Topzle Topzle

Luxembourg

Updated: Wikipedia source

Luxembourg

Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France on the south. Its capital and most populous city, Luxembourg City, is one of the four institutional seats of the European Union and hosts several EU institutions, notably the Court of Justice of the European Union, the highest judicial authority in the EU. As part of the Low Countries, Luxembourg has close historic, political, and cultural ties to Belgium and the Netherlands. Luxembourg's culture, people, and languages are greatly influenced by France and Germany: Luxembourgish, a Germanic language, is the only recognized national language of the Luxembourgish people and of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; French is the sole language for legislation; and both languages along with German are used for administrative matters. With an area of 2,586 square kilometres (998 sq mi), Luxembourg is Europe's seventh-smallest country. In 2025, it had a population of 681,973, which makes it one of the least-populated countries in Europe, albeit with the highest population growth rate; foreign nationals account for almost half the population. Luxembourg is a representative democracy headed by a constitutional monarch, Grand Duke Guillaume, making it the world's only remaining sovereign grand duchy. The County of Luxembourg was established in the 11th century as a state within the Holy Roman Empire. Its ascension culminated in its monarch, Henry VII, becoming the Holy Roman Emperor in the 14th century. Luxembourg came under Habsburg rule in the 15th century, and was annexed by France in the 18th century. Luxembourg was partitioned three times, reducing its size. Having been restored in 1815 after the defeat of Napoleon, it regained independence in 1867 after the Luxembourg Crisis. Luxembourg is a developed country with an advanced economy and one of the world's highest PPP-adjusted GDPs per capita, per the IMF and World Bank. It also ranks highly in terms of life expectancy, human development, and human rights. The historic city of Luxembourg was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of its vast fortifications and historic quarters. Luxembourg is a founding member of the European Union, OECD, the United Nations, NATO, and the Benelux. It served on the United Nations Security Council for the first time in 2013 and 2014.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Luxembourg 49°36′38″N 6°07′58″E / 49.6106°N 6.1328°E / 49.6106; 6.1328
Official languages
National language:Luxembourgish Administrative languages:.mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li LuxembourgishGermanFrench
Nationality (2025)
53% Luxembourgers13.2% Portuguesee7.2% Frenche3.7% Italianse23% othere
Religion (2021)
mw- li 53% Christianity 46% Catholicism 7% other Christian 38% no religion9% other
Demonyms
LuxembourgerLuxembourgish
Government
Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
• Grand Duke
Guillaume V
• Prime Minister
Luc Frieden
Legislature
Chamber of Deputies
• From the French Empire and elevation to Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
9 June 1815
• Independence in personal Union with the Netherlands (Treaty of London)
19 April 1839
• End of personal union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands
23 November 1890
• Occupation during World War I by the German Empire
1 August 1914
• Liberation from the Greater German Reich
1944/1945
• Total
$96.993 billion (73rd)
• Water (%)
0.23 (2015)
• January 2025 estimate
681,973 (163rd)
• 2021 census
643,941
• Density
264/km2 (683.8/sq mi) (53rd)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$141,079 (1st)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2023)
30.6 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.922very high (25th)
Currency
Euro (€) (EUR)
Time zone
UTC 1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC 2 (CEST)
Calling code
352
ISO 3166 code
LU
Internet TLD
lub

Tables

Largest groups of immigrants (2025)[186] · Demographics › Ethnicity
Portugal (89,671) France (49,185) Italy (25,374) Belgium (18,582) Germany (12,288) Spain (9,917) Romania (6,898) Ukraine (5,597) India (5,474) Poland (5,150)
