List of stock market crashes and bear markets
Updated: 5/20/2026, 8:12:46 PM Wikipedia source
This is a list of stock market crashes and bear markets. The difference between the two relies on speed (how fast declines occur) and length (how long they last). Stock market crashes are quick and brief, while bear markets are slow and prolonged. Those two do not always happen within the same decline.
Tables
· Table
Tulip mania Bubble
Tulip mania Bubble
Name
Tulip mania Bubble
Date
1637
Country
Dutch Republic
Notes
A bubble (1633–37) in the Dutch Republic during which contracts for bulbs of tulips reached extraordinarily high prices, and suddenly collapsed.
The Mississippi Bubble
The Mississippi Bubble
Name
The Mississippi Bubble
Date
1720
Country
Kingdom of France
Notes
Banque Royale by John Law stopped payments of its note in exchange for specie and as result caused economic collapse in France.
South Sea Bubble of 1720
South Sea Bubble of 1720
Name
South Sea Bubble of 1720
Date
1720
Country
UK
Notes
Affected early European stock markets, during early days of chartered joint stock companies.
The Dutch Bubble of 1720
The Dutch Bubble of 1720
Name
The Dutch Bubble of 1720
Date
1720
Country
Dutch Republic
Notes
A speculative mania in the Dutch Republic fueled by an influx of foreign capital, the rapid creation of new joint-stock companies, and extensive Windhandel—unregulated options and forward contracts.
Bengal Bubble of 1769
Bengal Bubble of 1769
Name
Bengal Bubble of 1769
Date
1769
Country
UK
Notes
Primarily caused by the British East India Company, whose shares fell from £276 in December 1768 to £122 in 1784.
Crisis of 1772
Crisis of 1772
Name
Crisis of 1772
Date
1772
Country
UK
USA
Financial Crisis of 1791–92
Financial Crisis of 1791–92
Name
Financial Crisis of 1791–92
Date
1791
Country
USA
Notes
Shares of First bank of US boom and bust in Aug and Sept 1791. Groundwork of Alexander Hamilton's cooperation with the Bank of New York to end this event would be crucial in ending the Panic of 1792 next year.
Panic of 1796–1797
Panic of 1796–1797
Name
Panic of 1796–1797
Date
1796
Country
UK
USA
Notes
A series of downturns in Atlantic credit markets led to broader commercial downturns in Great Britain and the United States.
Panic of 1819
Panic of 1819
Name
Panic of 1819
Date
1819
Country
USA
Panic of 1825
Panic of 1825
Name
Panic of 1825
Date
1825
Country
UK
Panic of 1837
Panic of 1837
Name
Panic of 1837
Date
10 May 1837
Country
USA
Panic of 1847
Panic of 1847
Name
Panic of 1847
Date
1847
Country
UK
Panic of 1857
Panic of 1857
Name
Panic of 1857
Date
1857
Country
USA
Panic of 1866
Panic of 1866
Name
Panic of 1866
Date
1866
Country
UK
Black Friday
Black Friday
Name
Black Friday
Date
24 Sep 1869
Country
USA
Panic of 1873
Panic of 1873
Name
Panic of 1873
Date
9 May 1873
Notes
Initiated the Long Depression in the United States and much of Europe.
Paris Bourse crash of 1882
Paris Bourse crash of 1882
Name
Paris Bourse crash of 1882
Date
19 Jan 1882
Country
France
Panic of 1884
Panic of 1884
Name
Panic of 1884
Date
1884
Encilhamento
Encilhamento
Name
Encilhamento
Date
1890
Country
Brazil
Notes
Lasting 3 years, 1890–1893, a boom and bust process that boomed in late 1880s and burst on early 1890s, causing a collapse in the Brazilian economy and aggravating an already unstable political situation.
Panic of 1893
Panic of 1893
Name
Panic of 1893
Date
1893
Country
USA
Panic of 1896
Panic of 1896
Name
Panic of 1896
Date
1896
Country
USA
Panic of 1901
Panic of 1901
Name
Panic of 1901
Date
17 May 1901
Country
USA
Notes
Lasting 3 years, the market was spooked by the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901, coupled with a severe drought later the same year.
