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Malaysia

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Malaysia

Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. A federal constitutional monarchy, it consists of 13 states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions: Peninsular Malaysia on the Indochinese Peninsula and East Malaysia on the island of Borneo. Peninsular Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Thailand, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia; East Malaysia shares land borders with Brunei and Indonesia, and maritime borders with the Philippines and Vietnam. Kuala Lumpur is the country's national capital, largest city, and the seat of the legislative branch of the federal government, while Putrajaya is the federal administrative capital, representing the seat of both the executive branch (the Cabinet, federal ministries, and federal agencies) and the judicial branch of the federal government. With a population of over 34 million, it is the world's 42nd-most populous country. The country has its origins in the Malay kingdoms, which, from the 18th century on, became subject to the British Empire, along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate. During World War II, British Malaya, along with other nearby British and American colonies, was occupied by the Empire of Japan. Following three years of occupation, Peninsular Malaysia was briefly unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 until 1948 when it was restructured as the Federation of Malaya. The country achieved independence on 31 August 1957. On 16 September 1963, independent Malaya united with the then British crown colonies of North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore to become Malaysia. In August 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation and became a separate, independent country. Malaysia is tropical and is one of 17 megadiverse countries; it is home to numerous endemic species. The country is multiethnic and multicultural, which has a significant effect on its politics. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with minorities of Chinese, Indians, and indigenous peoples. The official language is Malaysian Malay, a standard form of the Malay language. English remains an active second language. While recognising Islam as the official religion, the constitution grants freedom of religion to non-Muslims. The government is modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system, and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is an elected monarch, chosen from among the nine state sultans every five years. The head of government is the prime minister. Malaysia's economy has traditionally been driven by its natural resources but is expanding into commerce, tourism, and medical tourism. The country ranks highly in peacefulness and passport strength and has a newly industrialised market economy, which is relatively open and state-oriented. The country is a founding member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the East Asia Summit (EAS), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), as well as a member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), the Commonwealth, and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Kuala Lumpur[fn 1].mw- 3°8′N 101°41′E / 3.133°N 101.683°E / 3.133; 101.683
Administrative center
Putrajaya[fn 2]2°56′N 101°42′E / 2.933°N 101.700°E / 2.933; 101.700
National language (official)
Malay[a][b][c]
Recognised languages
English[c]
Ethnic groups (2023)
mw- li 70.5% Bumiputera 57.3% Malay 13.2% indigenous groups of Sabah, Sarawak, Orang Asli and other 22.9% Chinese 6.6% Indian
Religion (2020)
mw- 63.5% Islam (official)18.7% Buddhism 9.1% Christianity 6.1% Hinduism 0.9% other 1.8% unknown
Demonym
Malaysian
Government
Federal parliamentary constitutional elective monarchy
• Monarch
Ibrahim Iskandar
• Prime Minister
Anwar Ibrahim
Legislature
Parliament
• Upper house
Dewan Negara
• Lower house
Dewan Rakyat
• Federation of Malaya
31 August 1957
• Sarawak self-governance
22 July 1963
• North Borneo self-governance
31 August 1963
• Proclamation of Malaysia
16 September 1963
• Total
$444.98 billion (35th)
• Water (%)
0.3
• 2024 estimate
34,564,810 (43rd)
• 2020 census
32,447,385
• Density
101/km2 (261.6/sq mi) (116th)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$13,140 (66th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2021)
40.7 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.819very high (67th)
Currency
Malaysian ringgit (RM) (MYR)
Time zone
UTC 8 (MST)
Date format
dd-mm-yyyy
Calling code
60
ISO 3166 code
MY
Internet TLD
my
Gini (2024)
39.0 } }medium inequality

Tables

· Government and politics › Administrative divisions
Perlis Kedah Penang Kelantan Terengganu Perak Selangor Negeri Sembilan Malacca Johor Pahang Sarawak Sabah Labuan Kuala Lumpur Putrajaya West Malaysia East Malaysia (Blue) States (Red) Federal Territories South China Sea Strait of Malacca Gulf of Thailand Sulu Sea Celebes Sea Brunei Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Philippines Singapore Thailand

References

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  2. Administrative and judicial
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  4. Section 2 of the National Language Act 1963/67 states that, "Save as provided in this Act and subject to the safeguards
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  6. mw- .mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw- UK: /məˈleɪziə/ ⓘ mə-LAY-zee-ə, US: /məˈleɪʒə/ mə-LAY-zhə; Malay
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  148. The Rakyat Post
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  149. Channel News Asia
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  150. The Brunei Times
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  151. "Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)"
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  152. "Disputed – International"
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  155. "Malaysia – Permanent Missions to the United Nations"
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  156. My Sinchew
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  157. The Brunei Times
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  159. "First Ever Joint Army exercise on Malaysian Soil Commences with Handing-Over of Troops Ceremony"
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  161. "Japan, Malaysia sign defence accord"
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  162. The Star
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  163. My Sinchew
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  164. Gray Page
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  165. The Star
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  166. Benar News
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  167. BBC News
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  168. The Diplomat
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  169. New Straits Times
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  170. The Washington Post
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  171. Newsweek