· Demographics › Language
Absolute
Absolute
Main language
Absolute
2021 census
%
2021 census
Absolute
2011 census
%
Luxembourgish
Luxembourgish
Main language
Luxembourgish
2021 census
275,361
2021 census
48.9%
2011 census
265,731
2011 census
55.8%
Portuguese
Portuguese
Main language
Portuguese
2021 census
86,598
2021 census
15.4%
2011 census
74,636
2011 census
15.7%
French
French
Main language
French
2021 census
83,802
2021 census
14.9%
2011 census
57,633
2011 census
12.1%
English
English
Main language
English
2021 census
20,316
2021 census
3.6%
2011 census
10,018
2011 census
2.1%
Italian
Italian
Main language
Italian
2021 census
20,021
2021 census
3.6%
2011 census
13,896
2011 census
2.9%
German
German
Main language
German
2021 census
16,412
2021 census
2.9%
2011 census
14,658
2011 census
3.1%
Other languages
Other languages
Main language
Other languages
2021 census
60,582
2021 census
10.8%
2011 census
40,042
2011 census
8.4%
Total
Total
Main language
Total
2021 census
563.092
2021 census
100%
2011 census
476,614
2011 census
100%
Main language
2021 census
2011 census
Absolute
%
Absolute
%
Luxembourgish
275,361
48.9%
265,731
55.8%
Portuguese
86,598
15.4%
74,636
15.7%
French
83,802
14.9%
57,633
12.1%
English
20,316
3.6%
10,018
2.1%
Italian
20,021
3.6%
13,896
2.9%
German
16,412
2.9%
14,658
3.1%
Other languages
60,582
10.8%
40,042
8.4%
Total
563.092
100%
476,614
100%

References

  1. /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ ⓘ LUK-səm-burg; Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg [ˈlətsəbu̯əɕ] ⓘ; German: Luxemburg [ˈlʊksm̩bʊʁk] ⓘ; French: Lux
  2. Luxembourgish: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg [ˈɡʀəʊ̯sˌhɛχtsoːχtum ˈlətsəbu̯əɕ]; French: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg [ɡʁɑ̃ dyʃ
  3. Together with Brussels, Frankfurt, and Strasbourg.
  4. "The World Factbook"
    https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/luxembourg/
  5. "Special Eurobarometer 516 : European citizens' knowledge and attitudes towards science and technology"
    https://data.europa.eu/data/datasets/s2237_95_2_516_eng?locale=en
  6. "Surface water and surface water change"
    https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER
  7. statistiques.public.lu
    https://statistiques.public.lu/dam-assets/actualite/2025/stn16-pop-25/stn16-2025-population-2025.pdf
  8. Statistiques – Luxembourg
    https://statistiques.public.lu/fr/recensement/evolution-de-la-population.html
  9. imf.org
    https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=137,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1
  10. ec.europa.eu
    https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en
  11. "Human Development Report 2023/2024"
    https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/LUX
  12. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
    https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Luxembourg
  13. www.cia.gov
    https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/luxembourg/
  14. Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l'Europe
    https://web.archive.org/web/20191013095409/https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/decision_of_the_representatives_of_the_governments_of_the_member_states_on_the_location_of_the_seats_of_the_institutions_12_december_1992-en-c57a4cd5-71e9-4447-b126-912081822a50.html
  15. Encyclopedia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/place/Luxembourg-capital
  16. legilux.public.lu
    https://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/1984/02/24/n1/jo
  17. Constitution du Grand Duché de Luxembourg
  18. "Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table"
    http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1
  19. The World Factbook
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160527070418/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//rankorder/2002rank.html
  20. The Wall Street Journal
  21. rainbow-europe.org
    https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking
  22. "Human Development Report 2021/2022"