Panic of 1907
Panic of 1907
Name
Panic of 1907
Date
Oct 1907
Country
USA
Notes
Lasting over a year, markets took fright after U . President Theodore Roosevelt had threatened to rein in the monopolies that flourished in various industrial sectors, notably railways.
Wall Street crash of 1929
Wall Street crash of 1929
Name
Wall Street crash of 1929
Date
24–29 Oct 1929
Country
USA
Notes
Lasting over 4 years, the bursting of the speculative bubble in shares led to further selling as people who had borrowed money to buy shares had to cash them in, when their loans were called in. Also called the Great Crash or the Wall Street Crash, leading to the Great Depression.
Recession of 1937–1938
Recession of 1937–1938
Name
Recession of 1937–1938
Date
1937
Country
USA
Notes
Lasting around a year, this share price fall was triggered by an economic recession within the Great Depression and doubts about the effectiveness of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policy.
Kennedy Slide of 1962
Kennedy Slide of 1962
Name
Kennedy Slide of 1962
Date
28 May 1962
Country
USA
Notes
Also known as the 'Flash Crash of 1962'.
Bear Market of 1970
Bear Market of 1970
Name
Bear Market of 1970
Date
Nov 1968
Country
USA
Notes
Over 20 months, rising inflation along with rising interest rates combined with the ongoing Vietnam War caused the S&P 500 to decline by 36 % coinciding with the Cambodia campaign.
Brazilian Markets Crash of 1971
Brazilian Markets Crash of 1971
Name
Brazilian Markets Crash of 1971
Date
Jul 1971
Country
Brazil
Notes
Lasting through the 1970s and early-1980s, this was the end of a boom that started in 1969, compounded by the 1970s energy crisis coupled with early 1980s Latin American debt crisis.
1973–1974 stock market crash
1973–1974 stock market crash
Name
1973–1974 stock market crash
Date
Jan 1973
Country
UK/Worldwide
Notes
Lasting 23 months, dramatic rise in oil prices, the miners' strike and the downfall of the Heath government.
Early 1980s recession
Early 1980s recession
Name
Early 1980s recession
Date
Nov 1980
Country
USA/Worldwide
Notes
Over 21 months, rising interest rates to tame double-digit inflation caused the S&P 500 to decline by 27 %.
1980s oil glut
1980s oil glut
Name
1980s oil glut
Date
1981–1986
Country
OPEC
Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash
Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash
Name
Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash
Date
Aug 1982
Country
Kuwait
Black Monday
Black Monday
Name
Black Monday
Date
19 Oct 1987
Country
USA
NZ
Notes
Infamous stock market crash that represented the greatest one-day percentage decline in U . stock market history, culminating in a bear market after a more than 20% plunge in the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average. Among the primary causes of the chaos were program trading and illiquidity, both of which fueled the vicious decline for the day
Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange Crash
Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange Crash
Name
Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange Crash
Date
Jun 1989
Country
Brazil
Notes
Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange Crash, due to its weak internal controls and absence of credit discipline, that led to its collapse, and from which it never recovered.
Friday the 13th mini-crash
Friday the 13th mini-crash
Name
Friday the 13th mini-crash
Date
13 Oct 1989
Country
USA
Notes
Failed leveraged buyout of United Airlines causes crash.
Early 1990s recession
Early 1990s recession
Name
Early 1990s recession
Date
Jul 1990
Country
USA
Notes
Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, causing oil prices to increase. The Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped 18% in three months, from 2,911 on 3 July to 2,381 on 16 October 1990. This recession lasted approximately 8 months.
Japanese asset price bubble
Japanese asset price bubble
Name
Japanese asset price bubble
Date
1991
Country
Japan
Notes
Lasting approximately twenty years, through at least the end of 2011, share and property price bubble bursts and turns into a long deflationary recession. Some of the key economic events during the collapse of the Japanese asset price bubble include the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the dot-com bubble. In addition, more recent economic events, su
Black Wednesday
Black Wednesday
Name
Black Wednesday
Date
16 Sep 1992
Country
UK
Notes
The Conservative government was forced to withdraw the pound sterling from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) after they were unable to keep sterling above its agreed lower limit.