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  172. The Guardian
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  173. Reuters
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  174. New Mandala
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  175. The Guardian
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  176. The Star
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  177. Human Rights Watch
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  178. Human Rights Watch
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  179. the Guardian
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  180. BBC News
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  181. "Laws of Malaysia [Act 574]"
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  182. "The Death Penalty in Malaysia"
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  183. Reuters
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  184. Malay Mail
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  185. Malay Mail
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  186. "To Reduce Conflicts, Indonesia and Malaysia Should Meet Intensively"
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  187. Undelimited maritime boundaries of the Asian Rim in the Pacific Ocean
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  188. "Brunei"
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  189. World and Its Peoples: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei
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  190. Time
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  191. "Tanjung Piai - Johor National Parks"
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  192. The population of Peninsular Malaysia
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  193. Kamus Lengkap Indonesia Inggris
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  194. The A to Z of Malaysia
  195. Soil Atlas of Asia
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  196. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR) – Volume 1: Current Research in Water Resources, Coastal and Environment
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  197. Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei
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  198. Borneo: Sabah – Brunei – Sarawak
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  199. "Mount Kinabalu – revered abode of the dead"
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  200. Reef Fish Aggregations in Sabah, East Malaysia
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  201. World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal
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  202. "List of Parties"
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  203. "Malaysia's National Policy on Biological Diversity"
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  204. "Biodiversity Theme Report"
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  206. Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei
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  207. Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity
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  209. "Coral Triangle"
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  210. Inquirer Global Nation
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  211. "Species diversity and food-web complexity in the caves of Malaysia"
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  212. Lee, S.S.; Alias, S.A.; Jones, E.B.G.; Zainuddin, N. and Chan, H.T. (2012) Checklist of Fungi of Malaysia Research Pamph
  213. "The Malaysian Rainforest"
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  214. Globetrotter Wildlife Guide Malaysia
  215. Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei
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  216. The Straits Times
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  217. The Herald
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  218. The Borneo Post
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  219. New Straits Times
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  220. The Borneo Post
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  221. "Electronics Manufacturing in the Pacific Rim, World Technology Evaluation Center, Chapter 4: Malaysia"
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  222. The World Factbook
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  223. Parliament of Malaysia
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  226. OICA
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  227. International Trade Centre
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  229. "Income Inequality and Ethnic Cleavages in Malaysia | Evidence from Distributional National Accounts | (1984-2014)"
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  230. Asia Times
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  231. The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia
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  232. "The Security of The Straits of Malacca and Its Implications to The South East Asia Regional Security"
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  234. "TED Case Studies: Tin Mining In Malaysia – Present And Future"
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  235. "WHO Western Pacific Region – 2006 – Malaysia – Political and socioeconomic situation"
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  236. The Telegraph
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  238. UNWTO World Tourism Barometer
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  239. "Travel & Tourism Development Index 2021 - Rebuilding for a Sustainable and Resilient Future"
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  242. WIPO
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  243. Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads
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  248. International Journal of E-Navigation and Maritime Economy
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  250. Annals of the Association of American Geographers
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  253. Guidebook on Expatriate Living in Malaysia
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  254. "Water is life, use it wisely, don't waste it"
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  256. "Infrastructure and Rural Development in Malaysia"
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  257. "Tenaga Nasional Berhad 500kV Transmission System, Phase 1"
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  258. "Malaysia – Power Sector"
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  259. "Energy Commission"
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  260. "Renewable Energy and Kyoto Protocol: Adoption in Malaysia"
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  261. "Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics"
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  265. Malaysian-Danish Country Programme for Cooperation in Environment and Development (2002–2006)
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  266. "Who are Malaysia's bumiputera?"