    https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf
  23. World Heritage List
    https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/699
  24. Encyclopedia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-Union
  25. Timeline: Luxembourg – A chronology of key events BBC News Online, 9 September 2006. Retrieved 8 October 2006.
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17548474
  26. Encyclopedia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/place/Luxembourg
  27. Luxemburger Wort
    https://web.archive.org/web/20171010154549/https://www.wort.lu/en/politics/un-asselborn-s-final-security-council-meeting-54943bcb0c88b46a8ce49a8d
  28. Early Christian and Byzantine art
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4774770
  29. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p. 9
  30. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 1988 (2013)p. 16
  31. -: Mosaïque de Vichten, -: – -
    https://collections.mnha.lu/object/mnha00110/1/LOG_0000/
  32. Histoire du Luxembourg: le destin européen d'un petit pays
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52386195
  33. www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
    https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/europe/francique-map.htm
  34. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p. 23
  35. Willibrordus Basilika Echternach
    https://basilika.lu/en/
  36. Catholic Answers
    https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/abbey-of-echternach
  37. bnl.public.lu
    https://bnl.public.lu/en/a-la-une/a-la-loupe/2024/scriptorium-echternach.html
  38. The Emperor's Bible". Uppsala University Library. Retrieved 17 October 2020
  39. Geschichte Luxemburgs
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/724990605
  40. "The Emperor's Bible"
    https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/attachment/document/alvin-record%3A56059/ATTACHMENT-0328.pdf
  41. "Luxembourg's Origins"
    https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/history/fondation-du-luxembourg.html
  42. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p. 26
  43. Kreins (2003), p. 20
  44. About... The History of Luxembourg
    https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/publications/ap-histoire.html
  45. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p. 28
  46. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.33-34
  47. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.35
  48. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.37
  49. Margue, Paul (1974). Luxemburg in Mittelalter und Neuzeit. Editions Bourg-Bourger.
  50. Gilbert Trausch, Le Luxembourg, émergence d'un état et d'une nation 2007 p. 93 Edition Schortgen
  51. Luxembourg.lu
    https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/history/helm-holy-roman-empire.html
  52. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p. 41
  53. Kreins (2003), p. 39
  54. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p. 44
  55. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.53
  56. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.57
  57. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.58
  58. "Dark Luxembourg: The French massacre of Differdange"
    https://today.rtl.lu/luxembourg-insider/history/a/1715144.html
  59. "LUXEMBOURG – 17 mai 1794 – MASSACRE DE DUDELANGE – l'HORRIBLE FIN DE PIERRE GAASCH, GARDE-FORESTIER ... – la Maraîchine Normande"
    http://shenandoahdavis.canalblog.com/archives/2016/03/24/33560312.html
  60. Kreins (2003), p.64
  61. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.65
  62. Kreins (2003), p. 66
  63. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.67
  64. Johan Christiaan Boogman: Nederland en de Duitse Bond 1815–1851. Diss. Utrecht, J. B. Wolters, Groningen / Djakarta 1955
  65. www.britannica.com
    https://www.britannica.com/place/Luxembourg/History
  66. Michel Pauly Die Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p. 68
  67. Les gouvernements du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg depuis 1848
    https://sip.gouvernement.lu/dam-assets/publications/brochure-livre/minist-etat/sip/livre/gouvernements_depuis_1848_-_version_2011/Gouvernements_depuis_1848-version_2011.pdf
  68. "LUXEMBURG Geschiedenis"
    http://www.landenweb.net/luxemburg/geschiedenis/
  69. "The World Factbook"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130227190053/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2088.html
  70. Kreins (2003), p. 76
  71. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
    https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.1041
  72. Kreins (2003), pp. 80–81
  73. Maartje Abbenhuis, An Age of Neutrals: Great Power Politics, 1815–1914. Cambridge University Press (2014) ISBN 978-1-107
  74. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.75
  75. Kreins (2003), p. 84
  76. Luxembourg.lu
    https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/history/premire-guerre-mondiale.html
  77. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.83
  78. About... The History of Luxembourg
    https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/publications/ap-histoire.html
  79. Luxembourg.lu
    https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/history/gelle-fra.html
  80. Les gouvernements du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg depuis 1848
    https://sip.gouvernement.lu/dam-assets/publications/brochure-livre/minist-etat/sip/livre/gouvernements_depuis_1848_-_version_2011/Gouvernements_depuis_1848-version_2011.pdf
