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Louis XIV

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Louis XIV

Louis XIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand [lwi lə ɡʁɑ̃]) or the Sun King (le Roi Soleil [lə ʁwa sɔlɛj]), was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any monarch in history. An emblem of the age of absolutism in Europe, Louis XIV's legacy includes French colonial expansion, the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War involving the Habsburgs, and a controlling influence on the style of fine arts and architecture in France, including the transformation of the Palace of Versailles into a center of royal power and politics. Louis XIV's pageantry and opulence helped define the French Baroque style of art and architecture and promoted his image as supreme leader of France in the early modern period. Louis XIV began his personal rule of France in 1661 after the death of his chief minister Cardinal Mazarin. A believer in the divine right of kings, Louis XIV continued Louis XIII's work of creating a centralized state governed from a capital. Louis XIV sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France by compelling many members of the nobility to reside at his lavish Palace of Versailles. In doing so, he succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, many of whom had participated in the Fronde rebellions during his minority. He consolidated a system of absolute monarchy in France that endured until the French Revolution. Louis XIV enforced uniformity of religion under the Catholic Church. His revocation of the Edict of Nantes abolished the rights of the Huguenot Protestant minority and subjected them to a wave of dragonnades, effectively forcing Huguenots to emigrate or convert, virtually destroying the French Protestant community. During Louis' long reign, France emerged as the leading European power and regularly made war. A conflict with Spain marked his entire childhood, while during his personal rule, Louis fought three major continental conflicts, each against powerful foreign alliances: the Franco-Dutch War, the Nine Years' War, and the War of the Spanish Succession. In addition, France contested shorter wars such as the War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions. Warfare defined Louis's foreign policy, impelled by his personal ambition for glory and power: "a mix of commerce, revenge, and pique". His wars strained France's resources to the utmost, while in peacetime he concentrated on preparing for the next war. He taught his diplomats that their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French military. Upon his death in 1715, Louis XIV left his great-grandson and successor, Louis XV, a powerful but war-weary kingdom, in major debt after the War of the Spanish Succession that had raged on since 1701.

Some of his other notable achievements include the construction of the 240 km (150 mi) Canal du Midi in Southern France, the patronage of artists (the playwrights Molière, Racine, the man of letters Boileau, the composer and dancer Lully, the painter Le Brun and the landscape architect Le Nôtre, all contributed to the apogee of French classicism, described during his lifetime as the "Grand Siècle", or even "the century of Louis XIV"), and the founding of the French Academy of Sciences.

Infobox

Reign
14 May 1643 – 1 September 1715
Coronation
7 June 1654Reims Cathedral
Predecessor
Louis XIII
Successor
Louis XV
Regent
Anne of Austria (1643–1651)
Chief ministers
See list Cardinal Mazarin(1643–1661) Jean-Baptiste Colbert(1661–1683) The Marquis of Louvois(1683–1691)
Born
(1638-09-05)5 September 1638Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
Died
1 September 1715(1715-09-01) (aged 76)Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France
Burial
9 September 1715Basilica of Saint-Denis
Spouses
mw- Maria Theresa of Spain (m. 1660; died 1683) Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon (private) (m. 1683)
Issuemore...
Louis, Grand Dauphin Marie Thérèse, Madame Royale Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou Louis François, Duke of Anjou Illegitimate :Marie Anne, Princess of Conti Louis, Count of Vermandois Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine Louis César, Count of Vexin Louise Françoise, Princess of Condé Louise Marie Anne, Mademoiselle de Tours Louise, Baroness of La Queue Françoise Marie, Duchess of Orléans Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse
Names
NamesLouis-Dieudonné de France
House
Bourbon
Father
Louis XIII
Mother
Anne of Austria
Religion
Catholicism

