List of wars involving Israel
Updated: 5/20/2026, 8:07:03 PM Wikipedia source
This is an index of lists detailing military conflicts involving Israel. Since its declaration of independence in May 1948, the State of Israel has fought various wars with its neighbouring Arab states, two major Palestinian Arab uprisings known as the First Intifada and the Second Intifada (see Israeli–Palestinian conflict), and a broad series of other armed engagements rooted in the Arab–Israeli conflict.
Tables
· Table
Israeli Prime Minister
Israeli Prime Minister
Conflict
Israeli Prime Minister
Combatant 1
Defense Minister of Israel
Combatant 2
Chief of Staff of the IDF
Results
IDF
forces
Israeli commanders
Civilians
1948 Palestine war
War of Independence
(1947–1949)
1948 Palestine war
War of Independence
(1947–1949)
Conflict
1948 Palestine war
War of Independence
(1947–1949)
Combatant 1
Yishuv
(before 14 May 1948)
Israel
(after 14 May 1948)
Before 26 May 1948:
Haganah
Palmach
Hish Corps
HIM Corps
Irgun
Lehi
Druze militants
Allied Bedouin tribes
After 26 May 1948:
Israel Defense Forces
Sword Battalion
Foreign volunteers:
Mahal
Combatant 2
Arab Higher Committee
(before 15 May 1948)
Arab League
(after 15 May 1948)
Arab Liberation Army
Holy War Army
Al-Najjada
Egypt
All-Palestine Protectorate (after 22 Sep 1948)
Transjordan
Syria
Iraq
Lebanon
Saudi Arabia
Yemen
United Kingdom
Mandatory Palestine (before 15 May 1948)
Results
Israeli victory
1949 Armistice Agreements:
Establishment of the State of Israel
Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt and establishment of the All-Palestine Government
Annexation of the West Bank by Jordan (including East Jerusalem)
Syrian foothold established to the north and south of the Sea of Galilee
Israeli commanders
David Ben-Gurion
Israeli commanders
Yaakov Dori
Israeli commanders
4,074
Israeli losses
~2,000
Suez Crisis
Sinai War
(1956)
Suez Crisis
Sinai War
(1956)
Conflict
Suez Crisis
Sinai War
(1956)
Combatant 1
Israel
United Kingdom
France
Combatant 2
Egypt
Results
Victory
Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip until March 1957
Israeli commanders
Moshe Dayan
Israeli commanders
231
Israeli commanders
None
Six-Day War
(1967)
Six-Day War
(1967)
Conflict
Six-Day War
(1967)
Combatant 1
Israel
Combatant 2
Egypt
Syria
Jordan
Iraq
Minor involvement:
Lebanon
Results
Victory
Israel occupies a total of 70,000 km2 (27,000 sq mi) of territory:
The Golan Heights from Syria
The West Bank including East Jerusalem from Jordan
The Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt
Israeli commanders
Levi Eshkol
Israeli commanders
Moshe Dayan
Israeli commanders
Yitzhak Rabin
Israeli losses
776–983
Israeli losses
20
War of Attrition
(1967–1970)
War of Attrition
(1967–1970)
Conflict
War of Attrition
(1967–1970)
Combatant 1
Israel
Combatant 2
Egypt
Soviet Union
Kuwait
PLO
Jordan
Syria
Cuba
Results
Inconclusive
Israeli commanders
Golda Meir
Israeli commanders
Haim Bar-Lev
Israeli commanders
1,424
Israeli losses
227
Yom Kippur War
(1973)
Yom Kippur War
(1973)
Conflict
Yom Kippur War
(1973)
Combatant 1
Israel
Combatant 2
Egypt
Syria
Expeditionary forces
Saudi Arabia
Algeria
Jordan
Libya
Iraq
Kuwait
Tunisia
Morocco
Cuba
North Korea
Results
Victory
At the final ceasefire:
Egyptian forces held 1,200 km2 (460 sq mi) on the eastern bank of the canal.
Israeli forces held 1,600 km2 (620 sq mi) on the western bank of the canal.