  81. Kreins (2003), p. 89.
  82. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.84
  83. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.85
  84. Dostert et al. (2002), p. 21
  85. hal.univ-lorraine.fr
    https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/tel-02887753/document
  86. Judgment of the International Military Tribunal For The Trial of German Major War Criminals
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020203/http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi?imt%2Ftgmwc%2Fjudgment%2Fj-invasion-belgium
  87. Zug der Erinnerung
    http://www.zug-der-erinnerung.eu/dostert.html
  88. Luxembourg.lu
    https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/history/second-world-war.html
  89. Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.102
  90. "Luxembourg - Enzyklopädie: Völkermord Sinti und Roma"
    https://encyclopaedia-gsr.eu/lemma/luxembourg-en-1-0/?oes-language-switch=language1
  91. NATO
    https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_162355.htm
  92. "D'Koreaner aus dem Lëtzebuerger Land (Koreans from Luxembourg)"
    https://korea.mnhm.net/index.php/en/
  93. "ISAF (International Security and Assistance Force)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210427023157/https://www.armee.lu/historique/l-armee-de-nos-jours/la-contribution-otan/isaf-international-security-and-assistance-force
  94. Luxembourg.lu
    https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/history/steel-industry-luxembourg.html
  95. Atoz.lu
    https://www.taxand.com/our-thinking/news/luxembourg-parliament-adopts-law-modernising-investment-tax-credit-regime/
  96. legilux.public.lu
    https://www.atoz.lu/media/Luxembourg-Parliament-adopts-law-modernising-investment-tax-credit-regime-2024#:~:text=On%2019%20December%202023%2C%20the,as%20from%20tax%20year%202024.
  97. taxand.com
    https://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2023/12/22/a836/jo
  98. WorldAtlas
    https://www.worldatlas.com/eu/lu/where-is-luxembourg.html
  99. "Mountains in Luxembourg"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070610225858/http://www.statistiques.public.lu/fr/publications/horizontales/recueil_communes/recueil_pdf.pdf
  100. yale.edu
    https://archive.today/20120505092852/http://epi.yale.edu/epi2012/rankings
  101. ATLAS & BOOTS
    https://www.atlasandboots.com/greenest-country-in-the-world/
  102. Newyork-cg.mae.lu
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170629114053/http://newyork-cg.mae.lu/en/News/Luxembourg-City-in-the-top-10-of-the-most-livable-cities
  103. Delano
    https://delano.lu/d/detail/news/lux-must-redouble-its-efforts-meet-climate-targets-oecd/212398#:~:text=Luxembourg%20plans%20to%20cut%20carbon,fold%20increase%20of%20organic%20farming.
  104. Nature Communications
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057
  105. Environmental Performance Index
    https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI
  106. "Luxembourg"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000326/http://www.stadtklima.de/webklima/CITIES/Europe/Lx/luxembourg/luxembourg.htm
  107. www.eiu.com
    https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=DemocracyIndex2016
  108. Gouvernement.lu
    https://gouvernement.lu/en/systeme-politique/gouvernement.html
  109. Legilux.lu
    https://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/constitution/1868/10/17/n1/jo
  110. Legilux
    http://data.legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/constitution/1868/10/17/n1
  111. "Constitution of Luxembourg"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080216021501/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/textescoordonnes/recueils/constitution_droits_de_lhomme/CONST1.pdf
  112. conseil-etat.public.lu
    https://conseil-etat.public.lu/dam-assets/fr/actualites/2018/porteouverte/francais.pdf
  113. www.idea.int
    https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/luxembourg
  114. www.idea.int
    https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/gsod-indices
  115. www.idea.int
    https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/
  116. "Luxembourg's territory"
    https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/territoire-et-climat/territoire.html
  117. Encyclopedia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/place/Luxembourg
  118. The Ethics of Foreign Policy
    https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315616179-19
  119. luxembourg.public.lu
    http://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/international-openness/eu-institutions.html
