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Lynching in the United States

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Lynching in the United States

Lynching was the occurrence of extrajudicial killings that began in the United States' pre–Civil War South in the 1830s, slowed during the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, and continued until 1981. Although the victims of lynchings were members of various ethnicities, after roughly 4 million enslaved African Americans were emancipated, they became the primary targets of white Southerners. Lynchings in the U.S. reached their height from the 1890s to the 1920s, and they primarily victimized ethnic minorities. Most of the lynchings occurred in the American South, as the majority of African Americans lived there, but racially motivated lynchings also occurred in the Midwest and the border states of the Southwest, where Mexicans were often the victims of lynchings. In 1891, the largest single mass lynching (11) in American history was perpetrated in New Orleans against Italian immigrants. Lynchings followed African Americans with the Great Migration (c. 1916–1970) out of the American South, and were often perpetrated to enforce white supremacy and intimidate ethnic minorities along with other acts of racial terrorism. A significant number of lynching victims were accused of murder or attempted murder. Rape, attempted rape, or other forms of sexual assault were the second most common accusation; these accusations were often used as a pretext for lynching African Americans who were accused of violating Jim Crow era etiquette or engaged in economic competition with Whites. One study found that there were "4,467 total victims of lynching from 1883 to 1941. Of these victims, 4,027 were men, 99 were women, and 341 were of unidentified gender (although likely male); 3,265 were Black, 1,082 were white, 71 were Mexican or of Mexican descent, 38 were American Indian, 10 were Chinese, and 1 was Japanese." A common perception of lynchings in the U.S. is that they were only hangings, due to the public visibility of the location, which made it easier for photographers to photograph the victims. Some lynchings were professionally photographed and then the photos were sold as postcards, which became popular souvenirs in parts of the United States. Lynching victims were also killed in a variety of other ways: being shot, burned alive, thrown off a bridge, dragged behind a car, etc. Occasionally, the body parts of the victims were removed and sold as souvenirs. Lynchings were not always fatal; "mock" lynchings, which involved putting a rope around the neck of someone who was suspected of concealing information, was sometimes used to compel people to make "confessions". Lynch mobs varied in size from just a few to thousands. Lynching steadily increased after the Civil War, peaking in 1892. Lynchings remained common into the early 1900s, accelerating with the emergence of the Second Ku Klux Klan. Lynchings declined considerably by the time of the Great Depression. The 1955 lynching of Emmett Till, a 14-year-old African-American boy, galvanized the civil rights movement and marked the last classical lynching (as recorded by the Tuskegee Institute). The overwhelming majority of lynching perpetrators never faced justice. White supremacy and all-white juries ensured that perpetrators, even if tried, would not be convicted. Campaigns against lynching gained momentum in the early 20th century, championed by groups such as the NAACP. Some 200 anti-lynching bills were introduced in Congress between the end of the Civil War and the Civil Rights movement, but none passed. In 2022, 67 years after Emmett Till's killing and the end of the lynching era, the United States Congress passed anti-lynching legislation in the form of the Emmett Till Antilynching Act.

Tables

Table 3.8: Black victims of lynchings per 100,000 blacks, by state, 1882-1930 (from A festival of violence : an analysis of Southern lynchings, 1882-1930 by Tolnay & Beck, 1995, pg. 38) · Lynching as a means to maintain white supremacy › Statistics
Mississippi
Mississippi
State
Mississippi
No. of victims per 100,000
52.8
Georgia
Georgia
State
Georgia
No. of victims per 100,000
41.8
Louisiana
Louisiana
State
Louisiana
No. of victims per 100,000
43.7
Alabama
Alabama
State
Alabama
No. of victims per 100,000
32.4
South Carolina
South Carolina
State
South Carolina
No. of victims per 100,000
18.8
Florida
Florida
State
Florida
No. of victims per 100,000
79.8
Tennessee
Tennessee
State
Tennessee
No. of victims per 100,000
38.4
Arkansas
Arkansas
State
Arkansas
No. of victims per 100,000
42.6
Kentucky
Kentucky
State
Kentucky
No. of victims per 100,000
45.7
North Carolina
North Carolina
State
North Carolina
No. of victims per 100,000
11.0
State
No. of victims per 100,000
Mississippi
52.8
Georgia
41.8
Louisiana
43.7
Alabama
32.4
South Carolina
18.8
Florida
79.8
Tennessee
38.4
Arkansas
42.6
Kentucky
45.7
North Carolina
11.0
Cause of Lynchings per Tuskegee Institute[26] · Lynching as a means to maintain white supremacy › Statistics
Murder
Murder
Cause of Lynching
Murder
Percentage of victims
38%
Rape
Rape
Cause of Lynching
Rape
Percentage of victims
16%
Attempted rape
Attempted rape
Cause of Lynching
Attempted rape
Percentage of victims
7%
Felonious assault
Felonious assault
Cause of Lynching
Felonious assault
Percentage of victims
6%
Theft
Theft
Cause of Lynching
Theft
Percentage of victims
7%
Insult to white person
Insult to white person
Cause of Lynching
Insult to white person
Percentage of victims
2%
Miscellaneous/no offence
Miscellaneous/no offence
Cause of Lynching
Miscellaneous/no offence
Percentage of victims
24%
Cause of Lynching
Percentage of victims
Murder
38%
Rape
16%
Attempted rape
7%
Felonious assault
6%
Theft
7%
Insult to white person
2%
Miscellaneous/no offence
24%

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