Tables

Coat of arms of Louis XIV · Arms
Notes Upon his accession to the throne Louis assumed the royal coat of arms of France & Navarre.[better source needed] Adopted 1643–1715 Crest The Royal crown of France Helm An opened gold helmet, with blue and gold mantling. Escutcheon Azure, three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) impaling Gules on a chain in cross saltire and orle Or an emerald Proper (for Navarre). Supporters The two supporters are two angels, acting as heralds for the two realms. The dexter angel carries a standard with the arms of France, and wears a tabard with the same arms. The sinister angel also carries a standard and wears a tabard, but that of Navarre. Both are standing on puffs of cloud. Motto The motto is written in gold on a blue ribbon: MONTJOIE SAINT DENIS the war cry of France, Saint Denis was also the abbey where the oriflamme was kept. Orders The escutcheons are surrounded first by the chain of the Order of Saint Michael and by the chain of the Order of the Holy Spirit, both were known as the ordres du roi. Other elements Above all is a pavilion armoyé with the Royal crown. From it, is a royal blue mantle with a semis of fleurs-de-lis Or, lined on the inside with ermine. Banner Royal standard of the king
· Family › Issue
By Maria Theresa, Infanta of Spain, Archduchess of Austria, Queen of France and of Navarre (20 September 1638 – 30 July 1683)
By Maria Theresa, Infanta of Spain, Archduchess of Austria, Queen of France and of Navarre (20 September 1638 – 30 July 1683)
Name
By Maria Theresa, Infanta of Spain, Archduchess of Austria, Queen of France and of Navarre (20 September 1638 – 30 July 1683)
Louis, le Grand Dauphin
Louis, le Grand Dauphin
Name
Louis, le Grand Dauphin
Birth
1 November 1661
Death
14 April 1711
Notes
Fils de France. Dauphin of France (1661–1711). Had issue. Father of Louis, Dauphin of France, Philip V of Spain and Charles, Duke of Berry. Grandfather of Louis XV
Anne Élisabeth
Anne Élisabeth
Name
Anne Élisabeth
Birth
18 November 1662
Death
30 December 1662
Notes
Fille de France. Died in infancy.
Marie Anne
Marie Anne
Name
Marie Anne
Birth
16 November 1664
Death
26 December 1664
Notes
Fille de France. Died in infancy.
Marie Thérèse
Marie Thérèse
Name
Marie Thérèse
Birth
2 January 1667
Death
1 March 1672
Notes
Fille de France. Known as Madame Royale and la Petite Madame. Died in childhood.
Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou
Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou
Name
Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou
Birth
5 August 1668
Death
10 July 1671
Notes
Fils de France. Died in childhood.
Louis François, Duke of Anjou
Louis François, Duke of Anjou
Name
Louis François, Duke of Anjou
Birth
14 June 1672
Death
4 November 1672
Notes
Fils de France. Died in infancy.
Name
Birth
Death
Notes
By Maria Theresa, Infanta of Spain, Archduchess of Austria, Queen of France and of Navarre (20 September 1638 – 30 July 1683)
Louis, le Grand Dauphin
1 November 1661
14 April 1711
Fils de France. Dauphin of France (1661–1711). Had issue. Father of Louis, Dauphin of France, Philip V of Spain and Charles, Duke of Berry. Grandfather of Louis XV
Anne Élisabeth
18 November 1662
30 December 1662
Fille de France. Died in infancy.
Marie Anne
16 November 1664
26 December 1664
Fille de France. Died in infancy.
Marie Thérèse
2 January 1667
1 March 1672
Fille de France. Known as Madame Royale and la Petite Madame. Died in childhood.
Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou
5 August 1668
10 July 1671
Fils de France. Died in childhood.
Louis François, Duke of Anjou
14 June 1672
4 November 1672
Fils de France. Died in infancy.
· Family › Issue
By NN, a gardener
By NN, a gardener
Name
By NN, a gardener
Daughter
Daughter
Name
Daughter
Birth
1660
Death
unknown
Notes
She married N de la Queue, a sentry.
By Louise de La Vallière (6 August 1644 – 6 June 1710)
By Louise de La Vallière (6 August 1644 – 6 June 1710)