  120. EFTA Court homepage Archived 3 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 3 February 2023.
    https://eftacourt.int/the-court
  121. www.armee.lu
    http://www.armee.lu/
  122. "Luxembourg"
    http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/lux/luxaf1.htm
  123. "No. 58216 Luxembourg and Belgium"
    https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/No%20Volume/58216/Part/I-58216-0800000280648423.pdf
  124. "Luxembourg Army History"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100702110138/http://www.mnhm.lu/pageshtml/luxembourgarmy.php
  125. "The Global Innovation Index 2012"
    http://www.globalinnovationindex.org/gii/main/fullreport/files/Global%20Innovation%20Index%202012.pdf
  126. "Statistics Portal // Luxembourg – Home"
    http://www.statistiques.public.lu/en/index.html
  127. Data refer mostly to the year 2011. World Economic Outlook Database-April 2012 Archived 26 October 2012 at the Wayback M
    http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=40&pr.y=9&sy=2011&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C869%2C436%2C746%2C136%2C926%2C343%2C466%2C158%2C112%2C439%2C111%2C916%2C298%2C664%2C927%2C826%2C846%2C542%2C299%2C967%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=
  128. Uniwide
    https://www.uniwide.com/articles/top-50-richest-countries-in-the-world/
  129. ec.europa.eu/eurostat
    https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tec00114&plugin=1
  130. "2011 Index of Economic Freedom"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130629215405/http://www.heritage.org/index/
  131. "World Life Quality Index 2005"
    http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf
  132. WIPO
    https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/luxembourg
  133. Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads
    https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html
  134. Eurostat
    https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Archive:Agricultural_census_in_Luxembourg&oldid=379557
  135. Trade and Invest
    https://www.tradeandinvest.lu/discover-why-luxembourg/invest-luxembourg/gateway-to-the-european-market
  136. "Major foreign holders of treasury securities"
    http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/tic/Documents/mfh.txt
  137. "What are the problems of geographic attribution for securities holdings and transactions in the TIC system?"
    http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/faqs/Treasury-International-Capital/Pages/tic-faqs.aspx
  138. countryeconomy.com
    https://countryeconomy.com/national-debt/luxembourg
  139. Le Monde
    https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2021/02/17/le-miracle-de-la-croissance-luxembourgeoise-a-un-nom-celui-de-frontalier_6070223_3232.html
  140. "Luxembourg makes progress in OECD standards on tax information exchange"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150315010302/http://www.oecd.org/ctp/exchange-of-tax-information/luxembourgmakesprogressinoecdstandardsontaxinformationexchange.htm
  141. "A progress report on the jurisdictions surveyed by the OECD Global Forum"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195439/http://www.fidomes.com/newsletter/Report-OECD.pdf
  142. Telegraph
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/7442188/Kim-Jong-il-keeps-4bn-emergency-fund-in-European-banks.html
  143. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/apr/04/amazon-fulfilment-less-tax-uk-activities
  144. "Embargo 4 October 0.01 AM Central European Times"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150404031914/http://www.financialsecrecyindex.com/Archive2011/FSI-2011/FSI-Rankings.pdf
  145. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/nov/05/-sp-luxembourg-tax-files-tax-avoidance-industrial-scale
  146. travaux.public.lu
    http://travaux.public.lu/fr/statistiques/longueur-reseau-routier.html
  147. Luxembourg Airport
    https://www.lux-airport.lu/corporate/the-company/our-story/
  148. International Railway Journal
    https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/light-rail/trams-return-to-luxembourg-city-centre/
  149. transports.public.lu
    https://web.archive.org/web/20250408034300/https://transports.public.lu/fr/publications/strategie/pnm-2035-brochure/pnm-2035-brochure-en.html
  150. "List of countries by vehicles per capita"
    https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=road_eqs_carhab&lang=en
  151. The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/luxembourg-free-travel-train-bus-tram-public-transport-rail-fares-ticket-a9366226.html