Israeli forces held 500 km2 (193 sq mi) of the Syrian Bashan region of the Golan Heights.
1978 South Lebanon conflict
Operation Litani
(1978)
1978 South Lebanon conflict
Operation Litani
(1978)
Conflict
1978 South Lebanon conflict
Operation Litani
(1978)
Combatant 1
Israel
SLA
Combatant 2
PLO
Results
Victory
Palestinian withdrawal from South Lebanon
Israeli commanders
Menachem Begin
Israeli commanders
Ezer Weizman
Israeli commanders
Mordechai Gur
Israeli losses
18
Israeli losses
None
1982 Lebanon War
First Lebanon War / Operation Peace Galilee
(1982)
1982 Lebanon War
First Lebanon War / Operation Peace Galilee
(1982)
Conflict
1982 Lebanon War
First Lebanon War / Operation Peace Galilee
(1982)
Combatant 1
Israel
Lebanese Forces South Lebanon Army
Combatant 2
PLO
Syria
Others
Lebanese National Resistance Front
Al-Mourabitoun
PKK
Results
Inconclusive
Israeli tactical victories
Israeli strategic failures
PLO expulsion from Lebanon.
End of the Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon
Beginning of the South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)
Start of the Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon
Israeli commanders
Ariel Sharon
Israeli commanders
Rafael Eitan
Israeli commanders
657
Israeli losses
2–3
South Lebanon conflict
Security Zone Campaign
(1982–2000)
South Lebanon conflict
Security Zone Campaign
(1982–2000)
Conflict
South Lebanon conflict
Security Zone Campaign
(1982–2000)
Combatant 1
Israel
South Lebanon Army
Combatant 2
Hezbollah
Amal
Lebanese Communist Party
Jammoul
PFLP–GC
Results
Hezbollah-led victory
Collapse of the SLA and its provisional government
Israeli withdrawal and end of its occupation of Southern Lebanon
Israeli commanders
Shimon Peres
Israeli commanders
Yitzhak Rabin
Israeli commanders
Moshe Levi
Israeli losses
559
Israeli losses
7
First Intifada
(1987–1993)
First Intifada
(1987–1993)
Conflict
First Intifada
(1987–1993)
Combatant 1
Israel
Combatant 2
Al-Qiyada al-Muwhhada
Fatah
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Palestinian Communist Party
Hamas
Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Results
Palestinian Uprising suppressed
Madrid Conference
Oslo I Accord
Israel–PLO Letters of Mutual Recognition
Establishment of the Palestinian National Authority
Creation of the West Bank "Areas" by the Oslo II Accord in 1995
Israeli commanders
Yitzhak Shamir
Israeli commanders
Dan Shomron
Israeli commanders
60
Israeli losses
100
Second Intifada
(2000–2005)
Second Intifada
(2000–2005)
Conflict
Second Intifada
(2000–2005)
Combatant 1
Israel
Combatant 2
Palestinian Authority
PLO
Fatah
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Hamas
Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Popular Resistance Committees
Results
Victory
Palestinian uprising suppressed.
Israeli forces withdraw from the Gaza Strip
Israel initiates the Gaza disengagement plan
Israel constructs the West Bank barrier
Israeli commanders
Ariel Sharon
Israeli commanders
Shaul Mofaz
Israeli commanders
Moshe Ya'alon
Israeli losses
301
Israeli losses
773
2006 Lebanon War
Second Lebanon War / Operation Just Reward
(2006)
2006 Lebanon War
Second Lebanon War / Operation Just Reward
(2006)
Conflict
2006 Lebanon War
Second Lebanon War / Operation Just Reward
(2006)
Combatant 1
Israel
Combatant 2
Hezbollah
Allies:
Amal
Popular Guard
PFLP-GC
Iran (Ynet report)
ICU (U . report)
Results
Inconclusive
Ceasefire through UNSCR 1701
Israeli commanders
Ehud Olmert
Israeli commanders
Amir Peretz
Israeli commanders
Dan Halutz
Israeli losses
121
Israeli losses
44
Gaza War
Operation Cast Lead
(2008–2009)
Gaza War
Operation Cast Lead
(2008–2009)
Conflict
Gaza War
Operation Cast Lead
(2008–2009)
Combatant 1
Israel
Israel Defense Forces
Israel Security Agency
Combatant 2
Gaza Strip
Hamas
Ezzedeen al-Qassam Brigades
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Abu Ali Mustapha Brigades
Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine
Al-Quds Brigades
Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
Popular Resistance Committees
Results
Victory
IDF declared unilateral ceasefire, 12 hours later Hamas announced a one-week ceasefire.