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  267. Modernity and Malaysia: settling the Menraq forest nomads
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  268. The Star
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  269. Asia Times
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  271. "Malaysia: Citizenship laws, including methods by which a person may obtain citizenship; whether dual citizenship is recognized and if so, how it is acquired; process for renouncing citizenship and related documentation; grounds for revoking citizenship"
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  273. Growth, structural change, and regional inequality in Malaysia
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  274. The New York Times
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  276. Malaysiakini
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  277. "World Refugee Survey 2009"
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  280. Ambiga Sreenevasan
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  281. "Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal"
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  282. "Malaysia Christians pray for peace, equality, freedom - UCA News"
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  283. Islamic Modern: Religious Courts and Cultural Politics in Malaysia
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  284. "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation"
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  286. "Malaysia moving forward in matters of Islam and women by Marina Mahathir"
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  288. Daily Express
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  289. "Bahasa Rasmi"
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  290. Official Website: Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia (IKIM)
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  291. "Federal Constitution"
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  292. "The history of Bahasa Melayu / Malaysia: The language of the Malay(sian) people"
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  293. Cultural Anthropology
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  294. National Language Act 1963/67
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  295. Malay Mail
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  296. Borneo Post
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  297. The Sun
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  298. A History of Malaysia
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  299. "Language Log: Malaysia cracks down on "salad language""
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  300. New Straits Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131024015500/http://www.nst.com.my/streets/central/dewan-bahasa-champions-use-of-bm-in-ads-1.375207
  301. Ethnologue
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY
  302. "Ethnologue report for Malaysia"
    http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY
  303. "Ethnologue report for Malaysia (Peninsular)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP
  304. The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar
    https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC
  305. Communicating with Asia: The Future of English as a Global Language
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/communicating-with-asia/chinese-language-in-the-asian-diaspora-a-malaysian-experience/49346DD6BC03DB6394B681335BD11280
  306. "Malaysian Tamils and Tamil Linguistic Culture"
    http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/maltamil/MALAYSIA.html
  307. Anthropological Linguistics
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/30027570
  308. Roots of Creole structures
    https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC
  309. BMC Public Health
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3381695
  310. Journal of Public Health in Africa
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5345496
  311. Global Health Action
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4161948
  312. World Bank
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=MY
  313. World Bank
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=MY
  314. World Bank
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?Locations=RU&locations=MY
  315. World Bank
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=MY
  316. World Bank
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.CBRT.IN?locations=MY
  317. World Bank
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.CDRT.IN?locations=MY
  318. "Statistics on Causes of Death, Malaysia 2021"
    https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=401&bul_id=R3VrRUhwSXZDN2k4SGN6akRhTStwQT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09
  319. "TRAFFIC FATALITY CAUSES AND TRENDS IN MALAYSIA"
    https://scienceimpact.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/Abdelfatah_0.pdf
  320. IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia
    https://journals.iium.edu.my/kom/index.php/imjm/article/view/1727/1200
  321. Secondary Education Regional Information Base: Country Profile – Malaysia
    http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002147/214736e.pdf
  322. The Malaysian Insider
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100825032917/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/malay-groups-want-vernacular-schools-abolished
  323. "Secondary School Education"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131231163459/http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Relevant%20Topics/Education%20and%20Learning/Non%20Citizen/nTheNationalEducationSystem/nSecondaryEducation/Pages/SecondarySchoolEducation.aspx
  324. Malaysia: recent trends and challenges
    https://books.google.com/books?id=EHtO7JdRLO0C
  325. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41018027
  326. Asia Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20091005004204/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/KJ03Ae02.html
