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/ˌmædəˈɡæskər, -kɑːr/ MAD-ə-GAS-kər, -karMalagasy: Madagasikara [madaɡasikʲara]
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Malagasy: Repoblikan'i Madagasikara [repuˈblikʲanʲ madaɡasʲˈkʲarə̥]French: République de Madagascar [ʁepyblik də madagas
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Archaeological finds such as cut marks on bones found in the northwest and stone tools in the northeast indicate that Ma
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Solofo Randrianja writes that "one or two pirates actually claimed to rule small areas of Madagascar themselves". A 1724
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Called fitera, n'antoaniraza (customs), or lovan'tsofina (heritage of the ears), Sakalava oral traditions vary in conten
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Traditionally Andriamandazoala is held to have come from overseas. Other traditions say the founder was Andrianalimbe wh
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Kent said that it is plausible that a long-term high birth rate among the Maroserana royal family led to many princes wi
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After the conflict they aimed to avoid disrupting the Antalaotra trade, instead only taking tribute.
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Both Kent and Hooper wrote that the Andrevola were incorporated into the empire via a blood brotherhood ceremony called
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/fatidra -
Represented in traditions as a battle between two giants, Darafify and Fatrapaitatana
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Represented as "primitive dwarfs"
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Traditions differ on whether it was Rafohy or Rangita.
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In Merina tradition, Ralambo is credited with founding various institutions, such as a head tax and standing army, and w
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-silau/-tsileo means "the invincible".
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Projet de Constitution de la Quatrième République de Madagascar
http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/IMG/pdf/constitution.pdf -
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Mada Magazine
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Oliver (1886), pp. 124–126
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https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_cd&idim=country:MDG:MUS:MOZ&hl=en&dl=en -
www.google.com
https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_cd&idim=country:MDG:MUS:MOZ&hl=en&dl=en#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=ny_gdp_pcap_cd&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:MDG:MUS:MOZ&ifdim=region&hl=en_US&dl=en&ind=false -
"Madagascar at a glance"
https://web.archive.org/web/20120313084616/http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mdg_aag.pdf -
www.worldbank.org
http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/madagascar/overview -
"African Economic Outlook 2011: Madagascar"
https://web.archive.org/web/20111109020440/http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/Country_Notes/2011/Full/Madagascar.pdf -
"La filiere Peche"
https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/01/filiere-peche-la-transparence-comme.html -
Africa Region Working Paper No. 63
http://www.worldbank.org/afr/wps/wp63.pdf -
Guida Viaggi
http://www.guidaviaggi.it/notizie/183551/madagascar-obiettivo- -
www.indexmundi.com
https://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?v=66&c=ma&l=en -
Agenzia Nova
http://www.agenzianova.com/a/0/1532830/2017-03-26/business-news-fmi-economia-del-madagascar-manifesta-segnali-incoraggianti -
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https://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?v=67&c=ma&l=en -
indexmundi.com
https://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?v=74&c=ma&l=en -
www.indexmundi.com
https://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?v=72&c=ma&l=en -
www.economy.com
https://www.economy.com/madagascar/indicators -
"Social policy and social protection"
https://www.unicef.org/madagascar/en/programme/pse -
World Bank
https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/en/099703304212517450 -
www.ipcinfo.org
https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/1159493/?iso3=MDG -
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https://www.caritas.org/2025/06/responding-to-the-climate-crisis-with-recovery-and-resilience-in-madagascar/ -
Rodd & Stackhouse (2008), p. 246
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"Madagascar Economic Statistics"
https://tradecouncil.org/madagascar-economics-statistics-2019/ -
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https://www.ft.com/content/02042190-65bc-11e8-90c2-9563a0613e56 -
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http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/vol-110/issue-2/exploration-developmet/madagascar-s-oil.html -
RFI
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https://www.africanews.com/2022/12/04/madagascar-starts-works-on-first-motorway// -
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https://www.eib.org/en/stories/madagascar-climate-roads -
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https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2022-550-projet-de-modernisation-des-routes-nationales-rn13-et-rn6-a-madagascar-decaissement-de-736-millions-d-euros-de-la-bei-et-de-l-union-europeenne -
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World Bank
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/04/07/madagascar-afe-set-to-expand-access-to-renewable-energy-and-digital-services-thanks-to-400-million-credit -
DataReportal – Global Digital Insights
https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-madagascar -
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https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/madagascar/#people-and-society -
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American Journal of Human Genetics
https://web.archive.org/web/20110303210750/http://www.sanger.ac.uk/about/press/2005/050504.html -
Molecular Biology and Evolution
https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsp120 -
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Kitchen (1962), p. 256
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Langages non conventionnels à Madagascar: argot des jeunes et proverbes gaillards
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Otto Chr. Dahl, Malgache et Maanjan: une comparaison linguistique, Egede-Instituttet Avhandlinger, no. 3 (Oslo: Egede-In
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There are also some Sulawesi loanwords, which Adelaar attributes to contact prior to the migration to Madagascar: See K.