Humanitarian crisis and deterioration of infrastructure and basic services in Gaza.
Temporary reduction in the number of rockets being fired from the Gaza Strip.
See results
Israeli commanders
Ehud Barak
Israeli commanders
Gabi Ashkenazi
Israeli commanders
10
Israeli losses
3
Gaza War
Operation Pillar of Defense
(2012)
Gaza War
Operation Pillar of Defense
(2012)
Conflict
Gaza War
Operation Pillar of Defense
(2012)
Combatant 1
Israel
Combatant 2
Gaza Strip
Hamas
Al-Qassam Brigades
Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine–General Command
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Popular Resistance Committees
Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
Jaysh al-Ummah
Results
Ceasefire
both sides claim victory
According to Israel, the operation "severely impaired Hamas's launching capabilities."
According to Hamas, their rocket strikes led to the ceasefire deal
Cessation of rocket fire from Gaza into Israel.
Gaza fishermen allowed 6 nmi (11 km) out to sea for fishing; reduced back to 3 nmi (6 km) after 22 March 201
Israeli commanders
Benjamin Netanyahu
Israeli commanders
Benny Gantz
Israeli commanders
2
Israeli losses
4
Gaza War
Operation Protective Edge
(2014)
Gaza War
Operation Protective Edge
(2014)
Conflict
Gaza War
Operation Protective Edge
(2014)
Combatant 1
Israel
Combatant 2
Gaza Strip
Hamas
Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Popular Resistance Committees
Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
Abdullah Azzam Brigades
Jaysh al-Ummah
Results
Both sides claim victory
According to Hamas, Israel was repelled from Gaza
According to Israel, Hamas was severely weakened and achieved none of its demands
Israeli commanders
Moshe Ya'alon
Israeli commanders
67
Israeli commanders
6
Israel–Palestine crisis
(2021)
Israel–Palestine crisis
(2021)
Conflict
Israel–Palestine crisis
(2021)
Combatant 1
Israel
Israel Defense Forces
Israeli Air Force
Israel Police
Israel Border Police
Shin Bet
Jewish Israeli protesters
Combatant 2
Gaza Strip
Hamas
Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
Smaller militant groups
Protesters in Israel and PalestineArab Israeli protesters
Palestinian protesters in the West Bank and JerusalemJordanian, Lebanese, and Syrian protesters (see international)
Results
Victory claimed by both sides
Return to status quo ante bellum; ceasefire went into effect
Halting of both Israeli airstrikes inside the Gaza Strip and Palestinian rocket fire into Israel
Israeli commanders
Benny Gantz
Israeli commanders
Aviv Kochavi
Israeli commanders
1
Israeli losses
14
Gaza war
Operation Iron Swords (2023–present)
Gaza war
Operation Iron Swords (2023–present)
Conflict
Gaza war
Operation Iron Swords (2023–present)
Combatant 1
Israel
Allies:
Popular Forces
Combatant 2
Hamas
Palestinian allies:
Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
Palestinian Mujahideen Movement
Palestinian Freedom Movement
Popular Resistance Committees
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command
Ab
Results
Ongoing
Israeli commanders
Yoav Gallant (until November 2024)
Israel Katz (after November 2024)
Israeli commanders
Herzi Halevi
Israeli commanders
1,087+
Israeli losses
1,002+
Israel–Hezbollah conflict
Operation Northern Arrows (2023–2024)
Israel–Hezbollah conflict
Operation Northern Arrows (2023–2024)
Conflict
Israel–Hezbollah conflict
Operation Northern Arrows (2023–2024)
Combatant 1
Israel
Combatant 2
Hezbollah
Allies:
Amal
Islamic Group
SSNP-L
Hamas
PIJ
Popular Resistance Committees
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Islamic Resistance in Iraq
Houthi movement
Iran
Syria
(until 2024)
Islamic Azz Brigades
Results
Ongoing
Israeli commanders
87+
Israeli commanders
46+
Israeli invasion of Syria
Operation Arrow of Bashan
(2024–present)
Israeli invasion of Syria