  152. RTL Today
    https://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/2301309.html
  153. "Legilux – Réseaux et services de communications électroniques"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160913181241/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2011/0043/2011A0610A.html
  154. "Institut Luxembourgeois de Régulation – Communications électroniques"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150321091649/http://www.ilr.public.lu/communications_electroniques/index.html
  155. "Service des médias et des communications (SMC) – gouvernement.lu // L'actualité du gouvernement du Luxembourg"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140820165423/http://www.mediacom.public.lu/institutions/Institutions_nationales/smc/20100309_ngn/index.html
  156. "Study on broadband coverage 2011. Retrieved on 25 January 2013"
    http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/cf/dae/document.cfm?action=display&doc_id=1102
  157. "Household Download Index. Retrieved on 9 April 2013"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150529015231/http://www.netindex.com/
  158. "Eurohub Luxembourg – putting Europe at your fingertips"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20081119195535/http://www.bed.public.lu/publications/eurohub.pdf
  159. "Why Luxembourg? – AMCHAM"
    https://www.amcham.lu/publications/why-luxembourg/
  160. "Financial express special issue on Luxembourg"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120330145935/http://newdelhi.mae.lu/en/content/download/23985/164837/file/Financial%20Express%20special%20issue%20on%20Luxembourg.pdf
  161. "Press Release: New ITU report shows global uptake of ICTs increasing, prices falling"
    http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2010/08.html
  162. "Luxembourg ranks on the top in the ITU ICT survey"
    http://www.bed.public.lu/key_sectors/ecommerce_and_media/itu_ict_survey/index.html
  163. "Global Broadband Quality Study"
    http://www.socsci.ox.ac.uk/news_archive/archived/global_broadband_quality_improves_but_uk_is_lagging
  164. Said Business School, University of Oxford
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110112151228/http://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/newsandevents/Documents/BQS%202009%20final.pdf
  165. "ams-ix.net"
    https://www.ams-ix.net/
  166. "de-cix.net"
    http://www.de-cix.net/
  167. "linx.net"
    https://www.linx.net/
  168. "ICT Business Environment in Luxembourg"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090625071530/http://www.luxembourgforict.lu/en/it-business-environment/infrastructure/index.html
  169. "ICT And E-Business – Be Global from Luxembourg"
    https://www.nasscom.in/upload/GTD/Luxembourg_for_ICT.pdf
  170. "PricewaterhouseCoopers Invest in Luxembourg"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110512013304/http://www.pwc.com/lu/en/invest-in-luxembourg/publications.jhtml
  171. "Why Luxembourg? A highly strategic position in the heart of Europe"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110511150549/http://www.teralink.lu/Why-Luxembourg
  172. "ITU-T ICT Statistics: Luxembourg"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160705061802/http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/icteye/DisplayCountry.aspx?code=LUX
  173. "Telx Partners with German Hub Provider ancotel to Provide Virtual Connections between U.S. and Europe"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195440/http://www.telx.com/enewsletter/content1/telx_ancotel.pdf
  174. "Globale Rechenzentren | Colocation mit niedrigen Latenzen für Finanzunternehmen, CDNs, Enterprises & Cloud-Netzwerke bei Equinix"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110315073747/http://www.ancotel.de/cms/front_content.php
  175. "Ancotel – Telecommunication Operator References"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070207102029/http://www.ancotel.de/cms/front_content.php?idcat=16
  176. "Networks Accessible in Frankfurt via the VMMR Solution offered by Telx/ancotel"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195444/http://www.telx.com/enewsletter/content6/ancote_carriers_609.pdf
  177. Financial Times
    https://www.ft.com/content/0e42aaaa-3587-11e7-99bd-13beb0903fa3
  178. "European Datacentres: Luxembourg"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140708194621/http://ict.investinluxembourg.lu/ict/cb-richard-ellis-luxembourg-data-centres
