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Madagascar

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Madagascar

Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country in the Indian Ocean that includes the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Lying off the southeastern coast of Africa, it is the world's fourth-largest island, the second-largest island country, and the 46th-largest country overall. Its capital and largest city is Antananarivo. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from Africa during the Early Jurassic period, around 180 million years ago, and separated from the Indian subcontinent approximately 90 million years ago. This isolation allowed native plants and animals to evolve in relative seclusion; as a result, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot and one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries, with over 90% of its wildlife being endemic. The island has a subtropical to tropical maritime climate. Madagascar was first permanently settled during or before the mid-first millennium CE (roughly 500 to 700) by Austronesian peoples, presumably arriving on outrigger canoes from present-day Indonesia. These were joined around the ninth century by Bantu groups crossing the Mozambique Channel from East Africa. Other groups continued to settle on Madagascar over time, each one making lasting contributions to Malagasy cultural life. Consequently, there are 18 or more classified peoples of Madagascar, the most numerous being the Merina of the central highlands. Until the late 18th century, the island of Madagascar was ruled by a fragmented assortment of shifting sociopolitical alliances. Beginning in the early 19th century, most of it was united and ruled as the Kingdom of Madagascar by a series of Merina nobles. The monarchy was ended in 1897 by the annexation by France, from which Madagascar gained independence in 1960. The country has since undergone four major constitutional periods, termed republics, and has been governed as a constitutional democracy since 1992. Following a political crisis and military coup in 2009, Madagascar underwent a protracted transition towards its fourth and current republic, with constitutional governance being restored in January 2014. In 2025, a series of mass protests resulted in a military coup and the installation of Michael Randrianirina as president of an interim government. Madagascar is a member of the United Nations (UN), the African Union (AU), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), and the Organization Internationale de la Francophonie. Malagasy and French are both official languages of the state. Christianity is the country's predominant religion, with a significant minority still practicing traditional faiths. Madagascar is classified as a least developed country by the UN. Ecotourism and agriculture, paired with greater investments in education, health and private enterprise, are key elements of its development strategy. Despite substantial economic growth since the early 2000s, income disparities have widened, and quality of life remains low for the majority of the population. As of 2021, 68.4% of the population was considered to be multidimensionally poor.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Antananarivo 18°55′S 47°31′E / 18.917°S 47.517°E / -18.917; 47.517
Official languages
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li MalagasyFrench
Ethnic groups (2017)
26% Merina15% Betsimisaraka12% Betsileo7% Tsimihety6% Sakalava5% Antaisaka5% Antandroy24% others
Religion (2020)
mw- li 84.7% Christianity 45.8% Protestantism 38.1% Catholicism 0.8% other Christian 7.3% no religion4.7% traditional faiths3.1% Islam0.3% others
Demonym
Malagasy
Government
Unitary semi-presidential republic under a transitional government
• President
Michael Randrianirina
• Prime Minister
Herintsalama Rajaonarivelo
Legislature
Parliament
• Upper house
Senate (suspended)
• Lower house
National Assembly
• Kingdom
c. 1540
• French colony
6 August 1896
• Republic proclaimed
14 October 1958
• Declaration of independence
26 June 1960
• Total
$15.763 billion (139th)
• Water
5,501 km2 (2,124 sq mi)
• Water (%)
0.9%
• 2024 estimate
31,964,956 (49th)
• Density
55/km2 (142.4/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)
2023 estimate
• Per capita
$529 (188th)
GDP (nominal)
2023 estimate
Gini (2012)
42.6 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.487low (183rd)
Currency
Ariary (MGA)
Time zone
UTC 3 (EAT)
Date format
dd/mm/yyyy
Calling code
261
ISO 3166 code
MG
Internet TLD
mg