Operation Arrow of Bashan
(2024–present)
Conflict
Israeli invasion of Syria
Operation Arrow of Bashan
(2024–present)
Combatant 1
Israel
Combatant 2
Syria
Results
Ongoing
Israeli commanders
Israel Katz
Israeli commanders
1
Israeli commanders
0
Twelve-Day War
Operation Rising Lion
(2025)
Twelve-Day War
Operation Rising Lion
(2025)
Conflict
Twelve-Day War
Operation Rising Lion
(2025)
Combatant 1
Israel
United States
Combatant 2
Iran
Houthis
Results
Ceasefire
Ceasefire between Iran and Israel
Israeli commanders
Eyal Zamir
Israeli commanders
1
Israeli commanders
31
2026 Iran war
(2026-present)
2026 Iran war
(2026-present)
Conflict
2026 Iran war
(2026-present)
Combatant 1
Israel
United States
Combatant 2
Iran
Hezbollah
Houthis
Islamic Resistance in Iraq
Results
Ongoing
Israeli commanders
4
Israeli commanders
24
2026 Lebanon war
2026 Lebanon war
Conflict
2026 Lebanon war
Combatant 1
Israel
Combatant 2
Hezbollah
Iran
Results
Ongoing
Israeli commanders
22
Israeli commanders
2
| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Israeli commanders | Israeli losses | |||
| Israeli Prime Minister | Defense Minister of Israel | Chief of Staff of the IDF | IDF forces | Civilians | ||||
| 1948 Palestine war War of Independence (1947–1949) | Yishuv (before 14 May 1948) Israel (after 14 May 1948) Before 26 May 1948: Haganah Palmach Hish Corps HIM Corps Irgun Lehi Druze militants Allied Bedouin tribes After 26 May 1948: Israel Defense Forces Sword Battalion Foreign volunteers: Mahal | Arab Higher Committee (before 15 May 1948) Arab League (after 15 May 1948) Arab Liberation Army Holy War Army Al-Najjada Egypt All-Palestine Protectorate (after 22 Sep 1948) Transjordan Syria Iraq Lebanon Saudi Arabia Yemen United Kingdom Mandatory Palestine (before 15 May 1948) | Israeli victory 1949 Armistice Agreements: Establishment of the State of Israel Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt and establishment of the All-Palestine Government Annexation of the West Bank by Jordan (including East Jerusalem) Syrian foothold established to the north and south of the Sea of Galilee | David Ben-Gurion | Yaakov Dori | 4,074 | ~2,000 | |
| Suez Crisis Sinai War (1956) | Israel United Kingdom France | Egypt | Victory Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip until March 1957 | Moshe Dayan | 231 | None | ||
| Six-Day War (1967) | Israel | Egypt Syria Jordan Iraq Minor involvement: Lebanon | Victory Israel occupies a total of 70,000 km2 (27,000 sq mi) of territory: The Golan Heights from Syria The West Bank including East Jerusalem from Jordan The Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt | Levi Eshkol | Moshe Dayan | Yitzhak Rabin | 776–983 | 20 |
| War of Attrition (1967–1970) | Israel | Egypt Soviet Union Kuwait PLO Jordan Syria Cuba | Inconclusive | Golda Meir | Haim Bar-Lev | 1,424 | 227 | |
| Yom Kippur War (1973) | Israel | Egypt Syria Expeditionary forces Saudi Arabia Algeria Jordan Libya Iraq Kuwait Tunisia Morocco Cuba North Korea | Victory At the final ceasefire: Egyptian forces held 1,200 km2 (460 sq mi) on the eastern bank of the canal. Israeli forces held 1,600 km2 (620 sq mi) on the western bank of the canal. Israeli forces held 500 km2 (193 sq mi) of the Syrian Bashan region of the Golan Heights. | |||||
| 1978 South Lebanon conflict Operation Litani (1978) | Israel SLA | PLO | Victory Palestinian withdrawal from South Lebanon | Menachem Begin | Ezer Weizman | Mordechai Gur | 18 | None |
| 1982 Lebanon War First Lebanon War / Operation Peace Galilee (1982) | Israel Lebanese Forces South Lebanon Army | PLO Syria Others Lebanese National Resistance Front Al-Mourabitoun PKK | Inconclusive Israeli tactical victories Israeli strategic failures PLO expulsion from Lebanon. End of the Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon Beginning of the South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000) Start of the Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon | Ariel Sharon | Rafael Eitan | 657 | 2–3 | |