1997 Asian financial crisis
1997 Asian financial crisis
Name
1997 Asian financial crisis
Date
2 Jul 1997
Country
Thailand
Hong Kong
Philippines
South Korea
Indonesia
Notes
Investors deserted emerging Asian shares, including an overheated Hong Kong stock market. Crashes occur in Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, Philippines, and elsewhere, reaching a climax in the October 27, 1997 mini-crash.
October 27, 1997, mini-crash
October 27, 1997, mini-crash
Name
October 27, 1997, mini-crash
Date
27 Oct 1997
Notes
Global stock market crash that was caused by the 1997 Asian financial crisis.
1998 Russian financial crisis
1998 Russian financial crisis
Name
1998 Russian financial crisis
Date
17 Aug 1998
Country
Russia
Notes
The Russian government devalues the ruble, defaults on domestic debt, and declares a moratorium on payment to foreign creditors.
1999 Greek stock market crash
1999 Greek stock market crash
Name
1999 Greek stock market crash
Date
1999
Country
Greece
Dot-com bubble
Dot-com bubble
Name
Dot-com bubble
Date
10 Mar 2000
Country
USA
Notes
Collapse of a technology bubble.
Economic effects of the September 11 attacks
Economic effects of the September 11 attacks
Name
Economic effects of the September 11 attacks
Date
11 Sep 2001
Notes
The September 11 attacks caused global stock markets to drop sharply. The attacks themselves caused approximately $40 billion in insurance losses, making it one of the largest insured events ever.
Stock market downturn of 2002
Stock market downturn of 2002
Name
Stock market downturn of 2002
Date
9 Oct 2002
Notes
Downturn in stock prices during 2002 in stock exchanges across the United States, Canada, Asia, and Europe. After recovering from lows reached following the September 11 attacks, indices slid steadily starting in March 2002, with dramatic declines in July and September leading to lows last reached in 1997 and 1998. See stock market downturn of 2002
Chinese stock bubble of 2007
Chinese stock bubble of 2007
Name
Chinese stock bubble of 2007
Date
27 Feb 2007
Country
China
Notes
The SSE Composite Index of the Shanghai Stock Exchange tumbles 9% from unexpected selloffs, the largest drop in 10 years, triggering major drops in worldwide stock markets.
2008 financial crisis/
United States bear market of 2007–2009
2008 financial crisis/
United States bear market of 2007–2009
Name
2008 financial crisis/
United States bear market of 2007–2009
Date
11 Oct 2007
16 Sep 2008
Country
USA/
Worldwide
Notes
Beginning in late 2007, fears about growing debt, the growing housing bubble, and general economic weakness kicked off a selling spree in markets. This accelerated on September 16, 2008, due to U . financial institutions failing because of the collapse of subprime loans and credit default swap securities. This rapidly devolved into a global crisis
2009 Dubai debt standstill
2009 Dubai debt standstill
Name
2009 Dubai debt standstill
Date
27 Nov 2009
Country
UAE
Notes
Dubai requested a debt deferment following its massive renovation and development projects, as well as the Great Recession. The announcement caused global stock markets to drop.
Euro area crisis
Euro area crisis
Name
Euro area crisis
Date
27 Apr 2010
Country
Europe
Notes
Standard & Poor's downgraded Greece's sovereign credit rating to junk four days after the activation of a €45-billion EU–IMF bailout, triggering the decline of stock markets worldwide and of the Euro's value, and furthering the Euro area crisis.
2010 flash crash
2010 flash crash
Name
2010 flash crash
Date
6 May 2010
Country
USA
Notes
The Dow Jones Industrial Average suffered its worst intra-day point loss, dropping nearly 1,000 points before partially recovering.