Name
By Louise de La Vallière (6 August 1644 – 6 June 1710)
Charles de La Baume Le Blanc
Charles de La Baume Le Blanc
Name
Charles de La Baume Le Blanc
Birth
19 December 1663
Death
15 July 1665 (aged 1)
Notes
Not legitimised.
Philippe de La Baume Le Blanc
Philippe de La Baume Le Blanc
Name
Philippe de La Baume Le Blanc
Birth
7 January 1665
Death
1666 (aged 1)
Notes
Not legitimised.
Marie Anne de Bourbon
Marie Anne de Bourbon
Name
Marie Anne de Bourbon
Birth
2 October 1666
Death
3 May 1739 (aged 73)
Notes
Legitimised on 14 May 1667. Married Louis Armand I, Prince of Conti.
Louis, Count of Vermandois
Louis, Count of Vermandois
Name
Louis, Count of Vermandois
Birth
3 October 1667
Death
18 November 1683 (aged 16)
Notes
Legitimised on 20 February 1669. Held the office of Admiral of France.
By Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan (5 October 1641 – 27 May 1707)
By Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan (5 October 1641 – 27 May 1707)
Name
By Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan (5 October 1641 – 27 May 1707)
Louise Françoise de Bourbon
Louise Françoise de Bourbon
Name
Louise Françoise de Bourbon
Birth
at the end of March 1669
Death
23 February 1672 (aged 2)
Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine
Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine
Name
Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine
Birth
31 March 1670
Death
14 May 1736 (aged 66)
Notes
Legitimised on 20 December 1673. Held numerous offices, of which: Colonel General of the Suisses et Grisons, Governor of Languedoc, General of the Galleys, and Grand Master of Artillery. Also Duke of Aumale, Count of Eu and Prince of Dombes. Had issue. Founder of the Maine Line. Heir presumptive for several days.
Louis César, Count of Vexin
Louis César, Count of Vexin
Name
Louis César, Count of Vexin
Birth
20 June 1672
Death
10 January 1683 (aged 10)
Notes
Legitimised on 20 December 1673.
Louise Françoise de Bourbon
Louise Françoise de Bourbon
Name
Louise Françoise de Bourbon
Birth
1 June 1673
Death
16 June 1743 (aged 70)
Notes
Legitimised on 20 December 1673. Married Louis III, Prince of Condé. Had issue.
Louise Marie Anne de Bourbon
Louise Marie Anne de Bourbon
Name
Louise Marie Anne de Bourbon
Birth
12 November 1674
Death
15 September 1681 (aged 6)
Notes
Legitimised in January 1676.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon
Françoise Marie de Bourbon
Name
Françoise Marie de Bourbon
Birth
9 February 1677
Death
1 February 1749 (aged 72)
Notes
Legitimised in November 1681. Married Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, the Regent of France under Louis XV. Had issue.
Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse
Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse
Name
Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse
Birth
6 June 1678
Death
1 December 1737 (aged 59)
Notes
Legitimised on 22 November 1681. Held numerous offices, of which: Admiral of France, Governor of Guyenne, Governor of Brittany, and Grand Huntsman of France. Also Duke of Damville, of Rambouillet and of Penthièvre. Had issue.
by Claude de Vin, Mademoiselle des Œillets (1637 – 18 May 1687)
by Claude de Vin, Mademoiselle des Œillets (1637 – 18 May 1687)
Name
by Claude de Vin, Mademoiselle des Œillets (1637 – 18 May 1687)
Louise de Maisonblanche
Louise de Maisonblanche
Name
Louise de Maisonblanche
Birth
c. 17 June 1676
Death
12 September 1718 (aged 42)
Notes
In 1696 she married Bernard de Prez, Baron de La Queue.
by Angélique de Fontanges (1661 – 28 June 1681)
by Angélique de Fontanges (1661 – 28 June 1681)
Name
by Angélique de Fontanges (1661 – 28 June 1681)
Son
Son
Name
Son
Birth
January 1680
Death
January 1680 (stillborn)
Daughter
Daughter
Name
Daughter
Birth
March 1681
Death
March 1681 (stillborn)
Notes
Her existence is uncertain.
Name
Birth
Death
Notes
By NN, a gardener
Daughter
1660
unknown
She married N de la Queue, a sentry.