  327. "Cultural Tourism Promotion and policy in Malaysia"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100529013206/http://www.hbp.usm.my/tourism/Papers/paper_cultural.htm
  328. Malaysian cinema, Asian film: border crossings and national cultures
    https://books.google.com/books?id=k3HTdu1HuWQC
  329. Southeast Asia on a Shoestring
    https://books.google.com/books?id=CW09gFJ64CwC&pg=PA419
  330. The Garland handbook of Southeast Asian music
    https://books.google.com/books?id=XDm80zCZGKAC
  331. Discover Malaysia: The Ultimate Travel Guide to Unforgettable Adventures
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0GgrEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT13
  332. The Music of Malaysia: The Classical, Folk, and Syncretic Traditions
    https://archive.org/details/musicofmalaysiac0000matu
  333. "Languages and Literature"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110106024444/http://www.encyclopedia.com.my/volume9/literaryheritage.html
  334. New Sabah Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140702212542/http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/fullstory/61905
  335. The Star
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140702211527/http://www.thestar.com.my/Travel/Malaysia/2011/04/07/Nasi-lemak-our-national-dish.aspx/
  336. Kuala Lumpur Melaka & Penang
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mzDloil93f4C
  337. The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/far-eastern-cuisine-fancy-a-malaysian-2104800.html
  338. Changing Chinese foodways in Asia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=p5Mw_WTLhiYC
  339. Kompas
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160624020202/http://travel.kompas.com/read/2011/01/30/12335049/Menikmati.Kuliner.Peranakan
  340. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/41491996
  341. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6140N720100205
  342. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7959518.stm
  343. Malaysian Mirror
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110722182744/http://www.malaysianmirror.com/featuredetail/140-sabah/49237-the-east-west-divide-of-malaysian-media
  344. Malay Mail
    https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/10/11/abdul-taib-launches-tv-sarawak/1911761
  345. www.astroawani.com
    https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/sarawak-macam-anak-tiri-stesen-tv-siaran-percuma-161367
  346. The Jakarta Post
    https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/09/28/comment-anwar-blames-malaysian-media.html
  347. Berita Harian
    https://rtmklik.rtm.gov.my/jadual
  348. The Star
    https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/06/01/daily-express-ends-kadazan-section
  349. Borneo Post Online
    https://www.theborneopost.com/2020/12/30/farewell-new-sabah-times/
  350. Freedom House
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085849/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2013/malaysia
  351. Malaysiakini
    http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/69331
  352. Malaysiakini
    http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/69226
  353. "How Press Censorship Works"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110630161559/http://mindymcadams.com/tojou/2007/how-press-censorship-works/
  354. "Malaysia Day now a public holiday, says PM"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20091020113957/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F10%2F19%2Fnation%2F20091019103509&sec=nation
  355. "Malaysia – Religion"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110809081015/http://asia.isp.msu.edu/wbwoa/southeast_asia/malaysia/religion.htm
  356. "Batu Caves, Selangor"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140625042929/http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/my/web-page/places/states-of-malaysia/selangor/batu-caves
  357. East Malaysia and Brunei
    https://books.google.com/books?id=FWiU5VBALicC
  358. The Borneo Post
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160624013409/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/05/28/pm-kaamatan-gawai-celebrations-time-for-people-to-feel-thankful-for-achievements/
  359. Tobacco Control
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1759036
  360. "History of Badminton"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110629004258/http://www.sportsknowhow.com/badminton/history/badminton-history-2.shtml
  361. "Malaysia Lawn Bowls Federation"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110707070937/http://my.88db.com/Sports-Fitness/Club-Association/ad-77790/
  362. Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice
    https://books.google.com/books?id=IkLYDgTnMxEC&pg=PA250
  363. "History of SRAM"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131015034511/http://www.malaysiasquash.com.my/index.php/about/about-sram/
  364. "FIH Men's and Women's World Ranking"
    http://fih.ch/rankings/outdoor/
  365. The Times of India
    http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/events-tournaments/hockey-world-cup/history/History-of-Hockey-World-Cup/articleshow/5624571.cms
  366. "Formula One Grand Prix Circuits"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160302231012/http://allf1.info/tracks/index.php
  367. Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT76
  368. "Olympic Games – History"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130807033456/http://www.olympic.org.my/web/gamesrecords/olympicg/history.htm
  369. www.paralympic.org.my
    https://www.paralympic.org.my/sports.html#introduction
  370. The Sun
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141031191031/http://www.thesundaily.my/node/138479
  371. "Commonwealth Games Federation, History and Tradition of Commonwealth Games, Edinburgh, Bendigo, Pune"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101008183946/http://www.cygpune2008.com/history-tradition/history-tradition.php
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