  179. "Luxembourg as a Centre for Online and ICT Business (pdf)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130925104703/http://www.mediacom.public.lu/institutions/Institutions_nationales/smc/20100309_ngn/IDC_20White_20Paper_20-_20Luxembourg_20as_20a_20center_20for_20online_20and_20ICT_20business.pdf
  180. Trade and Invest
    https://www.tradeandinvest.lu/
  181. "ebrc Datacenter Facilities"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131021071852/http://www.ebrc.lu/about-ebrc/datacenter-luxembourg-facilities.html
  182. "LuxConnect ICT campus Bettembourg DC 1.1"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150501002548/http://www.luxconnect.lu/data-center-co-location-services/ict-campus-bettembourg-dc-11
  183. "LuxConnect ICT campus Bissen/Roost DC 2"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150307215731/http://www.luxconnect.lu/data-center-co-location-services/ict-campus-bissenroost-dc-2
  184. "Uptime Tier Certification"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150506081911/http://uptimeinstitute.com/TierCertification/allCertifications.php?page=1&ipp=All&clientId=85&countryName=&tierLevel=
  185. "New data center study: Luxembourg in pole position"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150504125848/http://ict.investinluxembourg.lu/ict/new-data-center-study-luxembourg-pole-position
  186. Soluxions magazine
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130915050127/http://www.soluxions-magazine.com/Luxembourg-en-pole-position_a2384.html
  187. IEA
    https://www.iea.org/countries/luxembourg
  188. statistiques.public.lu
    https://statistiques.public.lu/dam-assets/fr/donnees-autres-formats/population-et-emploi/etat-de-la-population/FR-population-commune.pdf
  189. LUSTAT Data Explorer
    https://lustat.statec.lu/vis?fs%5B0%5D=Th%C3%A8mes%2C1%7CPopulation%20et%20emploi%23B%23%7CEtat%20de%20la%20population%23B1%23&pg=0&fc=Th%C3%A8mes&df%5Bds%5D=ds-release&df%5Bid%5D=DF_B1113&df%5Bag%5D=LU1&df%5Bvs%5D=1.2&pd=2015%2C2025&dq=.A
  190. "Luxembourg Presidency – Being a Luxembourger"
    http://www.eu2005.lu/en/savoir_lux/societe_tradition/lux_type/index.php
  191. "Population par sexe et par nationalité (x 1 000) 1981, 1991, 2001–2013"
    http://www.statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=384&IF_Language=fra&MainTheme=2&FldrName=1
  192. "The Regularisation of Unauthorised Migrants: Literature Survey and Country Case Studies – Regularisation programmes in Luxembourg"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20050430134727/http://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/publications/papers/Country%20Case%20Luxembourg.pdf
  193. "Origins of Luxembourgish (in French)"
    http://www.sprooch.com/sproochbe/conferences/conference1/Les%20origines%20et%20l%27histoire%20de%20la%20langue%20luxembourgeoise.doc
  194. "Parlement européen – Lëtzebuergesch léieren (FR)"
    http://www.europarl.europa.eu/language/apprendrelu_fr.htm
  195. Acquisition and loss of nationality: policies and trends in 15 European states. Volume 2, Country analyses
    https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/83814b06-2b96-4c32-b8d5-670a28f6bc60/340146.pdf
  196. statistiques.public.lu
    https://statistiques.public.lu/fr/recensement/diversite-linguistique.html#video
  197. luxembourg.public.lu
    http://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/languages/languages-spoken-luxembourg.html
  198. Guy Kaiser Online
    https://guykaiser.lu/dletzebuergescht-bald-eng-langue-morte/
  199. "Informations statistiques récentes STATEC"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210920133822/https://statistiques.public.lu/fr/actualites/population/population/2013/04/20130418/20130418.pdf
  200. Les langues dans les offres d'emploi au Luxembourg (1984–2014), Université du Luxembourg, IPSE Identités, Politiques, So
  201. "À propos des langues"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130927052425/http://www.eu2005.lu/fr/savoir_lux/lux_publications/a_propos_langues/a_propos_langues.pdf
  202. Optilingua Europe
    https://www.alphatrad.com/news/portuguese-in-luxembourg
  203. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft
    https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzfs-2012-0004
  204. MOIEN.LU
    https://web.archive.org/web/20211016173831/https://www.moien.lu/letzebuergesch-gett-verdrangt/
  205. Tages-Anzeiger
    https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ausland/europa/katar-auf-europaeisch/story/12415559
  206. "D'Wort article (German)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080522103349/http://www.wort.lu/articles/5957651.html