| South Lebanon conflict Security Zone Campaign (1982–2000) | Israel South Lebanon Army | Hezbollah Amal Lebanese Communist Party Jammoul PFLP–GC | Hezbollah-led victory Collapse of the SLA and its provisional government Israeli withdrawal and end of its occupation of Southern Lebanon | Shimon Peres | Yitzhak Rabin | Moshe Levi | 559 | 7 |
| First Intifada (1987–1993) | Israel | Al-Qiyada al-Muwhhada Fatah Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Palestinian Communist Party Hamas Palestinian Islamic Jihad | Palestinian Uprising suppressed Madrid Conference Oslo I Accord Israel–PLO Letters of Mutual Recognition Establishment of the Palestinian National Authority Creation of the West Bank "Areas" by the Oslo II Accord in 1995 | Yitzhak Shamir | Dan Shomron | 60 | 100 | |
| Second Intifada (2000–2005) | Israel | Palestinian Authority PLO Fatah Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Hamas Palestinian Islamic Jihad Popular Resistance Committees | Victory Palestinian uprising suppressed. Israeli forces withdraw from the Gaza Strip Israel initiates the Gaza disengagement plan Israel constructs the West Bank barrier | Ariel Sharon | Shaul Mofaz | Moshe Ya'alon | 301 | 773 |
| 2006 Lebanon War Second Lebanon War / Operation Just Reward (2006) | Israel | Hezbollah Allies: Amal Popular Guard PFLP-GC Iran (Ynet report) ICU (U . report) | Inconclusive Ceasefire through UNSCR 1701 | Ehud Olmert | Amir Peretz | Dan Halutz | 121 | 44 |
| Gaza War Operation Cast Lead (2008–2009) | Israel Israel Defense Forces Israel Security Agency | Gaza Strip Hamas Ezzedeen al-Qassam Brigades Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Abu Ali Mustapha Brigades Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine Al-Quds Brigades Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades Popular Resistance Committees | Victory IDF declared unilateral ceasefire, 12 hours later Hamas announced a one-week ceasefire. Humanitarian crisis and deterioration of infrastructure and basic services in Gaza. Temporary reduction in the number of rockets being fired from the Gaza Strip. See results | Ehud Barak | Gabi Ashkenazi | 10 | 3 | |
| Gaza War Operation Pillar of Defense (2012) | Israel | Gaza Strip Hamas Al-Qassam Brigades Palestinian Islamic Jihad Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine–General Command Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Popular Resistance Committees Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades Jaysh al-Ummah | Ceasefire both sides claim victory According to Israel, the operation "severely impaired Hamas's launching capabilities." According to Hamas, their rocket strikes led to the ceasefire deal Cessation of rocket fire from Gaza into Israel. Gaza fishermen allowed 6 nmi (11 km) out to sea for fishing; reduced back to 3 nmi (6 km) after 22 March 201 | Benjamin Netanyahu | Benny Gantz | 2 | 4 | |
| Gaza War Operation Protective Edge (2014) | Israel | Gaza Strip Hamas Palestinian Islamic Jihad Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Popular Resistance Committees Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades Abdullah Azzam Brigades Jaysh al-Ummah | Both sides claim victory According to Hamas, Israel was repelled from Gaza According to Israel, Hamas was severely weakened and achieved none of its demands | Moshe Ya'alon | 67 | 6 | ||