Tables

· Government › Administrative divisions
Diana
Diana
Number on map
1
Region's name
Diana
Area (km2)
19,266
Population (2018 Census)
889,736
Population density per km2
36.3
Capital
Antsiranana
Former province
Antsiranana
Sava
Sava
Number on map
2
Region's name
Sava
Area (km2)
25,518
Population (2018 Census)
1,123,013
Population density per km2
38.4
Capital
Sambava
Former province
Antsiranana
Itasy
Itasy
Number on map
3
Region's name
Itasy
Area (km2)
6,993
Population (2018 Census)
897,962
Population density per km2
104.8
Capital
Miarinarivo
Former province
Antananarivo
Analamanga
Analamanga
Number on map
4
Region's name
Analamanga
Area (km2)
16,911
Population (2018 Census)
3,618,128
Population density per km2
198.0
Capital
Antananarivo
Former province
Antananarivo
Vakinankaratra
Vakinankaratra
Number on map
5
Region's name
Vakinankaratra
Area (km2)
16,599
Population (2018 Census)
2,074,358
Population density per km2
108.6
Capital
Antsirabe
Former province
Antananarivo
Bongolava
Bongolava
Number on map
6
Region's name
Bongolava
Area (km2)
16,688
Population (2018 Census)
674,474
Population density per km2
27.4
Capital
Tsiroanomandidy
Former province
Antananarivo
Sofia
Sofia
Number on map
7
Region's name
Sofia
Area (km2)
50,100
Population (2018 Census)
1,500,227
Population density per km2
24.9
Capital
Antsohihy
Former province
Mahajanga
Boeny
Boeny
Number on map
8
Region's name
Boeny
Area (km2)
31,046
Population (2018 Census)
931,171
Population density per km2
25.8
Capital
Mahajanga
Former province
Mahajanga
Betsiboka
Betsiboka
Number on map
9
Region's name
Betsiboka
Area (km2)
30,025
Population (2018 Census)
394,561
Population density per km2
9.8
Capital
Maevatanana
Former province
Mahajanga
Melaky
Melaky
Number on map
10
Region's name
Melaky
Area (km2)
38,852
Population (2018 Census)
309,805
Population density per km2
7.5
Capital
Maintirano
Former province
Mahajanga
Alaotra-Mangoro
Alaotra-Mangoro
Number on map
11
Region's name
Alaotra-Mangoro
Area (km2)
31,948
Population (2018 Census)
1,255,514
Population density per km2
32.1
Capital
Ambatondrazaka
Former province
Toamasina
Atsinanana
Atsinanana
Number on map
12
Region's name
Atsinanana
Area (km2)
21,934
Population (2018 Census)
1,484,403
Population density per km2
57.9
Capital
Toamasina
Former province
Toamasina
Analanjirofo
Analanjirofo
Number on map
13
Region's name
Analanjirofo
Area (km2)
21,930
Population (2018 Census)
1,152,345
Population density per km2
47.2
Capital
Fenoarivo Atsinanana
Former province
Toamasina
Amoron'i Mania
Amoron'i Mania
Number on map
14
Region's name
Amoron'i Mania
Area (km2)
16,141
Population (2018 Census)
833,919
Population density per km2
44.3
Capital
Ambositra
Former province
Fianarantsoa
Matsiatra Ambony
Matsiatra Ambony
Number on map
15
Region's name
Matsiatra Ambony
Area (km2)
21,080
Population (2018 Census)
1,447,296
Population density per km2
56.9
Capital
Fianarantsoa
Former province
Fianarantsoa
Vatovavy
Vatovavy
Number on map
16
Region's name
Vatovavy
Area (km2)
12,775
Population (2018 Census)
705,675
Population density per km2
72.2
Capital
Mananjary
Former province
Fianarantsoa
Atsimo-Atsinanana
Atsimo-Atsinanana
Number on map
17
Region's name
Atsimo-Atsinanana
Area (km2)
18,863
Population (2018 Census)
1,026,674
Population density per km2
47.6
Capital
Farafangana
Former province
Fianarantsoa
Ihorombe
Ihorombe
Number on map
18
Region's name
Ihorombe
Area (km2)
26,391
Population (2018 Census)
418,520
Population density per km2
11.8
Capital
Ihosy
Former province
Fianarantsoa
Menabe
Menabe
Number on map
19
Region's name
Menabe
Area (km2)
46,121
Population (2018 Census)
700,577
Population density per km2
12.8
Capital
Morondava
Former province
Toliara
Atsimo-Andrefana
Atsimo-Andrefana
Number on map
20
Region's name
Atsimo-Andrefana
Area (km2)
66,236
Population (2018 Census)
1,799,088
Population density per km2
19.9
Capital
Toliara
Former province
Toliara
Androy
Androy
Number on map
21
Region's name
Androy
Area (km2)
19,317
Population (2018 Census)
903,376
Population density per km2
38.0
Capital
Ambovombe-Androy
Former province
Toliara
Anosy
Anosy
Number on map
22
Region's name
Anosy
Area (km2)
25,731
Population (2018 Census)
809,313
Population density per km2
26.1
Capital
Tôlanaro
Former province
Toliara
Fitovinany
Fitovinany
Number on map
23
Region's name
Fitovinany
Area (km2)
19,605
Population (2018 Census)
1,435,882
Population density per km2