  207. "Mémorial A, 1979, No. 29"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060822072540/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1979/0291104/0291104.pdf#page=2
  208. Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005 Archived 24 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine – page 11
    http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf
  209. "The Trilingual Education system in Luxembourg"
    http://www.unavarra.es/tel2l/eng/luxembourg.htm
  210. "Parlement européen – Lëtzebuergesch léieren (FR)"
    http://www.europarl.europa.eu/language/apprendrelu_fr.htm
  211. legilux.public.lu
    http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/adm/amin/2017/08/29/b2648/jo
  212. www.luxembourg.public.lu
    https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/work-and-study/studying-in-luxembourg/universities.html
  213. www.units.miamioh.edu
    http://www.units.miamioh.edu/luxembourg/
  214. www.euro.who.int
    https://web.archive.org/web/20171106153330/http://www.euro.who.int/en/countries/luxembourg/data-and-statistics
  215. stats.oecd.org
    http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SHA
  216. Health Management EuroStat
    https://healthmanagement.org/c/hospital/issuearticle/overview-of-the-healthcare-system-in-luxembourg
  217. Statista
    https://www.statista.com/statistics/1376355/health-index-of-countries-in-europe/
  218. Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Luxembourg
    http://shanghai.mae.lu/en/The-Grandy-Duchy-of-Luxembourg/Culture
  219. washington.mae.lu
    http://washington.mae.lu/en/actualites/2021/LorettaYoung.html
  220. ESCXTRA.com
    https://escxtra.com/2020/07/30/luxembourg-eurovision-2021/
  221. eurovision.tv
    https://eurovision.tv/story/luxembourg-return-eurovision-2024
  222. "Luxembourg and Greater Region, European Capital of Culture 2007"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110503184358/http://www.mcesr.public.lu/presse/annee_culturelle_2007/portail_luxembourg_2007/Rapport_final_anglais.pdf
  223. "Environmental Report for Expo 2010 Shanghai China"
    http://www.sepb.gov.cn/english/downloads/Expo2010.pdf
  224. "Luxembourg pavilion at the World Expo 2010 Shanghai"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130925205712/http://www.luxembourgforbusiness.lu/sites/default/files/file/Programme%20Luxembourg%20Commercial%20Week%20at%20Expo%202010.pdf
  225. Shanghai Daily
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111016173632/http://www.2010shanghai.eu/images/stories/eu-pavilions/luxembourg-pavilion/luxembourg.pdf
  226. Wort.lu
    http://www.wort.lu/
  227. "TNS ILRES – Home"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150320053118/https://www.tns-ilres.com/cms/Home
  228. Bloomberg Markets
    https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/SESG:FP
  229. "Luxembourg, a film country"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100421235925/http://www.eu2005.lu/en/savoir_lux/culture/pays_cine/index.php
  230. "Film Fund Luxembourg"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150119225619/http://en.filmfund.lu/the-film-fund/mission/index.php
  231. "Luxembourgish Film Production Companies"
    http://www.cna.public.lu/film/infos-pratiques/index-professionnels/societes-production-studios/index.html
  232. The Hollywood Reporter
    https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscar-winners-2014-full-list-results-86th-academy-awards-kodak-theater-684748/
  233. luxembourg.public.lu
    https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/population/emigration-immigration.html
  234. Expat Life in Thailand
    https://expatlifeinthailand.com/the-grand-duchy-of-luxembourg-a-culinary-story%EF%BF%BC/
  235. "World/Global Alcohol/Drink Consumption 2009"
    http://www.finfacts.ie/Private/bestprice/alcoholdrinkconsumptionpriceseurope.htm
  236. sante.gouv.fr
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120112184246/https://www.sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/esp2007-obj-01.pdf
  237. "Countries with the Highest Density of Michelin-starred Restaurants"
    https://www.chefspencil.com/density-of-michelin-starred-restaurants/
  238. "Luxembourg"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20040623101906/http://www.coe.int/T/E/cultural_co-operation/Sport/Monitoring_fulfillment/Anti-Doping_Convention/4.Luxembourg.asp
  239. stadiumdb.com
    http://stadiumdb.com/stadiums/lux/stade_de_luxembourg
  240. www.coque.lu
    https://www.coque.lu/en/qui-sommes-nous/infrastructure
  241. FirstCycling.com
    https://firstcycling.com/team.php?l=37441
Image
Source:
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.