August 2011 stock markets fall
August 2011 stock markets fall
Name
August 2011 stock markets fall
Date
1 Aug 2011
Country
USA
Notes
S&P 500 entered a short-lived bear market between 2 May 2011 (intraday high: 1,370 ) and 4 October 2011 (intraday low: 1,074 ), a decline of 21 %. The stock market rebounded thereafter and ended the year flat.
2015–16 Chinese stock market crash
2015–16 Chinese stock market crash
Name
2015–16 Chinese stock market crash
Date
12 Jun 2015
Country
China
Notes
The Chinese stock market crashed in June and continued falling in July and August. In January 2016, the market also experienced a steep sell-off which set off a global rout.
2015–2016 stock market selloff
2015–2016 stock market selloff
Name
2015–2016 stock market selloff
Date
18 Aug 2015
Country
USA
Notes
The Dow Jones fell 588 points during a two-day period, 1,300 points from 18 to 21 August. On Monday, 24 August, world stock markets were down substantially, wiping out all gains made in 2015, with interlinked drops in commodities such as oil, which hit a six-year price low, copper, and most Asian currencies – with exception of the Japanese yen – lo
2018 cryptocurrency crash
2018 cryptocurrency crash
Name
2018 cryptocurrency crash
Date
20 Sep 2018
Notes
The S&P 500 index peaked at 2,930 on its 20 September close and dropped 19 % to 2,351 by Christmas Eve. Bitcoin price peaked on 17 Dec '17, then fell 45% on 22 Dec '17. The DJIA falls 18 % during roughly the same period. Shanghai Composite dropped to a four-year low, escalating their economic downturn since the 2015 recession.
2020 stock market crash
2020 stock market crash
Name
2020 stock market crash
Date
24 Feb 2020
Country
Worldwide
Notes
The S&P 500 index dropped 34%, 1145 points, at its peak of 3386 on 19 February to 2237 on 23 March. This crash was part of a worldwide recession caused by the COVID-19 lockdowns.
2022 stock market decline
2022 stock market decline
Name
2022 stock market decline
Date
3 Jan 2022
Country
Worldwide
Notes
The S&P 500 index peaked at 4,796 on its 3 January close and dropped 27 % to 3,498 by October 2022. The DJIA fell 18 % since its 4 January high. Nasdaq Composite fell 36 % from its 19 November high.
2022 Russian stock market crash
2022 Russian stock market crash
Name
2022 Russian stock market crash
Date
16 Feb 2022
Country
Russia
Notes
As a reaction to the upcoming Russian invasion in Ukraine, the MOEX Index fell 43 % in four trading days. In response, the markets were closed for a month by the Central Bank of Russia to prevent even deeper decline. After re-opening on 24 March, the index partially recovered but was still down roughly 40% compared to before the invasion.
2024 China stock market crash
2024 China stock market crash
Name
2024 China stock market crash
Date
2 Feb 2024
Country
China
Notes
The Shanghai Composite Index plummeted from a high of 3703 in September 2021 to 2730 on 2 February 2024, marking a 26 % decline ahead of the Chinese New Year, prompted by sluggish economic recovery from COVID-19 and downturns in real estate. The government swiftly intervened in the stock market following the crash by prohibiting short selling and
2024 Tokyo stock market crash
2024 Tokyo stock market crash
Name
2024 Tokyo stock market crash
Date
5 Aug 2024
Country
Japan
Notes
A combination of rising interest rates and a strengthening yen had contributed to a recent unwinding of yen carry trades. Weaker than expected US economic figures (released after Japanese markets had closed for the weekend) led to a global selloff. Upon reopening, the Nikkei 225 recorded a single-day loss of 12 %, its worst performance since Black
2025 stock market crash
2025 stock market crash
Name
2025 stock market crash
Date
3 Apr 2025
4 Apr 2025
Country
USA/
Worldwide
Notes
On April 2, 2025, President Donald Trump announced large tariffs on all US imports. On April 4, China retaliated with a 34% tariff on all American imports. By the close of trade of April 4, the Dow Jones had lost over 9%, with the S&P 500 entering a bear market and losing 10%, and the Nasdaq Composite entering a bear market and losing 11%. At the l
| Name | Date | Country | Notes | Ref |
| Tulip mania Bubble | 1637 | Dutch Republic | A bubble (1633–37) in the Dutch Republic during which contracts for bulbs of tulips reached extraordinarily high prices, and suddenly collapsed. | |