72.2
Capital
Manakara
Former province
Fianarantsoa
Number on map
Region's name
Area (km2)
Population (2018 Census)
Population density per km2
Capital
Former province
1
Diana
19,266
889,736
36.3
Antsiranana
Antsiranana
2
Sava
25,518
1,123,013
38.4
Sambava
Antsiranana
3
Itasy
6,993
897,962
104.8
Miarinarivo
Antananarivo
4
Analamanga
16,911
3,618,128
198.0
Antananarivo
Antananarivo
5
Vakinankaratra
16,599
2,074,358
108.6
Antsirabe
Antananarivo
6
Bongolava
16,688
674,474
27.4
Tsiroanomandidy
Antananarivo
7
Sofia
50,100
1,500,227
24.9
Antsohihy
Mahajanga
8
Boeny
31,046
931,171
25.8
Mahajanga
Mahajanga
9
Betsiboka
30,025
394,561
9.8
Maevatanana
Mahajanga
10
Melaky
38,852
309,805
7.5
Maintirano
Mahajanga
11
Alaotra-Mangoro
31,948
1,255,514
32.1
Ambatondrazaka
Toamasina
12
Atsinanana
21,934
1,484,403
57.9
Toamasina
Toamasina
13
Analanjirofo
21,930
1,152,345
47.2
Fenoarivo Atsinanana
Toamasina
14
Amoron'i Mania
16,141
833,919
44.3
Ambositra
Fianarantsoa
15
Matsiatra Ambony
21,080
1,447,296
56.9
Fianarantsoa
Fianarantsoa
16
Vatovavy
12,775
705,675
72.2
Mananjary
Fianarantsoa
17
Atsimo-Atsinanana
18,863
1,026,674
47.6
Farafangana
Fianarantsoa
18
Ihorombe
26,391
418,520
11.8
Ihosy
Fianarantsoa
19
Menabe
46,121
700,577
12.8
Morondava
Toliara
20
Atsimo-Andrefana
66,236
1,799,088
19.9
Toliara
Toliara
21
Androy
19,317
903,376
38.0
Ambovombe-Androy
Toliara
22
Anosy
25,731
809,313
26.1
Tôlanaro
Toliara
23
Fitovinany
19,605
1,435,882
72.2
Manakara
Fianarantsoa
· Demographics › Ethnic groups
Antankarana, Sakalava, Tsimihety
Antankarana, Sakalava, Tsimihety
Malagasy ethnic subgroups
Antankarana, Sakalava, Tsimihety
Regional concentration
Former Antsiranana Province; north and northwestern coasts
Sakalava, Vezo
Sakalava, Vezo
Malagasy ethnic subgroups
Sakalava, Vezo
Regional concentration
Former Mahajanga Province; western coast
Betsimisaraka, Sihanaka, Bezanozano
Betsimisaraka, Sihanaka, Bezanozano
Malagasy ethnic subgroups
Betsimisaraka, Sihanaka, Bezanozano
Regional concentration
Former Toamasina Province; eastern coast
Merina
Merina
Malagasy ethnic subgroups
Merina
Regional concentration
Former Antananarivo Province; central highlands
Betsileo, Antaifasy, Antambahoaka, Antaimoro, Antaisaka, Tanala
Betsileo, Antaifasy, Antambahoaka, Antaimoro, Antaisaka, Tanala
Malagasy ethnic subgroups
Betsileo, Antaifasy, Antambahoaka, Antaimoro, Antaisaka, Tanala
Regional concentration
Former Fianarantsoa Province; southeastern coast
Mahafaly, Antandroy, Antanosy people, Bara, Vezo
Mahafaly, Antandroy, Antanosy people, Bara, Vezo
Malagasy ethnic subgroups
Mahafaly, Antandroy, Antanosy people, Bara, Vezo
Regional concentration
Former Toliara Province; southern inland regions and coast
Malagasy ethnic subgroups
Regional concentration
Antankarana, Sakalava, Tsimihety
Former Antsiranana Province; north and northwestern coasts
Sakalava, Vezo
Former Mahajanga Province; western coast
Betsimisaraka, Sihanaka, Bezanozano
Former Toamasina Province; eastern coast
Merina
Former Antananarivo Province; central highlands
Betsileo, Antaifasy, Antambahoaka, Antaimoro, Antaisaka, Tanala
Former Fianarantsoa Province; southeastern coast
Mahafaly, Antandroy, Antanosy people, Bara, Vezo
Former Toliara Province; southern inland regions and coast

References

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  3. Archaeological finds such as cut marks on bones found in the northwest and stone tools in the northeast indicate that Ma
  4. Solofo Randrianja writes that "one or two pirates actually claimed to rule small areas of Madagascar themselves". A 1724
  5. Called fitera, n'antoaniraza (customs), or lovan'tsofina (heritage of the ears), Sakalava oral traditions vary in conten
  6. Traditionally Andriamandazoala is held to have come from overseas. Other traditions say the founder was Andrianalimbe wh
  7. Kent said that it is plausible that a long-term high birth rate among the Maroserana royal family led to many princes wi
  8. After the conflict they aimed to avoid disrupting the Antalaotra trade, instead only taking tribute.
  9. Both Kent and Hooper wrote that the Andrevola were incorporated into the empire via a blood brotherhood ceremony called
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  10. Represented in traditions as a battle between two giants, Darafify and Fatrapaitatana
  11. Represented as "primitive dwarfs"
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