
Mali ka Fasojamana / ߡߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ
Bambara:
Mali ka Fasojamana / ߡߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ
Fula:
Republik bu Maali / 𞤈𞤫𞤨𞤵𞤦𞤤𞤭𞤳 𞤦𞤵 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭
Hassaniya:
جُمْهُورِيَّةْ مَالِي (Jumhūriyet Māli)
Soninke:
Mali Tɔgɔbadugu
Tamasheq:
Tagduda n Mali / ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ
Songhay:
Mali Laamaa
Capitaland largest city
Bamako 12°39′N 8°0′W / 12.650°N 8.000°W / 12.650; -8.000
Official languages
13 national languages Bambara Bobo Hassaniya Arabic Bozo Dogon, Toro So Fula Kassonke Maninke Minyanka Senufo, Senara Songhay, Koyraboro Senni Soninke Tamasheq
Working language
French (de facto)
Spoken languages
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li Bambara[a]FulaArabicSoninkeSonghayMandinkaMinyankaTamasheqSenufoBoboBozoKassonkeSamogoDafingDogon
Ethnic groups
33.3% Bambara13.3% Fula9.6% Soninke9.6% Senufo / Bwa8.8% Malinke8.7% Dogon5.9% Songhai3.5% Tuareg2.1% Bobo4.5% other
Religion (2021)
95% Islam5% other[b]
Demonym
Malian
Government
Unitary presidential republic under a military junta
• President
Assimi Goïta
• Prime Minister
Abdoulaye Maïga (interim)
Legislature
National Assembly
• Establishment of the Sudanese Republic
24 November 1958
• Merger with Senegal to create the Mali Federation
4 April 1959
• Independence from France
20 June 1960
• Dissolution of the Mali Federation
20 August 1960
• Declaration of the Republic of Mali
22 September 1960
• Total
$23.21 billion (121st)
• Water (%)
1.6
• 2024 estimate
21,990,607 (61st)
• Density
11.7/km2 (30.3/sq mi) (215th)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$936 (175th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2010)
33.0 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.419low (188th)
Currency
West African CFA franc (XOF)
Time zone
UTC±00:00 (GMT)
Calling code
223
ISO 3166 code
ML
Internet TLD
ml

Tables

· Politics and government › Regions and cercles
BamakoCapital District
BamakoCapital District
No
00
Region name
BamakoCapital District
Area (km2)
252
PopulationCensus 2023
4,227,569
Kayes
Kayes
No
01
Region name
Kayes
Area (km2)
62,914
PopulationCensus 2023
1,840,329
Koulikoro
Koulikoro
No
02
Region name
Koulikoro
Area (km2)
71,178
PopulationCensus 2023
2,255,157
Sikasso
Sikasso
No
03
Region name
Sikasso
Area (km2)
21,378
PopulationCensus 2023
1,533,123
Ségou
Ségou
No
04
Region name
Ségou
Area (km2)
31,996
PopulationCensus 2023
2,455,263
Mopti
Mopti
No
05
Region name
Mopti
Area (km2)
49,077
PopulationCensus 2023
935,579
Tombouctou
Tombouctou
No
06
Region name
Tombouctou
Area (km2)
180,781
PopulationCensus 2023
974,278
Gao
Gao
No
07
Region name
Gao
Area (km2)
89,532
PopulationCensus 2023
727,517
Kidal
Kidal
No
08
Region name
Kidal
Area (km2)
151,430
PopulationCensus 2023
83,192
Taoudénit
Taoudénit
No
09
Region name
Taoudénit
Area (km2)
323,326
PopulationCensus 2023
100,358
Ménaka
Ménaka
No
10
Region name
Ménaka
Area (km2)
81,040
PopulationCensus 2023
318,876
Bougouni
Bougouni
No
11
Region name
Bougouni
Area (km2)
41,052
PopulationCensus 2023
1,570,979
Dioila
Dioila
No
12
Region name
Dioila
Area (km2)
12,984
PopulationCensus 2023
675,965
Nioro
Nioro
No
13
Region name
Nioro
Area (km2)
24,179
PopulationCensus 2023
678,061
Koutiala
Koutiala
No
14
Region name
Koutiala
Area (km2)
14,739
PopulationCensus 2023
1,169,882
Kita
Kita
No
15
Region name
Kita
Area (km2)
44,175
PopulationCensus 2023
681,671
Nara
Nara
No
16
Region name
Nara
Area (km2)
26,213
PopulationCensus 2023
307,777
Bandiagara
Bandiagara
No
17
Region name
Bandiagara
Area (km2)
25,709
PopulationCensus 2023
868,916
San
San
No
18
Region name
San
Area (km2)
15,516
PopulationCensus 2023
820,807
Douentza
Douentza
No
19
Region name
Douentza
Area (km2)
63,515
PopulationCensus 2023
170,189
1,240,192
1,240,192
No
Total
Region name
1,240,192
Area (km2)
22,395,489
No
Region name
Area (km2)
PopulationCensus 2023
00
BamakoCapital District
252
4,227,569
01
Kayes
62,914
1,840,329
02
Koulikoro
71,178
2,255,157
03
Sikasso
21,378
1,533,123
04
Ségou
31,996
2,455,263
05
Mopti
49,077
935,579
06
Tombouctou
180,781
974,278
07
Gao
89,532
727,517
08
Kidal
151,430
83,192
09
Taoudénit
323,326
100,358
10
Ménaka
81,040
318,876
11
Bougouni
41,052
1,570,979
12
Dioila
12,984
675,965
13
Nioro
24,179
678,061
14
Koutiala
14,739
1,169,882
15
Kita
44,175
681,671
16
Nara
26,213
307,777
17
Bandiagara
25,709
868,916
18
San
15,516
820,807
19
Douentza
63,515
170,189
Total
1,240,192
22,395,489
Population in Mali[14][15] · Demographics
1950
1950
Year
1950
Million
4.7
2000
2000
Year
2000
Million
11
2021
2021
Year
2021
Million
21.9
Year
Million
1950
4.7
2000
11
2021
21.9

References

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  2. Includes Christianity, no religion, and traditional African religions.
  3. /ˈmɑːli/ ⓘ; .mw- .mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw- Bambara pronunciation: [ma.li]N'Ko script: ߡߊߟߌFula
  4. Bambara: Mali ka Fasojamana, N'Ko script: ߡߊߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊFula: 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭, romanized: Renndaandi
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