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"Religions in Madagascar | PEW-GRF"
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https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=137c -
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https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/06/world/africa/06madagascar.html -
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https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/madagascar/ -
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https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71310.htm -
Bradt (2011), pp. 13–20
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Al Mujtama Magazine
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FACES OF AFRICA: The Jews of Madagascar
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Health, Culture and Society
http://hcs.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/hcs/article/viewFile/188/219 -
World Health Statistics 2011
http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/main_report/en_SOWMR_Full.pdf -
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http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/oct/19/madagascar-plague-death-toll-reaches-74 -
WFP Madagascar Country Brief
https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000125015/download/?_ga=2.216094418.577338328.1616525997-700118633.1616525997 -
UN News
https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1103712 -
Euronews
https://www.euronews.com/green/2022/03/20/how-climate-change-is-turning-once-green-madagascar-into-a-desert -
Ralibera (1993), p. 196
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UNESCO
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000404/040436Fb.pdf -
Canadian Journal of African Studies
https://doi.org/10.2307%2F485627 -
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https://www.webcitation.org/65MknBr6d?url=http://www.povertyactionlab.org/publication/managing-results-primary-education-madagascar-evaluating-impact-selected-workflow-interventions -
Curriculum de formation des élèves-maîtres
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Middleton (1999), pp. 259–262, 272, 309
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Ames (2003), p. 101
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African Music
https://doi.org/10.21504%2Famj.v6i2.1118 -
American Anthropologist
https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.2000.102.1.98 -
Acquier (1997), pp. 143–175
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Kusimba, Odland & Bronson (2004), p. 12
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Bradt (2011), p. 312
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The International Journal of African Historical Studies
https://doi.org/10.2307%2F219188 -
Fox (1990), p. 39
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Journal Express
http://www.madatana.com/article-origine-confuse-des-vazimba-du-betsiriry.php -
"Ibonia: the text in 17 sections"
https://web.archive.org/web/20110605051817/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~Public/Ibonia/text.html -
Rabearivelo (2007), p. x
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Auzias & Labourdette (2007), p. 142
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Randrianary (2001), pp. 109–137
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Music In Africa
https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/classical-music-madagascar -
Heale & Abdul Latif (2008), pp. 108–111
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"Woodcrafting Knowledge of the Zafimaniry"
http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/00080 -
theartnewspaper.com
https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/05/04/is-antananarivo-the-capital-of-madagascar-africas-new-art-capital -
L'Express de Madagascar
https://web.archive.org/web/20130509031614/http://www.lexpressmada.com/4376/hosotra-2009-madagascar/284-des-nouveaux-talents-mis-en-relief.html -
Ratsimbazafy (2010), pp. 14–18
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Kusimba, Odland & Bronson (2004), p. 87
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"Antananarivo: Histoire de la commune"
https://web.archive.org/web/20100223014034/http://www.iarivo-town.mg/histoire.php -
"Madagascar take Sevens honours"
https://web.archive.org/web/20121024222252/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/regional/newsid=53025.html -
"Madagascar won the World Championship"
https://web.archive.org/web/20110317032530/http://www.petanque.org/news/admin/61.shtml -
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https://web.archive.org/web/20120508035838/http://www.scout.org/en/content/download/22261/199900/file/Census.pdf -
2011 FIBA Africa Championship Archived 28 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, FIBA.com, Retrieved 26 October 2015.
http://madagascar2011.fiba.com/ -
2009 FIBA Africa Championship for Women Archived 8 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, FIBA.com, Retrieved 26 October
https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/6996/_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Championship_for_Women/index.html -
2014 FIBA Africa Under-18 Championship Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, FIBA.com, Retrieved 26 October 20
http://u18madagascar2014.fibaafrica.com/ -
2013 FIBA Africa Under-16 Championship Archived 21 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, FIBA.com, Retrieved 26 October 2
https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/AFMCM/sid/9678/_/2013_FIBA_Africa_U16_Championship_for_Men/index.html -
2015 FIBA Africa Under-16 Championship for Women Archived 30 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, FIBA.com, Retrieved 26
https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/11791/_/2015_FIBA_Africa_U16_Championship_for_Women/index.html -
FIBA 3x3
https://play.fiba3x3.com/embed/events/ac0e7b5d-a02c-4e07-a714-ca20914b73b7/schedule -
Brasseries Star
https://web.archive.org/web/20150605195142/http://www.brasseries-star.com/produits/bieres/thb-pilsener -
"THB, star de la bière à Madagascar"
https://www.afrik.com/thb-star-de-la-biere-a-madagascar