| Israel–Palestine crisis (2021) | Israel Israel Defense Forces Israeli Air Force Israel Police Israel Border Police Shin Bet Jewish Israeli protesters | Gaza Strip Hamas Palestinian Islamic Jihad Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades Smaller militant groups Protesters in Israel and PalestineArab Israeli protesters Palestinian protesters in the West Bank and JerusalemJordanian, Lebanese, and Syrian protesters (see international) | Victory claimed by both sides Return to status quo ante bellum; ceasefire went into effect Halting of both Israeli airstrikes inside the Gaza Strip and Palestinian rocket fire into Israel | Benny Gantz | Aviv Kochavi | 1 | 14 | |
| Gaza war Operation Iron Swords (2023–present) | Israel Allies: Popular Forces | Hamas Palestinian allies: Palestinian Islamic Jihad Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades Palestinian Mujahideen Movement Palestinian Freedom Movement Popular Resistance Committees Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command Ab | Ongoing | Yoav Gallant (until November 2024) Israel Katz (after November 2024) | Herzi Halevi | 1,087+ | 1,002+ | |
| Israel–Hezbollah conflict Operation Northern Arrows (2023–2024) | Israel | Hezbollah Allies: Amal Islamic Group SSNP-L Hamas PIJ Popular Resistance Committees Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Islamic Resistance in Iraq Houthi movement Iran Syria (until 2024) Islamic Azz Brigades | Ongoing | 87+ | 46+ | |||
| Israeli invasion of Syria Operation Arrow of Bashan (2024–present) | Israel | Syria | Ongoing | Israel Katz | 1 | 0 | ||
| Twelve-Day War Operation Rising Lion (2025) | Israel United States | Iran Houthis | Ceasefire Ceasefire between Iran and Israel | Eyal Zamir | 1 | 31 | ||
| 2026 Iran war (2026-present) | Israel United States | Iran Hezbollah Houthis Islamic Resistance in Iraq | Ongoing | 4 | 24 | |||
| 2026 Lebanon war | Israel | Hezbollah Iran | Ongoing | 22 | 2 | |||
References
- BBC Newshttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20388298
- The New York Timeshttps://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/world/middleeast/israel-steps-up-offensive-against-hamas-in-gaza.html?_r=0
- Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression
- "The Druze in Israel: Questions of Identity, Citizenship, and Patriotism"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121451/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fthe_middle_east_journal%2Fv064%2F64.4.nisan.pdf
- Palestine Post, "Israel's Bedouin Warriors", Gene Dison, August 12, 1948
- Al Arabiyahttp://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/profiles/2013/04/24/Bedouin-army-trackers-scale-Israel-social-ladder-.html
- Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopediahttps://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&pg=PA160
- The Washington Posthttps://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/17/AR2007051701976.html
- Oren (2002), p. 237.
- Wars in the Third World Since 1945
- Office of the Historianhttps://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/arab-israeli-war-1967
- International Review of the Red Crosshttps://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1816383107001142
- The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military Historyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA596
- "The War: Lebanon and Syria"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324150613/http://dover.idf.il/NR/rdonlyres/0771A94F-B23C-43E6-8955-9630D34B8076/0/WarofAttrition40Years.ppt#262,6
- "The Arab-Israeli Wars"https://web.archive.org/web/20070309115843/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/history/modern%2Bhistory/centenary%2Bof%2Bzionism/the%2Barab-israeli%2Bwars.htm
- Schiff, Zeev, A History of the Israeli Army (1870–1974), Straight Arrow Books (San Francisco, 1974) p. 246, ISBN 0-87932
- O'Ballance (1979), pp. 201.
- Shazly (2003), p. 278.
- Rabinovich (2004), pp. 464–465.
- Les officiers de Sa Majesté: Les dérives des généraux marocains 1956–2006