By Louise de La Vallière (6 August 1644 – 6 June 1710)
Charles de La Baume Le Blanc
19 December 1663
15 July 1665 (aged 1)
Not legitimised.
Philippe de La Baume Le Blanc
7 January 1665
1666 (aged 1)
Not legitimised.
Marie Anne de Bourbon
2 October 1666
3 May 1739 (aged 73)
Legitimised on 14 May 1667. Married Louis Armand I, Prince of Conti.
Louis, Count of Vermandois
3 October 1667
18 November 1683 (aged 16)
Legitimised on 20 February 1669. Held the office of Admiral of France.
By Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan (5 October 1641 – 27 May 1707)
Louise Françoise de Bourbon
at the end of March 1669
23 February 1672 (aged 2)
Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine
31 March 1670
14 May 1736 (aged 66)
Legitimised on 20 December 1673. Held numerous offices, of which: Colonel General of the Suisses et Grisons, Governor of Languedoc, General of the Galleys, and Grand Master of Artillery. Also Duke of Aumale, Count of Eu and Prince of Dombes. Had issue. Founder of the Maine Line. Heir presumptive for several days.
Louis César, Count of Vexin
20 June 1672
10 January 1683 (aged 10)
Legitimised on 20 December 1673.
Louise Françoise de Bourbon
1 June 1673
16 June 1743 (aged 70)
Legitimised on 20 December 1673. Married Louis III, Prince of Condé. Had issue.
Louise Marie Anne de Bourbon
12 November 1674
15 September 1681 (aged 6)
Legitimised in January 1676.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon
9 February 1677
1 February 1749 (aged 72)
Legitimised in November 1681. Married Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, the Regent of France under Louis XV. Had issue.
Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse
6 June 1678
1 December 1737 (aged 59)
Legitimised on 22 November 1681. Held numerous offices, of which: Admiral of France, Governor of Guyenne, Governor of Brittany, and Grand Huntsman of France. Also Duke of Damville, of Rambouillet and of Penthièvre. Had issue.
by Claude de Vin, Mademoiselle des Œillets (1637 – 18 May 1687)
Louise de Maisonblanche
c. 17 June 1676
12 September 1718 (aged 42)
In 1696 she married Bernard de Prez, Baron de La Queue.
by Angélique de Fontanges (1661 – 28 June 1681)
Son
January 1680
January 1680 (stillborn)
Daughter
March 1681
March 1681 (stillborn)
Her existence is uncertain.
· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Louis XIV House of BourbonCadet branch of the Capetian dynastyBorn: 5 September 1638 Died: 1 September 1715
Regnal titles
Preceded byLouis XIII
Preceded byLouis XIII
Louis XIV House of BourbonCadet branch of the Capetian dynastyBorn: 5 September 1638 Died: 1 September 1715
Preceded byLouis XIII
Louis XIV House of BourbonCadet branch of the Capetian dynastyBorn: 5 September 1638 Died: 1 September 1715
King of France and Co-Prince of Andorra 14 May 1643 – 1 September 1715
Louis XIV House of BourbonCadet branch of the Capetian dynastyBorn: 5 September 1638 Died: 1 September 1715
Succeeded byLouis XV
French royalty
French royalty
Louis XIV House of BourbonCadet branch of the Capetian dynastyBorn: 5 September 1638 Died: 1 September 1715
French royalty
Preceded byLouis
Preceded byLouis
Louis XIV House of BourbonCadet branch of the Capetian dynastyBorn: 5 September 1638 Died: 1 September 1715
Preceded byLouis
Louis XIV House of BourbonCadet branch of the Capetian dynastyBorn: 5 September 1638 Died: 1 September 1715
Dauphin of France 5 September 1638 – 14 May 1643
Louis XIV House of BourbonCadet branch of the Capetian dynastyBorn: 5 September 1638 Died: 1 September 1715
Succeeded byLouis
Louis XIV House of BourbonCadet branch of the Capetian dynastyBorn: 5 September 1638 Died: 1 September 1715
Regnal titles
Preceded byLouis XIII
King of France and Co-Prince of Andorra 14 May 1643 – 1 September 1715
Succeeded byLouis XV
French royalty
Preceded byLouis
Dauphin of France 5 September 1638 – 14 May 1643
Succeeded byLouis

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