| The Mississippi Bubble | 1720 | Kingdom of France | Banque Royale by John Law stopped payments of its note in exchange for specie and as result caused economic collapse in France. | |
| South Sea Bubble of 1720 | 1720 | UK | Affected early European stock markets, during early days of chartered joint stock companies. | |
| The Dutch Bubble of 1720 | 1720 | Dutch Republic | A speculative mania in the Dutch Republic fueled by an influx of foreign capital, the rapid creation of new joint-stock companies, and extensive Windhandel—unregulated options and forward contracts. | |
| Bengal Bubble of 1769 | 1769 | UK | Primarily caused by the British East India Company, whose shares fell from £276 in December 1768 to £122 in 1784. | |
| Crisis of 1772 | 1772 | UK USA | ||
| Financial Crisis of 1791–92 | 1791 | USA | Shares of First bank of US boom and bust in Aug and Sept 1791. Groundwork of Alexander Hamilton's cooperation with the Bank of New York to end this event would be crucial in ending the Panic of 1792 next year. | |
| Panic of 1796–1797 | 1796 | UK USA | A series of downturns in Atlantic credit markets led to broader commercial downturns in Great Britain and the United States. | |
| Panic of 1819 | 1819 | USA | ||
| Panic of 1825 | 1825 | UK | ||
| Panic of 1837 | 10 May 1837 | USA | ||
| Panic of 1847 | 1847 | UK | ||
| Panic of 1857 | 1857 | USA | ||
| Panic of 1866 | 1866 | UK | ||
| Black Friday | 24 Sep 1869 | USA | ||
| Panic of 1873 | 9 May 1873 | Initiated the Long Depression in the United States and much of Europe. | ||
| Paris Bourse crash of 1882 | 19 Jan 1882 | France | ||
| Panic of 1884 | 1884 | |||
| Encilhamento | 1890 | Brazil | Lasting 3 years, 1890–1893, a boom and bust process that boomed in late 1880s and burst on early 1890s, causing a collapse in the Brazilian economy and aggravating an already unstable political situation. | |
| Panic of 1893 | 1893 | USA | ||
| Panic of 1896 | 1896 | USA | ||
| Panic of 1901 | 17 May 1901 | USA | Lasting 3 years, the market was spooked by the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901, coupled with a severe drought later the same year. | |
| Panic of 1907 | Oct 1907 | USA | Lasting over a year, markets took fright after U . President Theodore Roosevelt had threatened to rein in the monopolies that flourished in various industrial sectors, notably railways. | |
| Wall Street crash of 1929 | 24–29 Oct 1929 | USA | Lasting over 4 years, the bursting of the speculative bubble in shares led to further selling as people who had borrowed money to buy shares had to cash them in, when their loans were called in. Also called the Great Crash or the Wall Street Crash, leading to the Great Depression. | |
| Recession of 1937–1938 | 1937 | USA | Lasting around a year, this share price fall was triggered by an economic recession within the Great Depression and doubts about the effectiveness of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policy. | |
| Kennedy Slide of 1962 | 28 May 1962 | USA | Also known as the 'Flash Crash of 1962'. | |
| Bear Market of 1970 | Nov 1968 | USA | Over 20 months, rising inflation along with rising interest rates combined with the ongoing Vietnam War caused the S&P 500 to decline by 36 % coinciding with the Cambodia campaign. | |
| Brazilian Markets Crash of 1971 | Jul 1971 | Brazil | Lasting through the 1970s and early-1980s, this was the end of a boom that started in 1969, compounded by the 1970s energy crisis coupled with early 1980s Latin American debt crisis. | |
| 1973–1974 stock market crash | Jan 1973 | UK/Worldwide | Lasting 23 months, dramatic rise in oil prices, the miners' strike and the downfall of the Heath government. | |
| Early 1980s recession | Nov 1980 | USA/Worldwide | Over 21 months, rising interest rates to tame double-digit inflation caused the S&P 500 to decline by 27 %. | |
| 1980s oil glut | 1981–1986 | OPEC | ||
| Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash | Aug 1982 | Kuwait | ||
| Black Monday | 19 Oct 1987 | USA NZ | Infamous stock market crash that represented the greatest one-day percentage decline in U . stock market history, culminating in a bear market after a more than 20% plunge in the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average. Among the primary causes of the chaos were program trading and illiquidity, both of which fueled the vicious decline for the day | |
| Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange Crash | Jun 1989 | Brazil | Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange Crash, due to its weak internal controls and absence of credit discipline, that led to its collapse, and from which it never recovered. | |
| Friday the 13th mini-crash | 13 Oct 1989 | USA | Failed leveraged buyout of United Airlines causes crash. | |
| Early 1990s recession | Jul 1990 | USA | Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, causing oil prices to increase. The Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped 18% in three months, from 2,911 on 3 July to 2,381 on 16 October 1990. This recession lasted approximately 8 months. | |
| Japanese asset price bubble | 1991 | Japan | Lasting approximately twenty years, through at least the end of 2011, share and property price bubble bursts and turns into a long deflationary recession. Some of the key economic events during the collapse of the Japanese asset price bubble include the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the dot-com bubble. In addition, more recent economic events, su | |
| Black Wednesday | 16 Sep 1992 | UK | The Conservative government was forced to withdraw the pound sterling from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) after they were unable to keep sterling above its agreed lower limit. | |
| 1997 Asian financial crisis | 2 Jul 1997 | Thailand Hong Kong Philippines South Korea Indonesia | Investors deserted emerging Asian shares, including an overheated Hong Kong stock market. Crashes occur in Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, Philippines, and elsewhere, reaching a climax in the October 27, 1997 mini-crash. | |
| October 27, 1997, mini-crash | 27 Oct 1997 | Global stock market crash that was caused by the 1997 Asian financial crisis. | ||
| 1998 Russian financial crisis | 17 Aug 1998 | Russia | The Russian government devalues the ruble, defaults on domestic debt, and declares a moratorium on payment to foreign creditors. | |
| 1999 Greek stock market crash | 1999 | Greece | ||
| Dot-com bubble | 10 Mar 2000 | USA | Collapse of a technology bubble. | |
| Economic effects of the September 11 attacks | 11 Sep 2001 | The September 11 attacks caused global stock markets to drop sharply. The attacks themselves caused approximately $40 billion in insurance losses, making it one of the largest insured events ever. | ||
| Stock market downturn of 2002 | 9 Oct 2002 | Downturn in stock prices during 2002 in stock exchanges across the United States, Canada, Asia, and Europe. After recovering from lows reached following the September 11 attacks, indices slid steadily starting in March 2002, with dramatic declines in July and September leading to lows last reached in 1997 and 1998. See stock market downturn of 2002 | ||
| Chinese stock bubble of 2007 | 27 Feb 2007 | China | The SSE Composite Index of the Shanghai Stock Exchange tumbles 9% from unexpected selloffs, the largest drop in 10 years, triggering major drops in worldwide stock markets. | |
| 2008 financial crisis/ United States bear market of 2007–2009 | 11 Oct 2007 16 Sep 2008 | USA/ Worldwide | Beginning in late 2007, fears about growing debt, the growing housing bubble, and general economic weakness kicked off a selling spree in markets. This accelerated on September 16, 2008, due to U . financial institutions failing because of the collapse of subprime loans and credit default swap securities. This rapidly devolved into a global crisis | |
| 2009 Dubai debt standstill | 27 Nov 2009 | UAE | Dubai requested a debt deferment following its massive renovation and development projects, as well as the Great Recession. The announcement caused global stock markets to drop. | |
| Euro area crisis | 27 Apr 2010 | Europe | Standard & Poor's downgraded Greece's sovereign credit rating to junk four days after the activation of a €45-billion EU–IMF bailout, triggering the decline of stock markets worldwide and of the Euro's value, and furthering the Euro area crisis. |
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